The Melody of China's Classical Common Sense Music

1. Ancient temperament of common sense of ancient culture

Classical music tunes can be divided into seven categories: Gong (C), Shang (D), Jiao (E), Bian (F), Sign (G), Feather (A) and Bian (B). The sign change is equivalent to the F key of modern western music, with a sad tone. Feather sound is equivalent to a key in modern western music, which can express anger or high emotions better than changing the pitch. For example, The Warring States Policy. "Yan Ce": "Gao Jian Li attacked the building, and Jing Ke chimed. Scholars all shed tears at the voice of rebellion. He walked in front and sang:' the wind is rustling, the water is cold, and the strong man is gone forever!' After the generous feather sound, the scholars were all surprised and crowned. "The tone of a maid-in-waiting. Usually equivalent to the do sound when the roll call is called for the first time today. "Gong" is the master and king of the five tones, commanding all the tones. "Mandarin Zhou Yuxia" says: "Husband, the master of sound, the first feather." The Book of Rites says: "The palace is the king, the business is the minister, and the horn is the people ..." Song Zhangyan's Five-tone Etymology also says: "The palace belongs to the soil, the king respects ... the palace is also in the middle, and singing stones is the key to the four tones." Gongdiao (style) is also the "master" and "monarch" of many styles, that is, in terms of its so-called "tune-up" today. Sui Shu Yuezhi said, "Every palace should have five tones". "Because of Zheng Jiu's translation, Niu Hong invited five tones and five laws to be palaces: Elegant Music has only one tone in each palace, and Ying Kong plays five tones, which is called" five tones "; The so-called "palace" is connected with "jun" There is a tone (type) name composed of gong yin as the main sound and knot sound. Tang Duanjie's "Yuefu Miscellaneous Notes Bielezhi Five Tone Wheel Twenty-eight Tones" says: "The first tone is the official tone, the sixth tone is the Xianlu Palace, and the seventh tone is the Huangzhong Palace." Zhang Yan's etymology also said: "Each of the twelve strings has five tones, which show the Gongdiao ... (all): Huang Zhonggong (mode), Huang Zhongjiao (mode), Huang Zhongbian (tone sandhi), Huang Zhongzheng (mode) and Huang (mode).

One of the five keys of business. Usually equivalent to the re sound in the first song today. "Shang" is the second level of the five tones, ranking behind "Gong". The ancients believed that "business belongs to gold, which is the image of ministers" and "harmony is the most important thing for ministers". There is a tone (type) name composed of the upper tone and the final tone. For example, in Yuefu Miscellanies, you should not learn from Duan Anjie's five tones and twenty-eight tones in the Tang Dynasty.

One of the five tones. Usually equivalent to the mi sound in this piece. "Jiao" is the third level in the five tones, ranking behind "Shang". The ancients thought that "horns belong to wood and people are like". There is a tone (type) name, which consists of angular sound and knot sound. For example, Duan Anjie's "Yuefu Miscellanies: Don't be happy to know the twenty-eight tones of the five-tone wheel" in the Tang Dynasty. In ancient music (style), there are some tunes with the horn as the key, or some tunes with the leap palace as the angle.

Mark one of the five tones. Usually equivalent to the sol sound in this piece. "Zheng" is the fourth level in the five tones, second only to "Jiao". The ancients thought that "the sign is a fire, but it looks like a thing." There is a tone (type) name, which consists of symbols-based sounds and knots.

One of the five colors of feathers. Usually equivalent to the la sound in this piece. "Feather" is the fifth level of the five tones, ranking behind "sign". The ancients thought that "feather belongs to water and is the image of things". There is a tone (type) name composed of feather and knot. For example, in Yuefu Miscellanies, the "seven tones of flat voice and feather" should not be copied from Duan Anjie's five tones and twenty-eight tones in Tang Dynasty.

One of the "two changes" of the ancient scale. The sound of music between speakers and signs. "Biography of Historical Records of Jing Ke" said: "The high-minded ceremony attacked the building, Jing Ke sang, and all the people cried for the voice of rebellion." Song people also called it leap sign. In the Twelve Laws, it usually refers to the unified sound under the characteristic sound (equivalent to # FA); There is also a kind of voice that is unified in angle and sound (that is, clearing the angle, which is equivalent to the law). Sui Shu Yueji quoted Zheng Yi as saying that "the imperial palace (capital) in Le Qing today uses (Zhong Lu) as a variant symbol". There are tone (type) names with tone sandhi as the main tone and ending tone. According to "Sui Shu Yueji", Su Kui said: "Every palace (all) should have five tones (styles). I don't know how to change the palace, and the two tones (styles) should be signed as seven tones (styles)." Zheng Yi replied: "There are seven laws in the week ... If we don't take' two changes' as the tone today, it is that there is no sound in winter and summer, and we are unprepared at four o'clock. Therefore, there must be seven tones in each palace. " Everyone follows it. Song Zhangyan's Eighty-four Tones of Etymology has seven tones (forms) under the twelfth house, which lists the "modes" of "variation".

One of the "Two Variations" of Bian Gong's Ancient Scale. The musical sound between the feather sound and the palace sound. Some people in Song Dynasty called it "Leap Palace". In the Twelve Laws, there is a sound that is more even than Gong Yin (equivalent to four). For example, in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, it is said that "the yellow bell is a palace ... the bell should be changed to a palace"; There is also a more uniform tone (equivalent to bsi). For example, in the Book of Jin, it is said that "Qing Jiao (musical scale) is a palace, while ... Taiqun is a palace of change". There are tone (type) names with the palace change as the main sound as the final sound.

2. What is the ancient melody of China?

I hope it helps, Melody.

There are five tones and seven tones in ancient times. This "sound" is roughly equivalent to today's scale. The five tones are Gong Shang's horns and feathers. Coupled with the changes in the palace and signs, it constitutes seven tones. Compared with today's seven scales:

Palace quotient angle change sign feather change palace

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Of the seven tones, any one is dominant (that is, the tonic, which occupies a core position in the main melody of music), forming a mode. Different modes have different feelings and expressive functions, so they can also produce different musical effects. For example, when Jing Ke and his party set off, Jing Ke stabbed the King of Qin, saying that "the lofty ceremony struck the building, Jing Ke chimed, and all the people wept for the sound of change", which was desolate and tragic and suitable for lamentation. Below, there is "return to feather tone generosity", and "feather tone" is feather mode. This model is high and exciting, so after listening to it, "all the philosophers are angry and the fingers are crowned."

There were six kinds of rhythms in ancient times, and there were only twelve tones in ancient music, including six yang rhythms, such as Huang Zhong and Yan Wu, and six yin rhythms, such as Lu Da. These twelve rhythms not only have specific names, but also have fixed pitches. For example, the yellow bell is equivalent to the C key of western music today, and the Yanwu is equivalent to the A key.

In ancient times, there were also eight tones, which were the general term for musical instruments, including eight categories, such as gold (bell) and so on. ), stones (bells, etc. ), silk (harp and so on. ), and bamboo (pipes, flutes, etc. Each category includes several musical instruments, such as "The Story of Shi Zhongshan", which makes a loud sound on the water and sounds like a bell and drum. "No shooting" means no shooting clock, because this clock conforms to the law of no shooting; Song Zhong is a kind of chime, which is often used for singing accompaniment, so it is called "Song Zhong".

China's national musical instruments are an indispensable part of China's music. After thousands of years of development, it has formed a trend of numerous varieties and rich tracks, which can be roughly divided into two categories: ensemble and solo. Most of the ensemble instruments are gongs and drums, suona, erhu, pipa, dulcimer, sanxian, flute, sheng and Xiao. Solo instruments are usually guqin, pipa, erhu, banhu, flute and Zheng.

3. China ancient five-tone songs, please read all the five-tone songs quickly.

When singing with five tones, some people sing out of tune, often out of tune, and can't grasp the seven scales of do, re, mi, fa, sol, la and ti, so singing becomes a kind of "chanting" or "shouting" without beautiful melody at all.

Everyone in the karaoke room has experienced this kind of torture, and everyone laughs that the rapper has no artistic talent and is "tone deaf". It is called "five tones" when it is clearly "seven tones". What happened? This is about the concept of "five tones".

China is an ancient civilization with a long history of music development, but ancient music has five tones, which is different from the West. If we compare the seven scales of western music, the pentatonic scale of ancient music in China is equivalent to do, re, mi, sol and la, omitting the "fa" and "ti" with a semitone rising.

Of course, the five-tone roll call of ancient China music can't be the same as that of western music, which used "harmony, justice, delay and fairness" in the Tang Dynasty. In older times, it used "Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng (pronounced zhǐ) and Yu". Therefore, if we pay a little attention, authentic Chinese classical music has no two scales of "Fa" and "Ti".

For example, Jasmine in Jiangnan minor, which is still heard from time to time, is one of the ancient songs. If it is a roll call singing method, there are only "many, come, rice, rope and pull", and there is no "law" or "sparse" sound at all; Famous ancient songs, such as "Man Jiang Hong" written by Yue Fei. By the way, if it is found that the music song named "China Ancient Music" has the scales of "Fa" and "Xiao", it is either an impostor or has been transformed by modern people.

Pentatonic is the basic scale of ancient music in China, so there is the idiom "pentatonic".

4. Melody in music

We call the absolute accurate height of each tone in the musical system and the relationship between them temperament. Before Bach, the father of music, strongly advocated the twelve-average law, there were not only many scales in the west, but also the pure law system was used to divide intervals. Pure law means that the simpler the sound wave vibration ratio of two sounds, the more harmonious they sound, and vice versa. This is also a natural characteristic of human ears, so the proportion of sound wave vibration in the early so-called harmonious interval is roughly as follows:

Integrity 1: 1 complete octave 1:2

Complete five degrees, 2:3, complete four degrees, 3:4.

Four or five-thirds of them are big and five or six-thirds are small.

The sixth degree is 3:5 and the sixth degree is 5:8.

To sum up, the most harmonious interval is of course the complete first degree, followed by the complete eighth degree, but the second and seventh degrees are quite discordant intervals. The vibration ratio must be strange. Although the pure law best meets the requirements of the human ear for bel canto, it can have very beautiful harmony and acoustic effects, but it is not very practical. Because such a proportion will be very troublesome because of tuning, for example, the tonic in C major is DO, so we should take DO as the starting point and determine the pitch of other sounds according to the proportion, but if we switch to G major, the pitch of all sounds will change slightly. Before the Baroque era, there was little modulation because the music form was simple, but with the music form becoming more and more complicated, pure law became a rather troublesome system. With the development of music, the shortcomings of pure law show that in order to solve this problem, the law of twelve averages came into being.

A: The law of twelve averages:

Divide a pure octave (such as C 1-C2) into twelve equal parts-semitones. This law is called "the law of twelve averages".

B: the greatest advantage of the law of twelve averages:

No matter how you transpose and tune, you can get the same musical effect. But this is relative, because the twelve-average law divides an octave into 12 equal parts, so the vibration ratio between each semitone is an infinite decimal, so no matter which * * * is played, it is impossible to get a truly harmonious musical effect, but the influence of the twelve-average law is quite small, and it is still a very good interval system. The reason why MIDI can't replace the performance of real people at present is that musicians will judge the degree of interval harmony with their own ears, which is usually close to pure law, but it can't be better on computers at present. The fundamental reason is that there are fundamental differences in the interval definition system, but the differences are not too great. But technological progress is changing this situation, and more and more natural music can be obtained through computer playing. In fact, it is a part of pure law, which stipulates that the frequency ratio of pentatonic scale is 2:3, and other intervals are produced by several pentatonic scales. The tone of pentatonic scale (1 2 3 5 6 in notation) is determined according to the phase law of pentatonic scale, and the order is palace → sign → quotient → feather → angle. Practice shows that the melody played according to the pitch of pentatonic scale is the most beautiful, and stringed instruments are typical instruments tuned according to pentatonic scale.

5. The charm of China's ancient songs

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that the five tones, namely horn, sign, palace, business and feather, correspond to the five elements (wood, fire, earth, gold and water) and are connected with the five internal organs and five emotions. Such as Gongqu, melodious and quiet, sincere and solemn, as generous and firm as "earth", can enter the spleen; Shang-Diao music is high-pitched, solemn and stirring, majestic, with the characteristics of "gold" and can enter the lungs; Horn music is full of vigor and vitality, has the characteristics of "wood" and can enter the liver; Need to tune music, warm, cheerful, lively and relaxed, with the characteristics of "fire", popular; Feathering music is sad, desolate and soft, like flowing water, with the characteristics of "water" and can enter the kidney. Chinese medicine's "Five Tones for Prevention of Disease" is to choose music according to the characteristics of five musical modes and the relationship between five zang-organs and five elements, so as to reconcile emotions, regulate viscera, balance yin and yang, and achieve the purpose of maintaining the dynamic balance of qi and safeguarding human health.

The representative music of tone sandhi, such as Jing Ke's song before Gao Jianli went to Qin, has a tragic and desolate style.

Music that changes the court mode is relatively rare and temporarily lacking.

6.what is melody ~

We can divide sounds into three categories: pronunciation, musical sound and object sound.

Without sound, not only human beings can't survive, but all living things can't survive. Human culture is created by people, so everyone can enjoy the cultural achievements.

Music culture is no exception. It is the common language of mankind. The explanation of the word "temperament" should be: calculating the acoustics of physical vibration by mathematical method; Calculate the frequency relationship of sound when the object vibrates by mathematical method; The relationship between standard heights in musical melodic scales.

Before human beings had no language communication, in order to catch a large wild animal in groups, people used their own calls or horns to indicate their geographical position, and the tone was relatively high. This is the oldest melody. In the ancient Xia and Shang dynasties, human beings created many musical instruments through various self-entertainment activities and intuitive judgment, such as horn, ox bone flute (with only two or three tones), reed flute and so on.

People create melodies in playing musical instruments. Although these melodies have not been calculated, their audibility is intuitively judged by human ears, resulting in melodies with relative pitches such as 1, "3", "5" and "6". Due to historical reasons at that time and people's limited understanding of music, its melody was not fixed.

So when did you start to sort out the melody? It can be said that in the Xia Dynasty (about 2 1 century BC), reed flutes (called cymbals) appeared and became popular, and people could play two, three or more flutes with different lengths at the same time. Reed flute sounds at the same time, which reed pipes have good relative pitch and which ones are not?

Therefore, beautiful and harmonious reed pipes (with different pitches) are reserved for later imitation. From then on, people found that the longer the flute, the lower the sound; Piccolo makes a high sound.

According to today's verification method of temperament, we can know that the ancient people reserved the interval of using Concord reed flute as follows: taking the octave, pure fourth and pure fifth interval of a certain pipe length as the standard sound; Secondly, based on the pure four-degree pipe length, the Concorde flute pipes with octave, pure four-degree and pure five-degree are made; Then, based on the pure five-degree pipe length, Concorde flutes with octave, pure four-degree and pure five-degree were made ... There is a record of "harmony" in the Oracle Bone Inscriptions of Yin Ruins unearthed in China (about BC 140 1 to BC 165438). The predecessor of "Harmony" is Xiao Sheng (thirteen seedlings to seventeen seedlings).

It can be seen that the history of Sheng was at least 3,000 years ago. Since there is such instrumental music as "harmony", there must be a melody.

From ancient times to the present, the melodic modes of sheng are based on the traditional four-degree, five-degree, octave and harmony. It can be seen that during this period, the rhythms related to the fourth, fifth and eighth degrees in ancient China came into being.

This four-degree, five-degree and eight-degree tuning method still has practical application significance in today's instrumental tuning. Please look at the charts of tuning methods in the fourth, fifth and eighth octaves and the rotating palace: melody cannot be produced without sound, and sound comes from vibration.

When we use the pronunciation body (such as a string or a bamboo tube) to make it vibrate by external force, the earliest sound wave is the fundamental frequency sound, which is the easiest for people to hear. Then, according to the vibration of its various parts, many overtones coexist. Because the overtones after three overtones are very weak, it is not easy for human ears to distinguish them.

Please look at the overtone diagram: when a musical instrument sounds 1(Do), there is actually a "regular overtone sequence" (in the overtone sequence of every object sound, there are antinodes and nodes, and only when the nodes are silent will the antinodes sound). China's pentatonic scale (Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu) was probably established in Shang Dynasty (about16th century BC).

Through the continuous accumulation of human experience in artistic practice, the predecessor of "Yu" was the reed flute, which was developed. After countless experiments, musicians have established a certain pipe as the benchmark, and used the laws of four degrees, five degrees and eight degrees to modulate reed flutes with different lengths and harmonious pitches, thus producing "1". At this time, musicians found that the ratio of the length of the reed flute to the melody was 9, 8, 7, 6 and 5.

That is, the long nine is the public tone, the upper tone is 8/9 (9:8) of the public tone, the horn tone is (9:7), the signature tone is (9:6), and the feather tone is (9:5). Judging from the proportion of these copies, the ancients made a calculation method to confirm each tone in the pentatonic scale, which is the earliest calculation method of temperament in China recorded in historical books.

In ancient times, after the pentatonic scale was established, many tones with different heights were connected by a tonic, and with the law of mutual generation, tones were produced. At that time, there were mainly three modes of music: voiceless mode (feather mode), horizontal mode (palace mode) and horizontal mode (Shang mode).

Around 770 BC, Zhou Li Spring Festival officially recorded that musicians "played six tones, six tones, five tones, eight tones and six dances to make ghosts and gods ...", Book of Rites? Liu Yun recorded: "The five tones, six rhythms and twelve tubes are also palaces". To sum up, "Five Tones" is the main body of all ancient music, and "Six Tones" is developed from "Five Tones".

That is, the "7" of palace, business, angle, sign, feather and changing palace was developed into the "seven laws" by the ancients on the basis of the "six laws".

The method of development still uses the five-degree rule. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, ancient musicians made full use of the method of "458 degrees revolving palace" and carried out a major legal reform.

The "Twelve Laws" came into being and was used. Their names are: Huang Zhong 1, # 1, Taiqun 2, Jia Zhong 2, # 3, Zhonglu 4, #4, #5 and Yize #. At the same time, the "twenty-four laws" and "pure laws" were produced and used, and the "more than three hundred laws" were produced.

At that time, there was no invention of "simple notation" and "line notation", so when deciding the "sound name", it was decided by court musicians. Although the Twelve Temperatures had already appeared at that time, it was not widely circulated among the people because most musical instruments could not play the Twelve Temperatures, and there were too many musical systems and composers did not have a perfect composition method.

After more than 2,000 years' practice by countless musicians, it is proved that the application of the five-degree rhythm, the pure rhythm and the twelve-average rhythm is relatively perfect and popular among the people.

7. What is melody?

We call the absolute accurate height of each tone in the musical system and the relationship between them temperament.

The classification of temperament is formed in the long-term development of music practice. There are many types of temperament, the main widely known temperament are "pure temperament", "five-degree temperament" and "twelve-average temperament" Among them, the "law of twelve averages" is widely adopted by countries all over the world.

Before Bach, the father of music, strongly advocated the twelve-average law, there were not only many scales in the west, but also the pure law system was used to divide intervals. Pure law means that the simpler the sound wave vibration ratio of two sounds, the more harmonious they sound and the less harmonious they sound.

This is also a natural characteristic of human ears, so the acoustic vibration ratio of the so-called harmony interval in the early days is roughly as follows: complete first degree1:kloc-0/:2 complete fifth degree 2:3 complete fourth degree 3:4 large third degree 4:5 small third degree 5:6 large sixth degree 3:5 small sixth degree 5:8. In summary, the most harmonious interval is of course complete. The vibration ratio must be strange.

Although the pure law best meets the requirements of the human ear for bel canto, it can have very beautiful harmony and acoustic effects, but it is not very practical. Because such a proportion will be very troublesome because of tuning, for example, the tonic in C major is DO, so we should take DO as the starting point and determine the pitch of other sounds according to the proportion, but if we switch to G major, the pitch of all sounds will change slightly.

Before the Baroque era, there was little modulation because the music form was simple, but with the music form becoming more and more complicated, pure law became a rather troublesome system. With the development of music, the shortcomings of pure law show that in order to solve this problem, the law of twelve averages came into being.

Answer: The law of twelve averages: that is, an octave is divided into 12 equal intervals, each interval is defined as a semitone, and two semitones are a whole tone. B: The greatest advantage of the law of twelve averages is that no matter how you transpose and tune, you can get the same musical effect.

But this is relative, because the twelve-average law divides an octave into 12 equal parts, so the vibration ratio between each semitone is an infinite decimal, so no matter which * * * is played, it is impossible to get a truly harmonious musical effect, but the influence of the twelve-average law is quite small, and it is still a very good interval system. No matter how advanced MIDI is, it can't replace the performance effect of real people. The reason is that when a real person plays, the performer will judge the degree of interval and harmony with his own ears, which is usually close to pure law, but it can't be done in a computer. The fundamental reason is that the interval definition system is fundamentally different, but the difference is not too big.

The smallest pitch distance in the organization of the twelve-tone average law of semitone and whole tone is called semitone. A tone whose distance between two tones is equal to two semitones is called a whole tone.

There are twelve semitones in an octave, that is, six whole tones. Phones with the same pitch but different meanings and symbols are called isostones.

Isophony is based on the law of twelve averages, because it is only possible to produce isophony if the semitones are equal. In fact, pentatonic scale law is a part of pure law, which stipulates that the frequency ratio of pentatonic scale is 2:3, and other intervals are generated by several pentatonic scales. Pentatonal scale, the suprapalace angle is positive feather (in notation 1 2 3 5 6), according to the definition of pentatonic scale, the order is palace → sign → quotient → feather → angle.

Practice shows that the melody played according to the pitch of pentatonic scale is the most beautiful, and stringed instruments are typical instruments tuned according to pentatonic scale. The formal features of editing this piece of music are so closely related to people that the influence of different melodies on people has long been recognized by China traditional culture.

Both Confucianism and Taoism in China have their own series of music. Confucius heard wonderful music-less music, "lingering sound" and "I don't know the taste of meat for three days"! Most of the famous Chinese songs are Taoist music. China's ruling classes in past dynasties closely linked music with "ceremony". Many of the words "wind", "elegance" and "ode" in The Book of Songs were lyrics, which were accompanied by music at that time.

China's feudal society also raised music to the level of reflecting public opinion in the world and governing the country in the drizzle. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, Historical Records, Hanshu and Houhanshu all took pains to write the same similar "political motto" about music and governing the country: "Rule the voice of the world, and make peace; The voice of troubled times is angry, and its politics is also good; The voice of national subjugation is sad, and its political risk is also. All music is related to politics, and those who change customs are also. "

Today, with the rise of China, classical music is also facing the problems of inheritance and development, reference and innovation, tolerance and autonomy. In the exploration of nationality and the world, excellent songs such as "butterfly lovers" and "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon" have achieved the perfect orchestration of the combination of Chinese and Western cultures, and achieved good results in carrying forward the pure Chinese spirit.

In terms of the combination of human nature and sociality, "Streaming Water" and "Nine Songs of the Yellow River" have all entered the elegant halls and become good works loved by experts and ordinary people. In exploring the individuality of musical instruments and the integrity of the band, Mei has achieved excellent results in The First Month, Fighting Tigers Up the Mountain and Liuyang River.

In the combination of life and thought, The Yellow River Cantata and War Typhoon have undoubtedly become demonstration works. Dance of Yao Nationality and Train Entering Miao Village are successful works combining sensibility and intellectuality.

In terms of innovation and exploration in form and technology, China Classical Band absorbed western musical instruments and expressions, and successfully combined western music, China and violin, including the harp, with traditional Chinese musical instruments such as Zheng, Xiao, Di, Ruan, Pipa and Erhu. Because these instruments can be connected with high notes in China music and western music, and can be connected with many instruments in the bass field.

However, the suona in China music and the trumpet in western music are not very inclusive because of their distinctive personalities, and there are no successful works in the exploration of compatible combinations. Let's see if we can combine China suona with percussion instruments such as drums, gongs and cymbals, and combine western pianos, trumpets and steel drums to create some new styles of percussion instruments in China.

And whether the oldest music in China, such as Sheng and Guqin, can be combined with western clarinet with the participation of Xiao and Di to create some new styles of China folk music and China ancient music. Strive to finally play in front of a large audience and audience without relying on audio equipment.