Summarize the achievements of traditional Chinese medicine in feudal times in China based on historical facts.

In the history of thousands of years, Chinese medicine has made great contributions to the prosperity of our nation and the development of world medicine. As early as 200 BC, classic works such as Neijing and Difficult Classics were published in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which established a unique theoretical system of China medicine and has been effectively guiding the diagnosis and treatment practice of traditional Chinese medicine. The system of traditional Chinese medicine is based on the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements prevailing in ancient China, which explains the physiological phenomena and pathological changes of human body, clarifies the relationship between them, and organically combines physiology, pathology, diagnosis, medication, treatment and prevention to form a whole concept and a unique theory as the basis of medicine. Its contents include physiology and pathology based on viscera, meridians, qi, blood and body fluid; A set of clinical diagnosis and treatment based on syndrome differentiation, which is based on the "four diagnoses" of looking, smelling, asking and feeling and the "eight outlines" of yin and yang, exterior and interior, deficiency and excess, cold and heat; Pharmacology of drug performance is summarized by the "four qi" of cold, heat, warmth and coolness and the "five flavors" of acid, sweet, bitter, pungent and salty. Pharmacology of drug compatibility of "monarch, minister, assistant and envoy" and "harmony of seven emotions"; Acupuncture therapy with the theory of meridians and acupoints as the main content; In addition, there are unique treatments such as massage, qigong and guidance. Over the years, it has been continuously developed and perfected, and has become an extremely valuable heritage in the cultural history of China.

2. Fundamentals of Chinese Medicine

Huangdi Neijing is the earliest important medical document in China collected and summarized by Huan Zi. It summarizes the experience and medical achievements of many physicians before the Qin and Han Dynasties and the Spring and Autumn Period, embodies the medical characteristics of the Zhou and Qin Dynasties, and establishes a unique theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, which has become the basis for the development of traditional Chinese medicine.

Neijing systematically expounds the physiological and pathological processes of human body, as well as the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases. The contents include Tibetan images, meridians, pathogenesis, diagnosis, syndrome differentiation, treatment principles, acupuncture and decoction treatment.

Difficult Classics is a classic medical book comparable to Neijing. Written before the Han dynasty, the book is very rich in contents, including physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment, which supplements the deficiency of Neijing and becomes the theoretical basis for guiding future clinical practice. From the world medical history, TCM not only has a unique system, but also has a series of outstanding contributions.

Three. Medical theory

Theoretically speaking, although Chinese medicine takes the human body as the object, it regards the human body as a part of the whole nature, and does not study the human body in isolation, but studies the human body in the overall movement and extensive dynamic balance of nature. Therefore, in his pathological theory, he attaches great importance to the relationship between diseases and people's mental state, living state, external environment, especially climate change. In clinical treatment, we are opposed to treating only headaches and foot pains, and emphasize the principle of "treating diseases before they happen", that is, grasping the cause and essence of diseases and treating them according to different situations. At the same time, it regards the human body as an organic whole, instead of simply studying the symptoms of diseases in isolation, it closely links the viscera, meridians, qi and blood, body fluid and so on, and makes a comprehensive investigation. In the aspect of medication, we should pay attention to the principle of drug compatibility, that is, according to the characteristics of cold and heat of each patient, we should give drugs to different people and pay attention to the compatibility of main drugs and auxiliary drugs. These theories and principles are also very profound and positive, that is, they are examined by modern scientific viewpoints and methods.

Four. diagnostic method

Pulse diagnosis is a unique diagnostic method in China traditional medicine. According to Records of the Historian, Bian Que in the Warring States period was able to determine the patient's condition through pulse diagnosis and then prescribe the right medicine, which reflected that he had mastered the method of pulse diagnosis at that time. Since then, pulse diagnosis has become an important part of Chinese medicine. The application of pulse diagnosis shows that doctors in ancient China have mastered the knowledge of the relationship between pulse condition and various parts of the body, that is, the relationship between heart, blood and blood vessels, the relationship between blood flow speed and human health, and the relationship between breathing and pulse rate. Modern medicine shows that pulse condition is a comprehensive manifestation of circulatory function, and pulse condition changes with the change of circulatory system. Moreover, because the circulatory system is related to all internal organs of the body, any change in tissue metabolism will have a certain impact on blood circulation, and changes in important diseases of the body will also affect the function of the circulatory system to varying degrees. Therefore, although pulse diagnosis in ancient China is based on experience, it has scientific basis. China's pulse diagnosis has spread to foreign countries long ago, except Japan, South Korea and other neighboring countries. It spread to Arabia in the tenth century and Europe in the seventeenth century, which had a certain influence on the development of world medicine.

Verb (short for verb) treatment method

Acupuncture is a unique treatment method of China, which is characterized by puncturing a certain part of the patient's body with acupuncture or cauterizing the part with the warmth of fire, so as to achieve the purpose of treating diseases. This therapy originated in the Neolithic Age, and the ancients used the experience of stone-cutting to treat diseases, and later it developed into acupuncture. After the Zhou Dynasty, it gradually became a special treatment method. The theoretical basis of acupuncture therapy is meridian theory. Among the ancient medical books of the Zhou Dynasty unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha, there are silk books such as Moxibustion Sutra of Eleven Veins in Foot Arms and Moxibustion Sutra of Eleven Veins in Yin and Yang, which reflects that the meridian theory was basically established at that time. In Neijing and Difficult Classics, there are detailed records of the twelve meridians, eight strange meridians, meridians and acupoints of the whole body and their distribution, circulation, acupuncture, acupuncture and roasting, etc., which highly evaluate the important role of meridians and make unique contributions to the development of China medicine and world medicine. After long-term practice and rich experience accumulation, Huangfu Mi made a comprehensive summary for the first time in the Western Jin Dynasty and wrote the earliest systematic acupuncture works in China, which promoted the development of acupuncture medicine in China. Because acupuncture therapy is simple, economical and practical, with wide indications, relatively rapid and remarkable therapeutic effect, especially it has good functions of stimulating physical function, improving disease resistance, calming and relieving pain, and has no or few side effects, it can be combined with other therapies for comprehensive treatment, so it is deeply welcomed by people. Acupuncture therapy spread to Japan, Korea and other countries as early as the Han and Tang Dynasties, and then to Arabia and Europe after the Song and Yuan Dynasties. In recent years, the advent of acupuncture anesthesia shocked the international medical community and spread abroad, affecting the development of world medicine. Therefore, many foreign scholars praise China as "the motherland of acupuncture".

Intransitive verb surgery

In surgery, unlike western medicine, which only pays attention to local and superficial treatment methods, Chinese medicine adheres to the overall concept, paying attention to both local manifestations of superficial diseases and internal changes of patients' bodies; We should not only pay attention to the treatment of surgery and manipulation, but also pay attention to the enhancement of the body's disease resistance. This idea is more prominent in orthopedic treatment. Therefore, in the process of treatment, we not only pay attention to local treatment, but also emphasize appropriate activities and functional exercises, and at the same time cooperate with drugs that promote blood circulation and remove blood stasis and regulate the function of viscera, which has achieved good results. Outstanding achievements in surgery, including:

The earliest research and description of human anatomy: About human anatomy, there are vivid and rich descriptions in the ancient medical book Neijing. For example, "Lingshu Water Mirror" said: "A man of eight feet is here, and his meat can be measured from the outside, and his death can be seen." The shape, size, weight, vein length, direction, blood turbidity and closed circulation of internal organs were recorded in detail, which was roughly consistent with the observation of modern anatomy. The description of the heart, liver, kidney and other internal organs and omentum in Ou Xifan's five zang-organs map in the Northern Song Dynasty is basically correct. The "Preserving the True Sutra" has detailed records on the visceral structure of the chest and the digestive, urinary and reproductive systems, which are mostly adopted by later generations. In the 11th century, China's anatomy was relatively advanced. However, in western medicine, human anatomy generally develops relatively late. /kloc-Before 0/6th century, there were many dissected animals in Europe, but there were few studies on human anatomy. Therefore, human anatomy in China is at least16th century earlier than that in foreign countries.

The earliest understanding of human blood circulation: the closed blood circulation of human body and its close relationship with heart and lung were described in detail as early as Neijing. For example, when talking about the relationship between blood and heart, he said that "blood belongs to the heart". Where does the blood flow? Neijing clearly points out that "the pulse is the blood house". In describing the relationship between blood vessels and lung, Neijing said: "Pulse runs in qi, meridian qi belongs to lung ... the lung faces hundreds of pulses ... and the pulse is combined with essence". In other words, the lungs are connected with the blood vessels of the whole body, and the lungs bring the essence to the meridians of the human body, circulate it, and finally flow back to the lungs. Did the ancients think that blood flow was open or closed? The answer in Neijing is a closed pipeline, which says that "Yin and Yang intersect, like an endless ring", which means that two types of blood vessels, arteries and veins, communicate with each other and circulate throughout the body. Neijing also distinguishes the nature of arterial blood and venous blood: "If blood is full of qi, yin is slippery, and if it is pricked, it will be shot;" If yang qi accumulates for a long time without diarrhea, the blood will be dark and turbid, so it is impossible to shoot. "This is the earliest written record to distinguish arterial blood from venous blood according to blood flow speed, color and whether it can be ejected. In a word, these incisive expositions about human blood circulation are about two thousand years earlier than those described by western medicine.

The first application of narcotic drugs in abdominal surgery: the invention of narcotic drugs is another great achievement of traditional Chinese medicine surgery. According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, Hua Tuo, a famous doctor in the Eastern Han Dynasty, used Mafeisan for the first time in the world and performed laparotomy under general anesthesia. According to modern research, the ingredients of Mafeisan have long been lost. It may be similar to Anmian Powder, Caowu Powder and antiperspirant recorded in Bian Que Shuxin written by Dou Cai in the Song Dynasty, Effective Prescriptions for World Doctors written by Wei Yilin in the Yuan Dynasty and Compendium of Materia Medica written by Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty. The main drug component of these prescriptions is Datura flower, which has anesthetic effect. Even if Huatuo's hemp boiling powder is not counted, the anesthetic used in the Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties is the earliest invention in the world. In foreign countries, until 1805, Japanese Huagang Qingzhou Fang used an anesthetic mainly based on Datura flower, which is considered to be the first in the history of surgical anesthesia in the world, in fact, much later than China. The suture used to suture the skin after operation is fish scale pattern. It takes skill to sew the skin with fish scales, otherwise the fish scales will break. After the fish scales are sewn, the eye of the needle will make the grass swell to death, and the grass and meat will not stick together. When the wound grows, you can pull out the scales. Later, the suture was changed to catgut.

Seven. immunology

China is also the birthplace of immunology, and the idea of immunology has already sprouted. At the beginning of the 4th century AD, Ge Hong wrote "After Elbow", which recorded the "prescription for treating dog bites", that is, when people are bitten by rabies, they kill the biting rabies and apply the rabies brain to the wound to prevent rabies. /kloc-in the 9th century, louis pasteur, a famous French doctor of medicine (1822- 1895) also used rabies virus to enhance immunity. Chao of the Sui Dynasty also pointed out in Treatise on Febrile Diseases that taking the fine powder of "sand lice" (tsutsugamushi larva, which looks like a little red spider and can spread tsutsugamushi disease) can treat tsutsugamushi disease. It was not until the beginning of this century that pathogens were obtained from infected mice abroad and made into vaccines. China's most outstanding contribution to immunology in ancient times was about the prevention and treatment of smallpox, and he invented the method of human pox inoculation. When the vaccination method was invented, there are different opinions. Some people say that it began in the Song Dynasty, others say that it began in the Ming Dynasty, but it began to be used in the second half of the16th century at the latest. /kloc-At the end of 0/7th century, China's vaccination methods were introduced to Russia and then to Europe, which made great contributions to the protection of children's health. After the British doctor (1749- 1823) invented the vaccinia inoculation method in 1796, it gradually replaced the human vaccinia inoculation method.

As early as ancient times, human beings suffered from smallpox. More than a thousand years before BC, the ruthless smallpox swept through ancient Egypt, and the residents along the Nile River could not escape bad luck. Even Pharaoh Ramses V was not spared, and his mummy had a little smallpox scar on his face.

In 1 century, smallpox spread to China. After the Battle of Nanyang in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the ancients called it "Lu pox" because it was first discovered among prisoners. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, especially after the15th century, smallpox became more and more popular in China, which not only affected ordinary people, but also infected the palace. The emperor shunzhi died at the age of 24, suffering from smallpox.

/kloc-smallpox was prevalent in Europe in the 0/8th century. Schools are closed, factories are closed, theaters are closed ... more than 60 million people in Europe have died of smallpox, and pockmarked people are countless. People are frightened, trembling and afraid of getting acne. British historian Macaulay called smallpox "a loyal accomplice to death".

For thousands of years, human beings have suffered from smallpox. Is there no way to defeat this "loyal accomplice to death"? People have been thinking and expecting, and doctors all over the world are also studying hard. And the earliest successful, to calculate our China.

It has been noticed that in the process of smallpox epidemic, anyone who has recovered from smallpox will not get sick again. Smallpox was also called "centennial pox" in ancient times, because people with smallpox can live a peaceful life and even live to be 100 years old. So someone tried to prevent smallpox by "vaccination". The method is: take pus from smallpox patients and stick it on the needle tip, and then stick it on the skin of people who have never had smallpox. This person will get slight smallpox and will not be infected again after recovery. This is the practical application of the theory of "fighting poison with poison" in traditional Chinese medicine. Based on this, ancient doctors in China created the "human pox vaccination method" to prevent smallpox. Dong Zhengshan's New Book of Vaccinia in Ming Dynasty records that "from the Kaiyuan period of Tang Dynasty (7 12 ~ 756), Zhao family in the south of the Yangtze River began to spread the method of nasal vaccination". This is the earliest record of smallpox prevention. According to Zhu Chunkou's Acne Rash Conclusion in Qing Dynasty, it is said that Prime Minister Wang Dan (989 ~ 1022) had a full house of children, but all died of smallpox. Later, the old prime minister got another son named Wang Su, who was lively, lovely and clever, and was the lifeblood of the prime minister. The Prime Minister was worried that he would be unlucky again and get smallpox, so he asked the imperial doctor of Emei Mountain to vaccinate him. Xiao Wangsu had a fever on the 7th after vaccination, and the pox came out very well, 13 scabbed. And never had smallpox again, and lived for sixty or seventy years.

/kloc-by the end of 0/7, the inoculation method of human pox had been popularized all over the country, and the technology was gradually improved. There are also many inoculation methods, such as pox slurry method, pox coating method, dry seedling method, water seedling method and so on. During the period of Qin Long in the Ming Dynasty, there appeared "Taiping vaccinia" with little toxicity in China. In the Qing Dynasty, Zhu Yiliang's Heart Method of Vaccination also recorded the choice of "mature seedlings": after inoculating a child with raw seedlings, choose scab skin with low toxicity and good acne, and then inoculate another child. After 7 times of such selection and inoculation, the original seedlings will become mature seedlings. Mature seedlings have good disease control effect and low risk.

This vaccination method of human pox has also spread abroad with international exchanges. At the end of 17, it first spread to Russia and Turkey. At that time, montague, the wife of the British ambassador to Turkey, got smallpox and left a pockmarked face, which was very painful. In Constantinople, she saw that the vaccination effect of local children was very good, so she vaccinated her son with human pox at 17 17. Later, when she and her husband returned to England, they spread this inoculation method from China to England. When the king of England knew it, he especially praised Mrs. Montague.

Soon, China's human pox vaccination method spread from Britain to European countries and Indian countries, and even to all parts of the world. 1776 At the beginning of the year, during the American Revolutionary War, George Washington, the leader of the US military, resolutely decided to vaccinate all the Continental Army in the smallpox epidemic area of Philadelphia, thus avoiding the actual disintegration of the Continental Army, thus winning the final victory of the American Revolutionary War.

The large-scale smallpox vaccination in Washington achieved amazing success, which also made the vaccination method of human pox widely spread at that time. However, vaccination against human pox is actually a man-made mild smallpox infection, which is inevitably dangerous. Some people will get sick and die, which can't be said to be the defect of human pox vaccine. But at that time, it did play a role in preventing the large-scale harm of smallpox. It was about eight centuries earlier than the vaccination method invented by British doctor Jenner. Moreover, the application of human vaccinia also provides a practical basis for Qin Na to discover vaccinia.

Eight. Literary achievements

1. The first pharmaceutical monograph in the world

On the basis of a lot of medical practice of the ancients, the first pharmaceutical book, Shennong Herbal Classic, was completed in the Eastern Han Dynasty. Although this book has been lost, its rich contents are still preserved in the cursive script compiled by later generations, and it is listed as one of the four classic medical books in China. This pharmaceutical classic is at least 16 centuries earlier than similar pharmaceutical books in Europe.

2. The world's first specialized book on clinical medicine.

Treatise on Febrile Diseases is the first clinical medical monograph in China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, on the basis of assiduously studying the medical books such as Neijing and Difficult Classic, combined with the rich experience of contemporaries in fighting diseases, summed up the most influential book in China's medical history-Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which was divided into two parts in later generations. Among them, Treatise on Febrile Diseases (volume 10) is a special book for treating exogenous fever based on syndrome differentiation. In addition, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber has six volumes, mainly discussing internal diseases based on viscera, including malaria, stroke, heartache, jaundice, vomiting blood, nausea and other diseases.

Treatise on Febrile Diseases has not only been guiding the clinical treatment of Dr. China, but also spread abroad with far-reaching influence. It is the world's first clinical medical masterpiece summarizing experience. The earliest foreign monograph with considerable level is the Medical Canon written by Avicenna, an Arab physician, but it is at least several hundred years later than Treatise on Febrile Diseases.

3. The earliest alchemy literature in the world

Wei Boyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty summed up the previous experience and wrote The Book of Changes, which is the oldest alchemy document in the world and a pioneer of modern chemistry. Scientists all over the world also admit that alchemy originated in China.

4. First pulse diagnosis

Pulse diagnosis is one of the four diagnostic methods in traditional Chinese medicine, and it is also an original diagnostic method in traditional Chinese medicine. There are many records about this in Zhou Li and Neijing, and famous doctors in past dynasties, such as Bian Que, Cang Gong, Zhongjing and Hua Tuo, are all proficient in pulse science. During the Western Jin Dynasty, Wang Shuhe, with his rich practical experience, summed up the relevant experience and materials of predecessors and completed ten volumes of Pulse Classics, which made great contributions to the development of pulse diagnosis in China. It is characterized by correctly describing and distinguishing various pulse conditions, affirming the location diagnosis of Cunkou (equivalent to the radial artery at the high bone of hand and forearm), and analyzing pulse, syndrome and treatment, so it has great influence on world medicine. As early as 582 AD, China's pulse diagnosis spread to Korea, Japan and other countries, and was absorbed by Arab medicine 700 years later, and was quoted by Avicenna, a medical sage in the Middle East, in the classic "Medical Canon" of the 20th century.

5. The earliest existing surgical monograph.

From 475 to 502, Gong Qingxuan, a doctor from the Southern Qi Dynasty in China, summarized and wrote Liu Gui's Legacy Prescription, which is a three-volume book. He briefly summarized his experience in treating skin diseases such as golden sore, carbuncle and furuncle, listed more than 40 prescriptions for internal and external treatment, and pioneered the method of external treatment of skin diseases with mercury. The application of mercury paste in China was at least six centuries earlier than that abroad.

6. The earliest extant monograph on traumatology in China.

The Secret Recipe of Immortal Healing and Breaking Wounds written by Lin Daoren in Tang Dynasty 84 1-846. There is only one volume in the book, focusing on the treatment steps and methods of fractures, including manual reduction, traction, expansion and fixation; It is suggested that general fracture should be fixed with pad after reduction, and that joint activity should be paid attention to. For open fractures, it is advocated to expand the wound surface quickly to avoid infection; For shoulder dislocation, the "chair back reduction method" is adopted, which is also the first osteopathy in the world. Half a century later, Wei Yilin used suspension reduction to treat spinal fracture in Yuan Dynasty, which was also a pioneering work in the world. David of England didn't put forward this method until 1927, which was 600 years later than Wei Yilin's method.

7. Great works in the history of world pharmacy

In the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen summarized the experience of traditional medicine in China for more than 1000 years and published Compendium of Materia Medica on 1596. This book contains 1892 drugs, 1 1000 prescriptions and1/60 illustrations. At that time, it was a masterpiece of China traditional medicine, which not only collected the essence of previous pharmaceutical works, but also corrected and criticized some wrong and untrue data and conclusions stated by some pharmaceutical secretaries in the past. As far as we know, there was no work called botany in Europe in the sixteenth century. It was not until 1657 that Poland translated this book into Latin that it promoted the development of European botany. It was nearly two hundred years after the publication of Compendium of Materia Medica that Xiaolan Shen reached the same level. Due to the brilliant achievements of Compendium of Materia Medica, the book is known as the "Grand Ceremony of Oriental Medicine", which has been translated into many foreign languages and published as an important reference material for botany, zoology and mineralogy research. Li Shizhen is also listed as one of the world famous scientists.

8. The World's First Pharmacopoeia

When Tang Gaozong was in China, Li Ji and others made detailed notes on Compendium of Materia Medica, adding 1 14 kinds of drugs, including jade, grass, wood, livestock, poultry, insects, fish, fruits, vegetables, rice grains, names and wastes. , a total of 20 volumes, called "New Materia Medica" (later called "Tang Materia Medica"). Don't write the 25-volume Medicine Map and the 7-volume Picture Classic promulgated by Emperor Taizong in 659 AD. This is the first pharmacopoeia compiled and promulgated by China and even the world. It is 883 years earlier than the world-famous Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia. 87 years after the New Materia Medica was written, a manuscript appeared in Japan.

9. The first systematic monograph on forensic medicine in the world.

Song Ci Collection of Injustice in Song Dynasty is the first systematic monograph on forensic medicine in the world, which occupies an important position in the history of forensic medicine.

In addition to some of the things mentioned above, there are innovations and achievements in the fields of vaccination, judicial examination and nutritional therapy in China, which are also outstanding in the world. So some people say that besides China's "Four Great Inventions", TCM should be the fifth greatest contribution to the world. Judging from the history and present situation of medical development, this statement is not exaggerated at all.

9. Famous doctor

Bian Que

Bian Que is the first folk physician with a formal biography in the history of China, who is good at internal and external medicine, gynecology and pediatrics. Its medical skill is characterized by regulating the internal organs and fighting poison with poison. Bian Que once treated the prince's corpse syncope, but in fact, the prince suffered from wool boils. Bian Que is good at treating hemiplegia, headache, carbuncle, furuncle and blood stasis. It is also unique in bonesetting and acupuncture, and has its own creativity and academics in fire moxibustion. Bian Que's medical skills ranked first among the nations at that time, and no one could compare with him, but he was also very arrogant and had a strong personality. He went his own way and often spoke ill of himself, which offended many people, embarrassed people and ruined many doctors' jobs. Doctors hate him, which is harmful to his heart. Later, Li, a doctor of Qin, sent someone to the suburbs to knock him unconscious with a stick, and then ran him over with a car.

Bian Que doesn't need money to see a doctor for the people. He said whether love is given or not. But he didn't want to see anyone pay the price. You see a doctor with status, and he arrogantly said that you like to watch it or not, and no one can see it except me. So it also offended people with status. Bian Que's medical skill at that time was much higher than that of Li Shizhen in later generations. Only Li Shizhen is active in thinking, collecting folk remedies, sorting out books and circulating them everywhere, while Bian Que is stubborn and has a poor writing style, and his thoughts are limited to seeing a doctor. His treatment methods are all his personal experiences. He said don't leave anything for future generations, let them learn and explore for themselves. He has never written anything in his life. He didn't write the classics, but later scholars imposed them on Bian Que. At that time, the literati always said that ancient times were good, which had formed a conclusion in people's consciousness, so the tricks of playing with historical facts emerged one after another.

Zhang Zhongjing

Zhang Zhongjing, a famous machine, is said to have been a magistrate in Changsha, so he is called Zhang Changsha. Nie Yang, Nanyang County (now Nanyang County, Henan Province), was born in the first year of Heping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (A.D. 150) and died in the 24th year of Jian 'an (A.D. 2 19), and lived for about 70 years.

He was eager to learn and think since he was a child. "Broaden the group of books and concentrate on Taoism." When he was ten years old, he had read many books, especially books about medicine. He Qing, a fellow countryman, admired his cleverness and specialty. He once said to him, "You will be a good doctor if you use your heart and don't rhyme well" (Biography of He Qing). Later, Zhang Zhongjing really became a good doctor, and was called "the sage of medicine and the ancestor of prescription science". Of course, this is related to his "using the essence of thinking", but it is mainly the result of his love for the medical profession and his good at "assiduous pursuit of ancient methods and learning from others".

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was in turmoil, fighting for years, "the people abandoned agriculture", and most of the urban granges became wilderness, and the people were displaced and hungry. Plague broke out continuously in various places, especially in Luoyang and Nanyang, and the epidemic situation in Huiji (Shaoxing) was serious. "Every family has the pain of zombies, and every room has a wail;" Zhang Zhongjing's family is no exception. Zhang Zhongjing witnessed this sad scene. "The loss before feeling is hopeless" (Preface to Treatise on Febrile Diseases). Therefore, he worked hard to study medicine and determined to be a doctor who can relieve people's suffering. "In order to cure the diseases of your relatives, to save the poor, to protect your health, and to support your life" (Preface to Treatise on Febrile Diseases). At that time, there was a man in his family named Zhang Bozu, a famous doctor. Zhang Zhongjing went to worship him as a teacher in order to study medicine. Seeing that he was smart and eager to learn, Zhang Bozu taught him his medical knowledge and skills without reservation, but Zhang Zhongjing actually passed it on. He Qing once praised in the book Xiangyang Fu Zhi: "Zhongjing's skill is better than Bozu's".

Zhang Zhongjing advocated "diligent pursuit of ancient religion" and earnestly studied and summarized the theoretical experience of predecessors.

He carefully studied ancient medical books, such as Su Wen, Lingshu, Difficult Classics, Yin and Yang Theory, pregnancy and drug records. Among them, Su Wen had the greatest influence on him. "Su Wen" said: "Those with husband fever are all typhoid fever and so on." He also said, "When a person is injured by cold, he is ill with heat." Zhang Zhongjing developed this theory according to his own practice. He believes that typhoid fever is the general name of all fever, that is, all diseases caused by exogenous diseases can be called "typhoid fever". He also carefully studied the treatment principle of "syndrome differentiation and treatment" left by predecessors, and thus put forward a new viewpoint of "six meridians of typhoid fever"

In addition to "seeking the ancient teachings", he also "learned from many prescriptions" and widely collected effective prescriptions and even folk prescriptions for ancient and modern treatments. He studied acupuncture, moxibustion, warm ironing, rubbing medicine, sitting medicine, bathing, moistening and guiding, soaking feet, washing ears, blowing ears, sublingual administration, artificial respiration and other specific therapies that people like to use, and accumulated a lot of information.

Zhang Zhongjing went to Luoyang, the prosperous capital, to practice medicine in order to broaden his horizons, "learn from others" and exchange experiences with his peers. RoyceWong (word), one of the "Seven Scholars" in the literary history at that time (Kong Rong, Chen Lin, RoyceWong, Xu Gan, Ruan Yu, Angelababy and Liu Zhen), was the most accomplished writer and poet among the "Seven Scholars". He has a close relationship with Zhang Zhongjing. Through contact, Zhang Zhongjing, with his many years of medical experience, gradually discovered that this writer, who was only in his twenties, had a terrible source of boils. One day, he said to Wang Shen, "You are already ill and should be treated as soon as possible. Otherwise, at the age of forty, your eyebrows will fall out. Eyebrows will die after half a year. Now eating Wushi soup can save them. " However, RoyceWong was very unhappy. He thinks he is elegant and noble, and there is nothing wrong with his figure. He won't listen to him, let alone take medicine. A few days later, Zhang Zhongjing saw RoyceWong again and asked him, "Did you take medicine?" RoyceWong lied to him and said, "I have already eaten." Zhang Zhongjing carefully observed his look, shook his head and said to RoyceWong seriously and affectionately, "You didn't take medicine, and you look the same as before. Why do you take your life so lightly? " RoyceWong never believed what Zhang Zhongjing said. Twenty years later, his eyebrows slowly fell off and he died six months later.

Zhang Zhongjing loves medical specialty, attaches great importance to clinical practice, always "feels pulse and differentiates symptoms", and earnestly summarizes his clinical experience. According to legend, Zhang Zhongjing is about fifty years old and works as a satrap in Changsha. At that time, he never forgot his clinical practice and the sufferings of the people. But he is a big official after all. In feudal times, officials were not allowed to enter houses or approach ordinary people casually. What should I do? He came up with a way to choose the first and fifteenth day of each month, open the yamen wide, and let the sick people in without asking about political affairs. He sat upright in the hall, carefully receiving people one by one. After a long time, it becomes a routine. On the first and fifteenth day of the first grade, many patients from all directions gathered in front of his yamen, waiting to see a doctor. In memory of Zhang Zhongjing, people later called the doctor who was sitting in the drugstore treating patients "Zuo Tang", and that doctor was called "Dr. Zuo Tang".

Although Zhang Zhongjing was an official at that time, he was not keen on official positions. Soon, he "saw the failure of the Japanese government" and sighed and said to people, "Your disease can be cured, but the national disease is very difficult to treat." So he hung up the crown and fled to Shaoshi Mountain (Cong Gui Ou Ji, a series of Chinese medicine books) to sum up experience and write medical works.

After decades of struggle, Zhang Zhongjing collected a lot of information, including his personal clinical experience, and wrote sixteen volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases (also known as Treatise on Febrile Diseases). This book was written around 2005 AD and became "popular in the world". Wang Shuhe, a famous doctor in Jin Dynasty, arranged it. In the Song Dynasty, it was gradually divided into Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. Synopsis of the Golden Chamber is a miscellaneous disease part of the book.

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