On the dialectical relationship between science and technology and ethics

Here are some papers on ethics that I have compiled for you. Welcome to reading. I hope they can help you.

First, the concepts of science and technology and ethics.

In the history of science and technology development, science and technology have their own relatively exact concepts. Used in modern times? Science? This word was first used in English translation in modern Japanese academic circles? Science? And the corresponding words in other European languages. Science can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense. Science in a broad sense includes social science, humanities and natural science, while chivalrous science only refers to natural science. This article refers to its chivalrous natural science. In English, the word technology consists of the Greek words techne and logos, which means discussion about technology and skills. By the beginning of the 20th century, the meaning of technology gradually expanded, involving tools, machines and their usage. Ethics, in ancient Greece, spiritual temperament? This word first appeared in Homer's epic, especially where a group of people lived. Later, its meaning expanded to the character, temperament and customs of a group of people. Today, ethics has been regarded as an independent science with morality as its research object. ? Moral? This word is endowed with the moral quality, moral realm and moral principles and norms to adjust the relationship between people.

Second, some views on the relationship between science and technology and ethics

Since ancient times, the relationship between science and technology and ethics has been a controversial topic, but it is mainly divided into relevance theory, irrelevance theory and equivalence theory. Relativists can be divided into ethical determinism and technological determinism. Below we will elaborate separately.

(A) Relevance theory

As early as in ancient Greece, Aristotle distinguished science and technology from ethics. His book Physics studies science and technology, and his Nigmark Ethics studies ethics. The former studies nature, while the latter studies man. French mathematician and philosopher Peng (1854- 19 12) believes that science and technology and ethics belong to two different fields, and they have their own research objects and social functions. Really? , a pursuit? Okay？ ,? No meeting, no conflict? Are two parallel lines that never intersect. British thinker Hugh (171-1776) divided knowledge and science into? Fact knowledge? 、? Knowledge of value? And then what? Physical science? 、? Psychiatry? It is believed that moral value comes from the emotion of seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages, and reason can do nothing about moral value. Wittgenstein (1889- 195 1) and Carnap (1891-kloc-0/970) also believe that there is no right or wrong in morality and there is no distinction between good and evil in science. Do you have the Book of Changes in China? Metaphysics is a tool, and metaphysics is a way? What does this ethics mean? Tao? And what does natural science mean? Equipment? Distinguish. They pay too much attention to the distinction between science and technology and ethics, which is essentially a denial of the essential relationship between science and technology and ethics.

(B) the theory of reciprocity

Socrates (468- 420 BC), an ancient Greek scholar, was the first person to unify knowledge and virtue. Virtue is knowledge? This proposal. In his view, knowledge contains all the goodness? As a kind of goodness, virtue belongs to the category of knowledge. Knowledge makes people wise, and there will be virtue. On the contrary, ignorance is the root of evil deeds. Taking virtue as a part of knowledge and combining them is Socrates' great contribution to the history of human science and technology and the history of ethical thought. However, knowledge and morality are, after all, two different concepts, and their internal and essential relations have not been revealed? Equivalence? Treat, in fact, is equal to ignore or cancel the difference between the two, this view later became the ideological source leading to scientific optimism and scientific determinism.

(C) scientific and technological determinism

China and Mohism advocated natural science in the pre-Qin period, and advocated universal love and not attacking, and God knows ghosts and gods. I have a will, for example, people have rules and craftsmen have moments. Wheel workers stick to their rules and make Fiona Fang the best in the world? Advocating equality for all and opposing war, Tian Zhi not only grasped the laws of nature, but also inherited the experience of his predecessors. In the prevailing stage of modern natural science, this view dominated. Francis's? Bacon proposed? Knowledge is power? Through Copernicus's geocentric revolution, Galileo established a scientific method based on observation and experiment. Descartes believed that all substances are machines governed by the same mechanical law, even the human body. /kloc-Newton, the greatest scientist in the 0/7th century, thought that the world was like a big machine in operation, and God gave the first impetus, so the world began to operate under the action of three laws. After three industrial revolutions, the progress of science and technology has brought about the rapid development of productive forces. Some mechanists believe that science and technology dominate everything in the world, and the progress of science and technology can promote the progress of material civilization and spiritual civilization of human society. Obviously, this view is too extreme. Facts show that technology is a double-edged sword, and examples such as atomic bomb and clone can illustrate the disadvantages that technology brings to mankind.

(D) Ethical determinism

China's Confucianism has always put personal morality above other knowledge, such as The Analects? A gentleman is filial when he enters, and filial when he leaves. Anyone who loves others, is kind to others and has spare capacity will learn? , "the golden mean"? Destiny is nature, frankness is Tao, and cultivation is teaching? Embodying ethics is the most fundamental premise. Plato, an ancient Greek philosopher, thought that the real society was just a template of a rational society. People in a rational society pursue the highest ethics-goodness, and human beings learn knowledge only to better understand the rational world with knowledge. Rousseau, an enlightenment thinker during the French Revolution, wrote in his famous article "Is the development of science and art corrupt or purify customs? ? Science and art are changing with each passing day, but human beings are getting worse? ,? As the light of science and art rises in our field of vision, virtue disappears. ? Especially at present, with the development of science and technology, moral decay has spread all over society. Some scholars think? Moral collapse? It is the inevitable product of the development of modern science and technology. While the power of science is increasing, the use of science has become less noble, rude and immoral? . They even advocate using it? Brake hard? The way to stop the development of science and technology and save the moral crisis has fallen into the misunderstanding of moral determinism.

Third, the dialectical relationship between science and technology and ethics.

(A) the dynamic role of science and technology on ethics

Marx's historical materialism holds that the productive forces determine the relations of production and the economic base determines the superstructure. Therefore, science and technology have not only brought about the development and reform of political superstructure such as politics and law, but also brought about the development and reform of conceptual superstructure such as literature, art and ethics. Thus, the progress of science and technology determines the perfection of ethics. China's pre-Qin Guan Zi said in his book Guan Zi? Cang Li man knows etiquette, food and clothing know honor and disgrace? Only when scientific and technological progress brings about the development of productive forces can we produce more means of production to meet people's material and cultural needs, and people can better abide by the law and be polite. The development of science and technology has continuously enriched and developed people's knowledge, methods and means of understanding the world, laying a theoretical foundation for promoting people's understanding and research on ethical issues. At the same time, the development of modern science and technology has changed people's mode of production, lifestyle and way of thinking, changed people's interests, and greatly promoted the formation of new values and ethics. Generally speaking, the ultimate meaning is mainly to promote. Specifically, the development of science and technology determines the basic trend of human moral progress. The development of science and technology has directly changed people's traditional moral concepts and habits, changed social moral public opinion, promoted the formation of new human moral norms, and promoted the continuous renewal of people's values. More and more people tend to treat moral life and deal with ethical relations with scientific positions, viewpoints and methods, emphasizing human wisdom and promoting the development of ethics.

(B) the reaction of science and technology to ethics

The ethical problems brought by the development of science and technology also exist objectively. While changing some decadent and backward ethical concepts and norms, it also impacts those ethics that still meet the requirements of social development and still play an important role in social coordination and restraint, weakening and challenging their role in maintaining the existing social order. For example, blindly pursuing scientific and technological progress while ignoring environmental pollution and ecological destruction leads to the change of human values, blindly pursuing immediate economic interests, using science and technology to develop and utilize nature on a large scale to meet human needs, while ignoring the protection of natural environment and ecological balance by ethics, resulting in air pollution, river pollution, ecological destruction and other problems. The social and ethical problems caused by biotechnology are more profound and serious. Gene technology, especially the deciphering of human biological genetic information, not only promotes human beings to reveal the secrets of genetic genes, but also provides the basis and means for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases, and also brings how to respect and protect people's genetic information privacy and how to ensure that people get fair evaluation and treatment, instead of? Genetic determinism? Or? Genetic determinism? In order to avoid misuse and abuse of genetic information? Genetic discrimination? And other social problems, and how to be really kind to our future generations without using fund technology? Design and manufacture future generations? It not only harms the physical and mental health of contemporary people, but also infringes on the rights of future generations.

(C) the dialectical role of ethics in science and technology

However, the role of ethics in science and technology is as dual as the role of science and technology in ethics. The norms of science and technology ethics are embodied in science and technology ethics and scientists' code of conduct, which can better guide the direction of improving social productivity and benefiting human society, limit the abuse of science and technology, and endanger human and natural ecological environment. On the contrary, when social ethics lags behind the development of science and technology and loses its regulatory role in real social life, it often becomes a constraint to the development of science and technology and creates obstacles. For example, the religious theological ethics in the medieval western feudal countries seriously hampered the development of science and technology. At this time, it is necessary to get rid of decadent and backward ethics and clear the way for the development of science and technology.

Fourth, correctly handle the relationship and function between ethics and science and technology.

Applying the principle of Marxist dialectical materialism to analyze the relationship between science and technology and ethics, we should see that they are neither equal nor mutually exclusive, let alone who decides who. There are differences and connections between science and technology and ethics. First of all, scientific knowledge, as a theoretical form, is a correct reflection of the objective world and its laws, while morality, as a norm of human behavior, is a reflection of the ethical relationship between people. They belong to different cognitive fields, so their social functions are different. Science is used to guide people's practical activities to transform the world, and morality is used to regulate social relations between people. However, they are closely related, both of which are correct reflections of objective reality and unified in the pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty; Secondly, science and technology as productive forces and ethics as social ideology are dialectical and unified. Fundamentally speaking, the development of science and technology is an important driving force for the development of human society and a revolutionary driving force for the development of ethics. The development of science and technology determines the basic trend of human morality, promotes the formation of new moral norms, deepens people's moral understanding and updates people's moral concepts. At the same time, progressive social ethics has also played an important spiritual power and cultural support role for the development of science and technology. The two restrict and interact with each other, and promote social progress.