What are the project research methods?

Question 1: What are the research methods? 1. survey method: in order to understand the facts, analyze the facts, draw conclusions and prove some problems, so as to improve the work (including improving research methods) or form new research topics. Including questionnaires, interviews, etc. Understand the facts, analyze the situation, study it carefully, draw a conclusion, and find a solution or a plan for further research. The operation process of the survey method is illustrated by examples: the main steps of sampling survey are roughly divided into the following steps: 1. Determine the purpose of the investigation (determine the problem and form a hypothesis; Verify the hypothesis through investigation, clarify the problem and draw a conclusion). 2. Determine the sampling population. The sampled population should be consistent with the population (target population) who obtained the information. The conclusion drawn from the sample is applicable to the sample population, and the applicability beyond this range depends on the difference between the sample population and the target population. 3. Determine the data to be collected. Generally, only data related to the purpose of the survey are collected, and long questionnaires will reduce the quality of answers. 4. Select the sampling method. At this time, which unit in the population can basically be decided as an individual. 5. Prepare the sampling box. Such as school directory, student roster, etc. 6. Determine the required accuracy. Because the sampling survey infers the population from the sample, there will be some uncertainty. Generally, relative error or absolute error is required at the probability level. 7. Estimate the sample size and cost. 8. Sampling test, fill in the questionnaire as small as possible, and make some necessary improvements. 9. Organize field investigation. Investigate according to the sampling plan. Check the quality of the questionnaire in time. There should be a solution to the table that does not answer. 10. Analyze the data according to the sampling method used. 1 1. Other analysis methods can be used to compare the same data. 12. Write the investigation report. Preserve population information, which may guide future sampling surveys. For educational phenomena, it is sometimes difficult to carry out strict probability sampling. The following sampling methods can be considered: select some representative large units (groups) from the population and conduct probability sampling within the groups; Select individuals from small groups who are close to the researcher's impression of the average level of the group; The sample is limited to the accessible part of the population; The samples are randomly selected; The sample consists of people who voluntarily accept the investigation; Wait a minute. However, for the samples obtained in this way, we should choose appropriate data analysis methods, be cautious about the conclusions, and make full use of other information for verification and confirmation. In the study of educational phenomena, the organic combination of researchers' wisdom, experience and sampling technology is the key to obtain good samples. Reflection on learning: A case study of "Activity Teaching of Junior Middle School Ideological and Political Courses". The so-called "activity" in political teaching is a teaching form combining discussion, debate, speech, performance and investigation. It can give students an opportunity and stage to express their views, exchange ideas, discuss problems and show themselves in a wider range, so that students can feel the truth with what they have learned, understand and analyze social phenomena, and thus establish a correct outlook on life, world outlook and values. In the research process, theme activities corresponding to the teaching materials are set up in different grades, such as social investigation activities such as "How much is a green campus" and "Protecting the earth and protecting Taihu Lake water resources" in the first grade teaching, so that students can better see the beauty of the school and the pride of their hometown, and at the same time find out the problems existing in environmental protection, enhance environmental awareness and improve environmental protection ability. In the teaching of legal knowledge in junior two, a class debate on "which is more important, law or morality" and a keynote speech on "Constitution is the fundamental law of the country" were held. Through activities, enhance students' legal awareness and legal concept, consciously abide by the law and be good citizens. In the third grade teaching, we should investigate the relationship between Internet cafes, online games and middle school students' learning, and guide students to have a correct attitude towards these problems. Research methods: Case method: Teachers of political group set up thematic classes and activities in the classroom according to the physical and mental characteristics and learning ability of junior high school students of different grades, and make periodic summaries. Experimental method: experimental classes were set up in the first, second and third grades of junior high school, and extended to all junior high schools on the basis of successful experience. Investigation: Through individual interviews, symposiums, questionnaires and other means, collect and study the first-hand information about the changes before and after the implementation of the project research in the class. Contrast method: compare the interest, classroom atmosphere and thinking habits of experimental classes and non-experimental classes, and sum up the lessons of success and failure. Determine the research steps of the topic: preparation stage: organize the members of the research group to study the educational literature seriously and make the project plan. Implementation stage ... >>

Question 2: What are the research methods? Questionnaire survey, interview, case study, experiment, observation, literature research, etc. 1. Action research method: make a personality research plan, analyze students' practice, and then study, adjust and practice. And summarize the record experience and form valuable words. 2. Data collection method: go deep into the class and students, investigate the current situation of students, collect with different resources, find out the problems, and clarify the research objects. 3. Student-driven method: A few students learn first and go first, which drives and infects the students around him to learn. 4. Educational experiment method: Based on our own teaching classroom, through the changes of students' scientific learning before and after the experiment, we can find a scheme suitable for the development of students' scientific literacy. 5. Case study method: According to the research objectives, guide students to proceed from reality and make study plans to provide effective guidance for the needs of personality development. 6. Literature method: extensively collect and sort out literature materials, such as classic books, celebrity aphorisms, recommended bibliography of curriculum standards, etc., to provide students with contemporary and creative positive reading materials. 7. Education survey method: go deep into the class and individual students, investigate the current situation of students' extracurricular reading, select representative typical cases for careful analysis, identify the problems and clarify the research objects. The basic methods of educational research are as follows: 1. Observation method 1. Observation: In order to know the truth, we can find the essence and law of a phenomenon. 2. Steps of observation: the implementation of observation is divided into the following three steps, one of which is the design of observation research, which can be divided into the following aspects: (1) Make a rough investigation and exploratory observation. The purpose of this step is not to collect materials, but to grasp the basic situation so as to plan the whole observation process correctly. For example, to observe a teacher's teaching work, we should go to school in advance to learn about the teacher's work, students' situation, relevant environment and conditions, and so on. This can be done by talking with teachers and school leaders and consulting some related materials, such as teaching plans, teaching diaries, students' homework and lectures. (2) Determine the purpose and center of observation. According to the characteristics of the research task and research object, what problems should be considered, what materials and conditions are needed, and then make clear provisions. If this provision is not clear, observation cannot be concentrated and the result cannot be in-depth. Don't have a few observation centers, and don't have a wide range. All observations should be made around a center. If you have to observe several centers, then observe them in groups and cooperate with each other. (3) Determining the observation object is to determine the overall scope to be observed; The second is to determine the case object to be observed; The third is to determine the specific items to be observed. For example, in our spare time, we want to study the business and culture of the graduates of secondary normal schools or junior colleges newly assigned to teach in primary schools, so the overall observation is the new teachers who have worked for one or two years. Within this overall scope, we will decide which primary schools to observe and which teachers in which teaching and research groups to observe. After the specific observation list is determined, the time, place and specific observation items to be observed shall be determined. (4) To make an observation plan, in addition to defining the purpose, center and scope of observation, as well as what problems to understand and what materials to collect, we should also arrange the observation process: the frequency, density and duration of each observation, and how to ensure the normality of observation phenomena. (5) Planning and preparing observation means There are generally two kinds of observation means: one is to obtain observation data; The first is the means to save observation data. The main means to obtain observation data is human sensory organs, but sometimes some specially set instruments are needed to help observation, such as observation screens, computer terminal equipment, and more advanced ones such as action reactors. These instruments mainly play two roles: ensuring the objectivity of observation and improving the accuracy of observation. The human brain is a natural organ for storing data. However, this kind of preservation method, which is related to the observation subject, lacks accuracy and persistence, and cannot realize the objectification of data. Therefore, people first use characters, graphics and other symbols, and then use photography, audio recording, video recording and other technical means to accurately and comprehensively record the instantaneous events, events and feelings in the observation process in a permanent way for repeated observation and analysis of data. Either way, preparations should be made before the observation, and the functions of the instruments used in the observation should be checked in advance to ensure that there are no obstacles in the use process. For observers, it is necessary to master the basic methods of using instruments and know what to do in observation. If you want to be detailed and complete ... >>

Question 3: What is the basic method of research? The basic research methods are as follows: 1. Observation method 1. Observation: In order to know the truth, we can find the essence and law of a phenomenon. 2. Steps of observation: the implementation of observation is divided into the following three steps, one of which is the design of observation research, which can be divided into the following aspects: (1) Make a rough investigation and exploratory observation. The purpose of this step is not to collect materials, but to grasp the basic situation so as to plan the whole observation process correctly. For example, to observe a teacher's teaching work, we should go to school in advance to learn about the teacher's work, students' situation, relevant environment and conditions, and so on. This can be done by talking with teachers and school leaders and consulting some related materials, such as teaching plans, teaching diaries, students' homework and lectures. (2) Determine the purpose and center of observation. According to the characteristics of the research task and research object, what problems should be considered, what materials and conditions are needed, and then make clear provisions. If this provision is not clear, observation cannot be concentrated and the result cannot be in-depth. Don't have a few observation centers, and don't have a wide range. All observations should be made around a center. If you have to observe several centers, then observe them in groups and cooperate with each other. (3) Determining the observation object is to determine the overall scope to be observed; The second is to determine the case object to be observed; The third is to determine the specific items to be observed. For example, in our spare time, we want to study the business and culture of the graduates of secondary normal schools or junior colleges newly assigned to teach in primary schools, so the overall observation is the new teachers who have worked for one or two years. Within this overall scope, we will decide which primary schools to observe and which teachers in which teaching and research groups to observe. After the specific observation list is determined, the time, place and specific observation items to be observed shall be determined. (4) To make an observation plan, in addition to defining the purpose, center and scope of observation, as well as what problems to understand and what materials to collect, we should also arrange the observation process: the frequency, density and duration of each observation, and how to ensure the normality of observation phenomena. (5) Planning and preparing observation means There are generally two kinds of observation means: one is to obtain observation data; The first is the means to save observation data. The main means to obtain observation data is human sensory organs, but sometimes some specially set instruments are needed to help observation, such as observation screens, computer terminal equipment, and more advanced ones such as action reactors. These instruments mainly play two roles: ensuring the objectivity of observation and improving the accuracy of observation. The human brain is a natural organ for storing data. However, this kind of preservation method, which is related to the observation subject, lacks accuracy and persistence, and cannot realize the objectification of data. Therefore, people first use characters, graphics and other symbols, and then use photography, audio recording, video recording and other technical means to accurately and comprehensively record the instantaneous events, events and feelings in the observation process in a permanent way for repeated observation and analysis of data. Either way, preparations should be made before the observation, and the functions of the instruments used in the observation should be checked in advance to ensure that there are no obstacles in the use process. For observers, it is necessary to master the basic methods of using instruments and know what to do in observation. A camera is not enough to shoot a class in detail and comprehensively. Observers should prepare several cameras and divide their work in advance. Even the observation records should be designed in advance. Print the items that must be recorded on the recording paper according to a certain format, or agree on some recording symbols to minimize the time of writing words when recording on site. We take middle school students' classroom behavior records as an example, as shown in Table 5- 1. In the following table, according to the research needs, the researcher lists the behaviors that he thinks students may have in class. However, it is estimated that the list will not be complete, so some space is reserved for observers to use when necessary. If researchers want to ask others to help them observe, they must clearly explain the specific meaning of each project and the handling methods in case of emergencies in advance, and ask them to be familiar with the location of each project. To be on the safe side, you can also do several observation exercises before formal observation to help observers get familiar with the contents of the table; If defects are found in the table, they can be adjusted before formal observation. (6) Formulating unified standards to increase the objectivity of observation, facilitate the measurement and evaluation of various phenomena, facilitate the quantitative representation of observed phenomena, and enable the observation results to be checked, compared, counted and integrated ... >>

Question 4: What is the basic content of the project research plan in the project research method?

There are many kinds of educational research topics, different research methods and different research schemes, but the structure is similar. It basically includes the following aspects.

Expression of (1) subject

A research topic must have a name to express its research content. This seems like a small problem, but in fact, when many people write a topic, they often write it inaccurately and inappropriately, which affects the image and quality of the whole topic. A good topic should meet the requirements of accuracy, standardization, conciseness and striking.

Accuracy means that the topic should explain clearly what the problem (research content) of the topic is and what the research object is. Whether the title of the topic is clearly expressed and whether it can cover the content and methods to be studied is a sign to test and measure the understanding and level of researchers in a certain sense. The title of the subject must be consistent with the research content, not too big, with a suitable incision, which can accurately summarize the research objects and problems. Normalization means using words and sentence patterns to standardize science. Some specious words can't be used, and slogans and conclusion sentences can't be used. For example, "Cultivating students' autonomous learning ability and improving classroom teaching efficiency" is a good topic as an experience summary paper, but it is not good as a topic, because the topic is the problem we want to solve, and we are discussing and preparing for research, so there can be no final tone. In addition, questions should be used with caution when determining the title of the topic. Because interrogative sentences express a question, not an argument or hypothesis. The theme should be expressed in declarative sentences. For example, the question "What is the influence of family pressure on primary school students' academic performance" is generally not suitable for project topics. If we want to study it as a topic, we should change it to "Study on the influence of family pressure on primary school students' academic performance" or "Study on the relationship between family pressure and primary school students' academic performance". Concise, that is, the name should not be too long, and words that can or cannot be used should not be used as much as possible, generally no more than 20 words. Eye-catching means that the incision of the subject research is appropriate and novel, which makes people leave a deep impression on the subject at first sight.

⑵ The purpose and significance of the study.

As a project plan, we should first explain the research background and the research purpose we need to achieve, and answer the question "Why do we need to conduct research?". In the scheme, the background of the research project is usually described in the form of "project proposal" or "project background", which mainly introduces the purpose and significance of the research project, that is, why to study and study its value. This can generally be based on the actual needs, pointing out that there is this problem in reality, which needs to be studied and solved, and what practical role the research of this topic has, and then writing out the theoretical and academic value of the topic. These should be written more specifically and pertinently, and we should not shout slogans aimlessly.

⑶ Research status, level and development trend at home and abroad.

In view of the research content of the subject, it is necessary to explain whether anyone has studied it within the scope of the subject and what aspects have been studied? What achievements have you made? Are the views expressed in these achievements consistent? If there are differences, what are their differences? What are the shortcomings and in what direction. On the one hand, the analysis of these contents can explain the status and value of this research, on the other hand, it also shows whether the researchers have a good grasp of this research and whether they have a certain research foundation. Because we conduct scientific research on a certain problem, we must have a clear understanding of the research status of this problem.

⑷ Theoretical basis of research.

The research that our primary and secondary school teachers are doing is basically applied research, which requires that our research must have some basic theoretical foundations to ensure the scientific nature of the research. For example, if we want to carry out experimental research on activity classes, we must take curriculum theory, learning psychology theory and educational psychology theory as the theoretical basis of the experiment. The experimental study of educational model innovation must be based on teaching theory and educational experimental theory.

5] research hypothesis

After selecting a topic, one or several possible answers and conclusions are conceived for the research topic according to the facts and existing data, which is called "hypothesis". Hypothesis is a speculative judgment and hypothetical explanation of the law or reason of the studied problem according to certain scientific knowledge and new scientific facts. Before the study, it was conceived and attempted in advance. Some research variables should be involved in the research hypothesis, which can be divided into: ...

Question 5: What research methods are commonly used in research? 1. survey of education.

Observation in educational research is a method by which people systematically perceive the objective things in the natural state with the help of senses or auxiliary instruments, so as to obtain empirical facts.

Classification of survey of education's method: natural observation and experimental observation, direct observation and indirect observation.

Natural observation is the observation under the condition of natural occurrence without changing and controlling the observed object; Experimental observation is observation under controlled conditions.

Direct observation refers to the method of directly examining the research object through the senses; Indirect observation is a way for human senses to observe the research object through instruments.

2. Investigation and research methods

Investigation and research method is to collect materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object purposefully, planned and systematically, find problems, reveal the laws of things, and find ways to solve problems. Investigation and research methods are generally used in combination with other research methods. According to the nature and methods of investigation, it can be divided into interview survey, questionnaire survey, case survey and literature survey.

Steps of investigation and research methods

The first step is to prepare the investigation. First of all, it is necessary to determine the subject of investigation according to scientific research topics, such as the study of "Gaocun Hot Spring Lei Hu Soup". First of all, it is necessary to determine the object of investigation, draw up the outline of investigation and study, and determine the specific scheme of investigation and study, such as the ways and means of investigation, the organization arrangement of investigation, the division of labor of personnel, the required funds, etc.

Step 2: Conduct an investigation. This is the most critical link in the investigation and study. Whether scientific research is successful, to what extent, and how much theoretical and applied value it has often depends on this step. It is the fundamental purpose of this stage to obtain the first-hand real information to the maximum extent.

Step 3: Research and analyze the materials. Through the scientific arrangement of the collected data, combined with qualitative and quantitative analysis, we can draw a conclusion, find out the crux of the problem and think about the solution to the problem.

Step 4: Summary stage. According to the conclusion of data analysis and research, write investigation report and subject summary.

3. Literary methods

It is to infer or verify the correctness of a point of view according to the theory in the book. In other words, it is necessary to conduct in-depth research from a historical perspective and on the shoulders of predecessors. From it, I can extract regular things for my use, and make further investigation or comparative analysis on this basis, conduct in-depth research, sum up experience and find out the rules. But be sure to avoid repeating other people's things.

4. Educational experimental methods

It is a scientific research method that artificially changes or creates conditions to make a certain factor play a role according to the research purpose, thus causing or producing a certain phenomenon and revealing the inevitable connection and objective laws between facts. Natural experiment method is mainly used in educational experiments, that is, experiments are carried out in natural and normal educational and teaching activities to keep students normal. Such experimental results are reliable, believable and true, and have scientific value. According to the distribution of experimental objects, educational experiments are divided into single group experiments, equal group experiments and cyclic experiments.

Single group experiment: For example, students in a region, a school, a grade or a class implement different experimental factors in stages, and measure and analyze the effect of one experimental factor at a time. For example, in the study of "the role of layered teaching method in teaching", the single group experiment method can be used. By analyzing the changes of students' behavior before and after a class, we can find out how much the layered teaching method has influenced the teaching quality.

Equal group experiment: two groups with the same or similar conditions were selected for the experiment. One group applied experimental factors, the other group did not. By comparing the two groups, we can see the influence of experimental factors. For example, "experimental study on new training methods to improve sports performance", we can arrange a control group to train with traditional methods and compare and analyze how much this new training method has played in improving sports performance.

Cyclic experiment: several experimental factors are cyclically applied to several different experimental groups, and the experimental results are judged according to the sum of the changes of each experimental factor. For example, in the study of "the role of harmonious teaching method in English teaching", we can test different experimental classes in turn through cyclic experiments, and comprehensively analyze the influence of harmonious teaching method on students' learning behavior changes through the final results. ...& gt& gt

Question 6: What are the methods and means of inquiry learning? The content of inquiry learning involves all aspects, including natural science and social science, or both. Therefore, the research methods used will be varied, and it is impossible to mechanically think that a subject can only use one method. Maybe; You use this method to solve a factory problem in the project and use other methods to solve another problem in the project. In short, in the process of research, you have to choose the research methods suitable for your own topic in order to carry out substantive research.

For a long time, people have created many research methods in production practice and social practice. Such as observation research, experimental research, literature research, investigation research, prediction research, retrospective research, content analysis and so on. Here we introduce several commonly used research methods, namely, observation research, experimental research, literature research, investigation research and so on.

Question 7: What research methods are used in writing a thesis?

Investigation is one of the most commonly used methods in scientific research. It is a purposeful, planned and systematic method to collect materials about the actual situation or historical situation of the research object. Investigation is a basic research method commonly used in scientific research. It comprehensively uses historical methods, observation methods and scientific methods, such as talks, questionnaires, case studies, tests, etc., to have a planned, thorough and systematic understanding of educational phenomena, and to analyze, synthesize, compare and summarize a large number of data collected through investigation, thus providing people with regular knowledge.

Questionnaire survey is the most commonly used survey method, and it is a research method to collect data in the form of written questions, that is, investigators prepare forms for survey items, distribute or mail them to relevant personnel, ask for instructions to fill in answers, and then recycle, sort out, count and study them.

Observation method

Observation method refers to a method in which researchers use their own senses and auxiliary tools to directly observe the research object according to a certain research purpose, research outline or observation table, so as to obtain information. Scientific observation is purposeful, planned, systematic and repeatable. In scientific experiments and investigations, observation has the following functions: ① Expanding people's perceptual knowledge. 2 inspire people's thinking. (3) lead to new discoveries.

experimental method

Experimental method is a scientific research method to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things by changing the main branch and controlling the research object. Its main characteristics are: first, initiative and innovation. Observation and investigation is to understand the research object and find out the problems without disturbing the research object. However, experiments need to actively manipulate experimental conditions, artificially change the existing mode and changing process of objects, and make them obey the needs of scientific understanding. Second, control. Scientific experiments require that according to the needs of research, with the help of various methods and technologies, the interference of various irrelevant factors that may affect science can be reduced or eliminated, so that the research object can be understood in a simplified and purified state. Third, causality. Experiment is an effective tool and necessary way to discover and confirm the causal relationship between things.

Literature research methods

Literature research method is a method to obtain information by investigating literature according to certain research purposes or topics, so as to comprehensively and correctly understand and master the problems to be studied. Literature research methods are widely used in various disciplines. Its functions are as follows: ① It can understand the history and present situation of related problems and help to determine the research topic. ② It can form an overall impression of the research object, which is helpful for observation and visit. ③ Contrast data of real data can be obtained. (4) help to understand the whole picture of things.

Empirical research methods

Empirical research method is a special form of scientific practice research. According to the needs of the existing scientific theory and practice, it puts forward the design, uses scientific instruments and equipment, observes, records and measures the changes of accompanying phenomena, and manipulates purposefully and step by step under natural conditions to determine the causal relationship between conditions and phenomena. The main purpose is to explain the relationship between various independent variables and a dependent variable.

Quantitative analysis method

In scientific research, quantitative analysis can make people know the research object more accurately, so as to reveal the law more scientifically, grasp the essence, clarify the relationship and predict the development trend of things.

Qualitative analysis method

Qualitative analysis is the qualitative analysis of the research object. Specifically, the method of induction and deduction, analysis, synthesis and abstract generalization is used to process the obtained materials, so as to get rid of the rough, get rid of the false and keep the true, understand the essence of things and reveal their internal laws.

Interdisciplinary research methods

The method of using multidisciplinary theories, methods and achievements to conduct a comprehensive study of a subject as a whole is also called "cross-study method". The law of scientific development movement shows that science is highly integrated in high differentiation and forms a unified whole. According to the statistics of relevant experts, there are more than 2,000 disciplines in the world, and the trend of differentiation between disciplines is still intensifying. At the same time, the links between disciplines are getting closer and closer, and there is a unified trend in language, methods and some concepts.

Case study method

Case study method is a research method to identify a specific object among the research objects, investigate and analyze it, and find out its characteristics and formation process. There are three basic types of case studies: (1) personal investigation, that is, investigation and study of a person in an organization; (2) Group investigation, that is, investigation and study of an organization or group; (3) problem investigation, that is, to investigate and study a phenomenon or problem.

Functional analysis method

Functional analysis method is >>