Why are there lunar and solar calendars?

Question 1: Why does China have a lunar calendar and a solar calendar, which are called "lunar calendar" or "pure lunar calendar"? The lunar calendar is based on the cycle of the moon, which is the new moon. Because the ancients called the moon "lunar calendar", it was called "lunar calendar" for short. It is difficult to determine the exact date of the lunar calendar, but judging from the Oracle bones in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the lunar calendar was quite popular in the Yin Dynasty.

The main feature of the lunar calendar is that the length of the calendar month is determined according to the astronomical phenomena, that is, the phase of the moon, and the average length of the calendar month is roughly the same as that of Wang Shuoyue. 5306 days, etc. The length of a year is only an integer multiple of a calendar month, which has nothing to do with the tropical year. Therefore, the month of the lunar calendar has nothing to do with the four seasons. The date of the lunar calendar indicates a certain moon phase, that is, the first day is the new moon, that is, the new moon; The fifteenth, sixteenth or seventeenth is the full moon, which means hope; The seventh and eighth days are the first quarter moon; Twenty-two and twenty-three are the last quarter moons, and it is very convenient for the ancients to judge the date by the phase of the moon. The change of the moon phase is the easiest astronomical phenomenon to see, so most of the calendars in various countries have the lunar calendar first and then the solar calendar. However, because the lunar calendar has nothing to do with the tropical year, it is not harmonious with agricultural production and people's daily life, and it was gradually eliminated. Nowadays, except for a few countries that still use a lunar calendar called "hijri" for religious reasons, all other countries have given up.

In addition,. 19 12 after China adopted the Gregorian calendar to arrange the months, people called it the Gregorian calendar, while the traditional summer calendar coexisting with the people was popularly called the lunar calendar.

The solar calendar is also called Gregorian calendar, solar calendar, new calendar and western calendar. This is the 1582 calendar implemented by Pope Gregory XIII. A year later, the Gregorian calendar replaced the Roman emperor julius in 42 BC. Caesar's "julian calendar" (the old calendar). The solar calendar takes one year as the time for the earth to go around the sun. Its length is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. Because it is not an integer, in order to balance the length, some years are 366 days, called "leap year"; Some years are 365 days and are called "average years". This calendar has an error of about three days every 10,000 years, which is three days less than that in old julian calendar every 400 years.

Because this calendar depends on the distance between the earth and the sun, its "24 solar terms" are fixed: the solar terms in the first half of the year are mostly on the 6th and 2 1 of each month, and in the second half of the year, they are mostly on the 8th and 23rd of each month, even if the difference is only one or two days.

The western calendar was introduced into China by Italian missionary Matteo Ricci during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1580). Matteo Ricci's Tai Xi Li belongs to julian calendar. The "calendar" implemented by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolutionized the lunar calendar in China. It adopts the solar calendar, but it has also been revised. The "calendar" includes the original "branches and branches" in China and the "worship" (week) in the solar calendar, which can be described as a combined calendar of yin and yang. "Calendar" is a special calendar with revolutionary spirit in China calendar. After the Revolution of 1911, from New Year's Day of 19 12, the calendar of the Republic of China and the solar calendar were adopted. 1On September 27th, 949, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference decided: "People's Republic of China (PRC) adopts AD in calendar years". Since then, China has also adopted the calendar.

Question 2: Why should we divide the lunar calendar into the solar calendar? Lunar calendar and solar calendar are also called lunar calendar. The year of the lunar calendar is 354 days, which is calculated according to the fact that the moon revolves around the earth for one month. A year in the lunar calendar is sometimes 12 months and sometimes 13 months. The year of leap month is 13 months.

The solar calendar is also called the Gregorian calendar. A year in the solar calendar is 365 days, which is calculated according to the fact that the earth goes around the sun once a year. The time for the earth to go around the sun is 365 days, a little over 5 hours.

The solar calendar (365 days a year) is more than the lunar calendar (354 days a year) 1 1 day. In order to prevent the solar calendar from getting bigger and bigger, leap months are used to make up for it. 19 has seven leap month years. Generally, it is in beginning of spring before the Lunar New Year, and there is no leap month in the second year. After the Spring Festival in beginning of spring, it is certain that there will be a leap month this year.

In a solar year, 1, March, May, July, August, 10 and1February are all 3 1 day, and April, June, September, 1 1 day. February is generally 28 days. February 4th has 29 days. Why is there an extra day? It is because the solar calendar is more than 365 days and 5 hours a year, and there will be an extra day in almost four years. As for February that year, it was 29 days. You just need to divide the AD year by 4, and a year without remainder is 29 days. For example, in 2004, if there is no remainder except 4, then this year's February must be 29 days. In 2005, 2006 and 2007, if there is a remainder after dividing by 4, February in these three years must be 28 days.

Why is February in the solar calendar 28 days? This is the time when ancient Rome made a calendar. At first, it is assumed that the odd number of the month is 3 1 day and the even number is 30 days. But this year is 366 days, one more day than 365 days, and one day must be taken from 12 months. Because in ancient Rome, the execution of the death penalty was in February, so everyone thought this month was unlucky, so we took one day from mid-February and changed it to 29 days. At that time, a Roman emperor was born in August with 30 days, one day less than the last emperor born in July with 3 1 day. He took another day from mid-February and added it to August. Since then, February in the solar calendar has become 28 days, and August, which should have been 30 days, has become 3 1 day.

Question 3: Why are there Gregorian calendar and Lunar calendar, which are the calendars of our country? Gregorian calendar is a western calendar, which is now used all over the world.

The solar calendar, that is, the solar calendar, takes the return year of the four-season cycle (the earth goes around the sun once) as the basic cycle, and has nothing to do with the change of the moon phase. The average length of the solar calendar year is equal to the tropic year, and the number of calendar months and the number of months in a year are artificially specified. Lunar calendar, namely lunar calendar (China called the moon lunar calendar in ancient times) is a calendar adopted by * * * countries and regions, also called hijri calendar. It takes the new moon as the basic unit of the calendar. Odd months are 30th, even months are 29th, twelve months are a year, and ***354 days. In fact, there are about 354.38+0 days in the twelve lunar months. In order to make the beginning of the month and the New Year begin from the day when the waning moon appears, the following leap method is adopted in the hijri calendar, with the full circle and short circle of the moon as the basic cycle. The average length of a calendar month is 29.5 days, and it is stipulated that odd-numbered months are 30 days, even-numbered months are 29 days, 12 calendar month is 1 year, and ***354 days. It is stipulated that 1 1 leap days will be added within 30 years, and they will be placed on 2, 5, 7, 10, 13, 16, 18, 2 1 and 24 respectively. At present, the lunar calendar is only used in * * * countries and regions. (Note that the lunar calendar we have is not the same concept) Gregorian calendar, short for Gregorian calendar. The current perpetual calendar in the world, whose real name is Gregory calendar (promulgated by the Pope), is a kind of solar calendar. You don't have to say anything when you use it every day. The lunar calendar, the traditional calendar in China, belongs to the lunar calendar (we often refer to it simply as the lunar calendar, which must be distinguished from the lunar calendar mentioned above). Taking the moon as the calendar month basis and considering the cycle of the tropic year, the method of adding leap month is adopted to make the average length of the calendar year close to the tropic year. The first day of the first lunar month is the Shuotian, and the time between the two Shuotian is January, with 30 days in the big month and 29 days in the small month. 1 year, set 12 months, set ***354 or 355 days. In order to make the calendar year approach the tropic year on average, seven leap months are added to the calendar year 19, and a year with leap months has 13 months ***384 or 385 days, which is called leap year. The length of 19 calendar year and 19 tropic year is almost equal, and the seven leap months are generally in 3, 6, 9,1,14, 17, 19 years. The specific placement month is related to the neutral atmosphere of the 24 solar terms. The twenty-four solar terms are actually composed of 12 solar terms and 12 neutral solar terms (is it your accident), which are arranged alternately and have fixed neutral solar terms every month. For example, the month containing neutral gas and rain is the first month. 19 tropical year, there are 19* 12=228 neutral and solar terms, but there are 235 lunar months. Obviously, there are 7 months without neutrality and 7 months without solar terms. The lunar calendar stipulates that the month without neutral gas is the leap month this year.

Question 4: Why is there such a big time difference between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar? The full name of the lunar calendar is the lunar calendar or the pure lunar calendar. The lunar calendar is based on the cycle of the moon, which is the new moon. Because the ancients called the moon "lunar calendar", it was called "lunar calendar" for short. It is difficult to determine the exact date of the lunar calendar, but judging from the Oracle bones in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, the lunar calendar was quite popular in the Yin Dynasty.

The main feature of the lunar calendar is that the length of the calendar month is determined according to the astronomical phenomena, that is, the phase of the moon, and the average length of the calendar month is roughly the same as that of Wang Shuoyue. 5306 days, etc. The length of a year is only an integer multiple of a calendar month, which has nothing to do with the tropical year. Therefore, the month of the lunar calendar has nothing to do with the four seasons. The date of the lunar calendar indicates a certain moon phase, that is, the first day is the new moon, that is, the new moon; The fifteenth, sixteenth or seventeenth is the full moon, which means hope; The seventh and eighth days are the first quarter moon; Twenty-two and twenty-three are the last quarter moons, and it is very convenient for the ancients to judge the date by the phase of the moon. The change of the moon phase is the easiest astronomical phenomenon to see, so most of the calendars in various countries have the lunar calendar first and then the solar calendar. However, because the lunar calendar has nothing to do with the tropical year, it is not harmonious with agricultural production and people's daily life, and it was gradually eliminated. Nowadays, except for a few countries that still use a lunar calendar called "hijri" for religious reasons, all other countries have given up.

In addition,. 19 12 after China adopted the Gregorian calendar to arrange the months, people called it the Gregorian calendar, while the traditional summer calendar coexisting with the people was popularly called the lunar calendar.

The solar calendar is also called Gregorian calendar, solar calendar, new calendar and western calendar. This is the 1582 calendar implemented by Pope Gregory XIII. A year later, the Gregorian calendar replaced the Roman emperor julius in 42 BC. Caesar's "julian calendar" (the old calendar). The solar calendar takes one year as the time for the earth to go around the sun. Its length is 365 days, 5 hours, 48 minutes and 46 seconds. Because it is not an integer, in order to calculate the length, some years are 366 days, which is called "leap year"; Some years are 365 days and are called "average years". This calendar has an error of about three days every 10,000 years, which is three days less than that in old julian calendar every 400 years.

Because this calendar depends on the distance between the earth and the sun, its "24 solar terms" are fixed: the solar terms in the first half of the year are mostly on the 6th and 2 1 of each month, and in the second half of the year, they are mostly on the 8th and 23rd of each month, even if the difference is only one or two days.

The western calendar was introduced into China by Italian missionary Matteo Ricci during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1580). Matteo Ricci's Tai Xi Li belongs to julian calendar. The "calendar" implemented by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom revolutionized the lunar calendar in China. It adopts the solar calendar, but it has also been revised. The "calendar" includes the original "branches and branches" in China and the "worship" (week) in the solar calendar, which can be described as a combined calendar of yin and yang. "Calendar" is a special calendar with revolutionary spirit in China calendar. After the Revolution of 1911, from New Year's Day of 19 12, the calendar of the Republic of China and the solar calendar were adopted. 1On September 27th, 949, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference decided: "People's Republic of China (PRC) adopts AD in calendar years". Since then, China has also adopted the AD calendar.

Question 5: Why is there a difference between the solar calendar and the lunar calendar? A solar calendar. This is a calendar based on the cycle of the earth's movement around the sun. Also known as the solar calendar. The Gregorian calendar year is approximately equal to the tropic year, one year 12 months. This "month" has nothing to do with the first lunar month. The month and date of the solar calendar are very consistent with the position of the sun on the ecliptic. According to the date of the solar calendar, we can clearly see the changes of cold and warm seasons in a year. But every month, you can't see the new moon, the new moon, the new moon.

At present, the Gregorian calendar, which is popular in the world, is a solar calendar, with 365 days in a normal year and 366 days in a leap year, once every four years, once every 100 years, and then once every 400 years, that is, there are 97 leap years every 400 years. The average length of the Gregorian calendar is only 26 seconds away from the tropic year, and it takes only one day to accumulate 3300 years. At present, the Gregorian calendar, which is popular in the world, is the most familiar solar calendar. This calendar is saturated with the civilization created by human beings for thousands of years. It was learned by the ancient Romans from the Egyptians and spread all over the world with the expansion of the Roman Empire and the rise of Christianity.

The lunar calendar, also called lunar calendar, is a calendar based on the changes of the full and short periods of the moon.

The typical representative of the existing lunar calendar in the world is the lunar calendar taught by * * * *. Each calendar month is approximately equal to the new moon, and any date of each month contains the meaning of the moon phase. The calendar year is 12 months, the average year is 354 days, and the leap year is 355 days. Every 30 years, 1 1 year is a leap year, and other 19 years are normal years. The pure lunar calendar can accurately reflect the change of the moon phase, but it can't judge the season according to its month and date, because its Gregorian calendar year has nothing to do with the tropic year.

From a global perspective, people first used the lunar calendar because the cycle of the lunar month is easier to determine than the cycle of the tropic year. Later, we learned about the Tropic of Capricorn, and for the needs of agricultural production, we changed it to the solar calendar or the yin and yang calendar. At present, only * * countries still use the pure lunar calendar in religious affairs.

Question 6: Why is there always a difference of about one month between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar? Each month contains two solar terms. The working people in ancient times called the first solar term (beginning of spring, Jing Zhe, Qingming, Long Summer, Mangzhong, Xiaoshu, beginning of autumn, Bailu, Cold Dew, beginning of winter, Heavy Snow and Slight Cold) "solar term". The last solar terms (rain, vernal equinox, Grain Rain, Xiaoman, Summer Solstice, Great Summer, Early Summer, Autumn Equinox, Early Frost, Light Snow, Winter Solstice and Great Cold) are called "Zhongqi". How to arrange the lunar leap month? In the history of our country, there have been different ways to deal with it. The leap month was placed at the end of the year in the Western Han Dynasty, and it was called "the last September" in the early Han Dynasty. After the Han Dynasty, the month without neutrality was designated as the leap month of the first lunar month, and this rule of placing leap has continued to this day.

Why is a lunar month not neutral? The results show that the average interval between two neutral gases is 365.2422÷ 12=30.4368 days, then 30 or 3 1 day. The earth's orbit around the sun is elliptical and moves slowly at the perihelion (vernal equinox and autumnal equinox), and the interval between the two solar terms can reach 3 1.45 days. On the other hand, the average lunar new moon is only 29.5306 days, including 29 days in the first lunar month and 30 days in the second lunar month. In this way, there will be such a situation: in some months (usually abortion), the last breath has passed at the beginning, and the next breath has not come at the end. For example, 200 1 (New Year's Eve) is May 21(April 29), and the first day of the next lunar month is May 23. However, this lunar month ends on June 20, and the summer solstice is June 2 1, so this lunar month is not "neutral", it falls in the fourth month of the lunar calendar. This year's vernal equinox is on March 20th (February 30th), the first day of the next lunar month is on March 2nd1,and ends on April18th, and the third day is in Grain Rain on April 20th. In this way, the month after February of this year's lunar calendar without "neutral gas" is designated as leap February. According to this leap rule, it will leap in July 2006, May 2009, April 20 12, September 20 14, June 20 17 and April 2020.

As for the lunar month, this involves the solar terms. There are 24 solar terms in a year, which is just a traditional saying. In detail, it should be said that there are twelve solar terms and twelve neutral terms in a year. Which of the twelve qi belongs to which month is regular: rain is the qi of the first month; The vernal equinox is in mid-February; Grain Rain is the spirit of March; Xiaoman is the spirit of April; The solstice in summer is mid-air in May; The summer heat is in mid-June; Summer heat is the qi of July; The autumnal equinox is in mid-August; The first frost is the breath of September; Light snow is the neutral atmosphere in October; The winter solstice is 1 1 mid-month; It's freezing in mid-air in December.

As for which month the twelve solar terms are in, it is not necessarily so. A month in the lunar calendar averages a little more than 29 and a half days, but the average interval from one breath to the next is less than 30 and a half days. In this way, the monthly air in the lunar month will be delayed by 1 day. At a certain time, qi is not in the middle of the month but moved to the end of the month. If next month is a miscarriage, there will probably be no gas in this month, because the gas will be moved to the beginning of the third month. The middle month is not neutral, even if last month was a leap month. Take 1998 as an example: June 2 1 day in the solar calendar is May 27th of the lunar calendar, which is the summer solstice (mid-May); But July 23rd in the solar calendar is the first day of June in the lunar calendar, and this day is the summer heat (the qi of June). From June 24th to July 22nd of the Gregorian calendar (one month after the end of May of the lunar calendar), there is only one solar term, and this month is leap May. Therefore, leap month is determined by people according to certain laws, which is not mysterious.

In the China lunar calendar, a year with a leap month is called a leap year. The general year is 12 months, 354 or 355 days, and the leap year is 13 months, 383 or 384 days. As a kind of lunar calendar, the number of days in a month depends on the monthly loss, and the time of a year is based on 12 months. In order to close the earth's cycle around the sun, that is, the tropic year, one month is added every two to four years, and the added month is a leap month, so the leap year of the lunar calendar is 13 months.

There is no thirteenth month in the lunar calendar. According to the calendar rules, leap months are repeated from February to the same month after 10, and the repeated months are leap months. For example, the leap month after April is called leap April.

Calculation of leap month in lunar leap year, three-year leap, five-year leap, 19 leap; The lunar calendar basically takes 19 as a cycle, corresponding to the same time in the Gregorian calendar. Such as Gregorian calendar 2001May 27th,1982 May 27th, 1963 ... >; & gt

Question 7: Is the lunar calendar equal to the solar calendar? Why? The lunar calendar is a combination of yin and yang, and the number of days in a year is not fixed. The average year is 354 or 355 days, while the year with leap months is 384 days. Human life and production are always inseparable from time and space. How to remember, how to express clearly to others and even accurately record an event or a phenomenon requires a fixed method. This is the problem of calendar year, calendar month, calendar day and calendar time. It is easy to observe a day consisting of sunrise, sunset and day-night cycle. The longer the moon, the longer the month and the longer the year. After long-term observation, it is found that the full period and short period of the moon (the first month of the lunar calendar) are about 30 or 29 days, and the seasonal period (the tropic year) is about 365 or 366 days. Year, month and day are endless cycles. Originally, there was no beginning or end, but for convenience, people always designated a beginning. Different nationalities, different regions and different times have different regulations, so the problem of mutual conversion between the beginning of the year and the beginning of the month arises. There are several ways to calculate the beginning of a day, such as dawn, pingdan, sunset and midnight. There are several ways to calculate the beginning of a month, such as starting from the full moon and starting from the appearance of the new moon. At the beginning of a year, there are many calculation methods, such as winter solstice, vernal equinox, and other signs. The most troublesome problem is that a new moon is not exactly thirty days, but a little over twenty-nine and a half days. But in real life, we can't divide a day into two halves, so that the upper part belongs to last month and the lower part of the same day belongs to the next month. That's too inconvenient. If 365 days of a year are defined as 12 months ***354 days, there is still 1 1 day left. There is no common multiple between 29.5309 days of the moon and 365.2422 days of the Tropic of Cancer, so a cycle cannot be formed. What do we do? It is precisely because of the different ways to deal with these problems that various calendars have appeared in the world. To sum up, there are only three kinds: lunar calendar, solar calendar and combined calendar of yin and yang. The first two only care about one end, and the third is to take care of both ends. Let's talk about the lunar calendar first. Simply put, it is based on the cycle of the moon. The so-called "simplicity" means only caring about the moon, regardless of seasonal changes such as climate change caused by the relationship between the sun and the earth. The moon is also called "lunar calendar", so this calendar is called "lunar calendar" for short. When the moon and the sun are just on both sides of the earth, the soft moonlight shines on the sleeping earth all night. The most round moment of the moon is called "full moon", also called "looking". Because the moon is always in motion; Therefore, strictly speaking, the real "lookout" is only a very short moment. For an instant, ordinary people can't observe such subtle changes. Usually, the whole day including the real "lookout" is called "lookout" day, or simply "lookout", which is the most obvious astronomical phenomenon that can be easily observed. On the contrary, when the moon is between the sun and the earth, people can't see any images of the moon at all. This day is called "New Moon". Astronomy refers to the moment when the longitude of the ecliptic of the moon coincides with the longitude of the ecliptic of the sun. Astronomers call the period of moon phase change, that is, the length of time from new moon to new moon or from looking to looking, "Shuowangyue", and the Tibetan calendar is called tshes-zla, which can also be translated as "lunar month". Many years' observation shows that the length of Wang Shuo's moon is not fixed, and its average length is 29 days 12 hours and 44 minutes, that is, 29.5306 days, which is very important data for making calendars and must be firmly remembered. It can be roughly recorded as 29 and a half days. ? The most typical lunar calendar is the "monthly calendar" in the * * * calendar (different from the "palace calendar" used in agriculture), which was called "* * * calendar" in ancient China. It always takes twelve months as a year, with an average of 29.5 days per month and 354 days in twelve months. At the end of leap year, 355 days plus 10 days, and there is no leap month. ? In addition, we know that human life and production, especially in temperate regions of the earth, are closely related to the climate change of warm spring, hot summer, cool autumn and cold winter. This year consists of four seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. It is called "tropic year", that is, the cycle of the sun from the highest to the lowest, and then from the lowest to the highest. Its strict definition in astronomy is: "the time interval between two consecutive passes through vernal equinox on weekdays." According to the results of long-term astronomical observation, it is known that the length of the tropic of cancer in a year is 365.2422 days, that is, 3 days >:>

Question 8: When do the lunar and solar calendars appear? Every 19 years, the birthdays of the solar calendar and the lunar calendar will overlap.

Zhou Xiao 19 years old, is now a senior three student in No.1 Middle School in Jishi. She told reporters that in previous years, she always celebrated her birthday in the solar calendar, but her parents liked to celebrate her birthday in the lunar calendar, so she celebrated her birthday twice a year. "People in the solar calendar spend the New Year with their classmates and friends, and then spend it with their parents in the lunar calendar." Yesterday was her 19 birthday. Her parents told her that she had ordered a cake and told her to go home early after school, which surprised her who had planned to go out for dinner and sing K with her classmates and friends. Is the birthday of the Gregorian calendar the same day? Looking at the calendar, sure enough.

In fact, this situation is normal. According to experts, it may occur once every 19 years because it is mainly the result of lunar leap. The reporter consulted relevant information and learned that the number of days in each month in the lunar calendar is based on the movement cycle of the moon, with only 354,672 days a year; One revolution of the earth around the sun (tropic year and solar year) is 365.2422 days. Comparing the two, the actual number of days in lunar calendar 1 year is 10.875 days less than that in solar calendar, which is almost 1 1 day, and the cumulative number of days in 19 is 209 days less.

The method of setting leap month in Chinese lunar calendar is 19 7 leap month, that is, in the lunar calendar 19, 12 is a normal year, and each normal year is 12 months; Seven are leap years, and each leap year has 13 months. The number of days in 19 solar year is basically the same as that in 19 lunar year. Therefore, whenever the birthday star is 19 times or 19 times larger, there is a chance that the birthday in the solar calendar and the birthday in the lunar calendar will be on the same day.

Then, will the birthdays of the solar calendar and the lunar calendar overlap every 19 years? Actually, not necessarily. The reporter inquired about Zhou Xiao's next two birthdays, which were 19 years apart, namely, 2028 and 2047. The lunar calendar is one day earlier than the solar calendar. Because 19 years, the number of days between the lunar calendar and the solar calendar is still slightly different, and these differences will become larger after decades or even hundreds of years of accumulation, which leads to the phenomenon of non-coincidence.

Question 9: Why do people have a lunar calendar on their birthdays? Because the original calendar in China was different from the international calendar, and later the calendar and the international calendar were unified, but the people still used the lunar calendar, so they had these two kinds of birthdays. Remember to adopt them.

Question 10: Why are there sayings of lunar calendar and solar calendar in daily life? Lunar calendar is a set of date calculation methods summarized by China ancestors according to meteorological solar terms.

Gregorian calendar is summarized by westerners. The reason why the Gregorian calendar is used is to better communicate with the world, and the calculation is relatively simple.