What are the equipment of rock climbing

Climbing sports set fitness, entertainment and competition in one, is a popular sports program, which requires athletes to be able to easily stretch in a variety of different heights and angles of the rock wall, accurate completion of the move, jumping, leading the body and other thrilling action. Give people a beautiful, thrilling enjoyment, known as the "crag ballet". So what are the equipment for rock climbing? Below I have organized for you to mention the equipment required for rock climbing, for your reference.

Climbing equipment has two main purposes: one is to ensure the safety of the sport, and the other is to make the climber's performance better. The former includes the main rope, harness, locks, protectors, flat belays, quick-hangs, rock plugs, pitons, expansion spikes, pads, impact drills, rock-hugging pads, helmets, and the latter is more simple, mainly climbing shoes, magnesium powder bags, etc.

1, the main rope

Through the climber, the protection point and the protector of the combined line. The main rope is an indispensable lifeline in climbing protection. The inner part of the main rope is a twisted nylon rope, and the outer part is wrapped with a rope skin to fix and prevent abrasion.

The main rope can be divided into power rope and static rope, which have different elasticity. The elasticity coefficient of the power rope is 6% to 8%, and a 100-meter power rope can extend 6 to 8 meters when the force is 80KG, so that the climber will get a buffer and reduce the impulse when falling off. Power rope is the main tool for all kinds of rock climbing activities. Static ropes have very little ductility and about 2% elasticity, and are generally used for descents and cave explorations.

Only main ropes that have been tested by the UIAA or CE and carry their certification marks should be used, not main ropes with an unknown history.

Precautions in the use of the main rope: absolutely avoid cutting horizontally on sharp rock corners; do not step or drag on the ground to prevent rock chips and fine sand from entering the fibers and causing internal abrasion; avoid contact with oils, alcohols, gasoline, paints, and acidic and alkaline chemicals; check before and after each use, and eliminate them regularly; and store it in a cool, dry place when not in use.

2, the safety belt

The safety belt is worn on the climber's body to carry the weight and impulse generated by the climber's fall or decline. The waist belt of the harness is the force-carrying part, while the rest of the leg straps and so on are designed for comfort and convenience.

Before climbing, the climber and the protector check with each other that the harness is on correctly. Only the waist belt and the protection ring are load-bearing, the other parts must not carry body weight; the equipment ring has a load-bearing capacity of less than 5 kilograms.

Harnesses with wide sponge pads on the waist belt and leg straps are comfortable but bulky, and are suitable for indoor climbing and routing; lightweight harnesses are needed for competitive climbing; and the number and position of the equipment loops should be considered appropriate for traditional or instrumental climbing.

3, the main lock

Iron lock can be free to open and close the metal ring, the various types of protective equipment, equipment connected together.

Silk buckle iron locks in the fastening screws can make the iron lock door locked in a closed state, to avoid the danger of accidentally touch open; ordinary iron locks do not come with a silk buckle device, light weight, easy to operate, can be used for temporary protection of the point, if the use of ordinary locks to do the fixed protection, to be followed by the principle of double iron locks and open the door to the door.

The longitudinal tensile strength of the iron lock is greater than the transverse tensile strength; when the iron lock door is open, the longitudinal tensile strength will be reduced; the iron lock door is the weakest link, and should not be subjected to direct force. The correct way to use it is to keep the latch door closed and under longitudinal force.

Avoid falling from a height or being hit by a hard object; this will bring about internal cracks and cause the lock to become obsolete.

In situations where a rappel is possible, such as on pioneer climbs, the climber should connect the main rope to the harness directly, without using the bail as an intermediate link.

Use UIAA or ICC certified locks; locks with an unknown history should not be used.

4. Protector

When the main rope passes through the protector in the right way, its special construction increases the friction, so that the braking end of the main rope needs only a small grip to control the larger weight of the receiving end.

The figure-of-eight protector was previously the most commonly used, but it caused the main rope to twist and tangle repeatedly, which ATC solved better.

Protectors such as GRIGRI, REVERSO, etc. are self-locking under certain conditions, but must be used correctly. Ensure that the main rope passes in the right way, separating the braking end and the stressed end; for protectors that do not self-lock, always hold the braking end of the main rope during use.

5, rock cone

Fixed in the rock wall of a variety of cone-shaped, nail-shaped, plate-shaped metal materials made of protective instruments, according to the different cracks and the use of different shapes of rock cone.

6, flat tape

Flat tape: soft tape, through mechanical sewing or hand-knotted into a length. Closed loop, providing a soft connection between protective instruments.

Mechanical stitching is stronger than hand-tying, but the manual method gives the freedom to adjust the length of the flat belt to make it suitable for the need. The moving main rope should not be passed directly through the flat belt, as the frictional heat of movement can damage the flat belt.

When erecting a fixed protection point, the flat belt may be used to connect two or more temporary protection points, at this time, attention must be paid to the way the flat belt is connected to differentiate between the main stress point and the backup stress point; but also to ensure that when a temporary protection point fails, it does not impact the other protection points, and does not affect the overall protection effect.

7, quick-hang

Quick-hang: the two ends of the flat belt are connected to an iron lock to become a quick-hang, one end of the use of the buckle into the protection point, one end of the connection to the human body harness or the main rope, to bring the convenience of operation.

The locks on both ends of the quick-hook are not wire-buckled, and there is a danger of accidentally opening or closing the force to open the lock, so when there is only one quick-hook, it can't be used as a fixed point of protection.

Pioneering or trad climbing routes use quickdraws as a temporary protection point, where the way the main rope is snapped in and the direction of the opening of the quickdraw is very important. The main rope is required to pass between the quick-hook and the wall, and out from the outside, which means that the head of the rope at the climber's end is on the outside; if there is a lateral direction on the route, the locking door at the snap-in end of the quick-hook should be in the opposite direction of the route's direction, e.g., if the route is from left to right, the opening of the lock should be to the left. This prevents the rope from opening the latch when it comes off.

8, rock plug

Rock plug: specifications, shapes of metal products, can be placed into rock crevices, caves, rock bridges and other terrain and fixed, become a point of protection.

Placing a rock plug as a point of protection requires a great deal of experience with the instrument, and the operator must take great care to ensure that the rock plug does not move or dislodge in the direction of the forces that may be applied.

Rock plugs without mechanical parts are fixed in the narrow part of the crevasse by utilizing mainly their own anisotropic asymmetry and shape changes inside the crevasse.

9. Mechanical Plugs

Mechanical plugs are adjustable in shape and size, enter the crevasse in a contracted state, and can be jammed in place after popping open, making them easy to operate and widely used, making them an excellent choice for climbing traditional routes.

Familiarizing yourself with the diameters and ranges of the various types of plugs will greatly increase your speed, and you can mark the plugs on the rods if necessary.

10. Pegs

Provide an alternative way of establishing a protection point; one end is wedge shaped, which provides protection by being hammered and wedged into a crack, and the other end is looped, which can be attached to a lock or a flat strap. A word of caution, the possibility of prying the rock open exists with two nails hammered into the same crevice.

11. Expansion Nails

Using an impact drill and hammer, expansion nails can be driven into the entire rock, and with the addition of a hanging piece, they become a very solid point of protection.

12, hanging piece

One side of the expansion nails or screws fixed in the rock wall, the other side can be fastened into the iron lock or fast hanging, or connected to the flat belt; is an important part of the protection point.

13, magnesium powder bag

Auxiliary equipment, magnesium powder can absorb the sweat on the hands and the water on the surface of the rock wall, increasing the friction.

14, rock cushion

Rock cushion in the movement of the protection means, to provide cushioning and shock-absorbing effect.

Inside the cushion are two or more layers of foam of different textures. At the top is a hard closed cell foam and at the bottom is a thicker soft open cell foam. The soft sponge makes the dislodger sink rather than distributing the pressure, and can easily bruise the wrists and ankles, so the cushion should be placed with the hard sponge layer upwards.

Bouldering mats are needed wherever dislodging is possible; if there are not enough, the protector can drag the mats along with the climber's movements.

15. Helmets

Effectively prevent head injuries caused by falling rocks and unusual falling postures. Helmets should be worn properly to protect the forehead, back of the head and side. Don't look up or hold your head in your hands when a rock is falling, let the helmet do the work when there is nowhere to hide.

16, climbing shoes

The soles of the shoes are made of special rubber, which greatly increases the friction. The change from normal shoes to climbing shoes is an important change to improve your climbing.

When you use them, you should choose the ones with small numbers and put them in to wrap your feet tightly, which makes your feet as a whole and helps to enhance the feeling of your feet for precise stepping and power.

There are many types of climbing shoes, adapted to different rock quality, rock wall angle and different ways of climbing.

17, hanging tents

Night rest tents used when preparing to spend the night on the rock face, must be protected by a rope fixed through the fixed point hanging on the rock face.

Introduction to rock climbing

Climbing, I believe that many people have heard of this sport, or seen on TV and on the scene, but I believe that most people have not tried, because rock climbing is not like other ordinary sports, rock climbing is with a great challenge, that requires enough courage, enough courage to meet these challenges. It takes a lot of courage and a lot of guts to be able to meet these challenges.

Climbing is a dangerous activity, but do not imagine rock climbing so horrible, as long as you are able to overcome the fear of the heart, to be able to do a good job beforehand to fully understand and prepare for the work, but also to understand all the basic methods of climbing, as long as the safety measures to do a good job, to ensure that you are foolproof!

Climbing can make the upper body get good exercise, practicing a very good beautiful line, which is the effect of some other sports can not reach, in the climbing body coordination and flexibility will be greatly improved, which is helpful to our future work and life, in the process of climbing need to always maintain a high degree of attention, so it is good for the improvement of their own concentration.

Benefits of rock climbing

1, increase body softness and sense of coordination

This is the key ability to rock climbing, the importance of which is more important than physical strength; foreign medical field, rock climbing is used for orthopedics. Children's muscle development and hand, eye and body coordination training.

2, enhance physical strength

Climbing is to be balanced hand and foot power and beauty, and enough to load their own body weight, against gravity, this thing, the girl is not lost boys.

3. Concentration

The feet are fully focused on the rock, pay attention to every detail of the displacement of the body on the rock, you can cultivate a person's degree of concentration on things.

4, enterprising

When they rely on the climbing rope to bear the weight, hanging high on the rock wall or rock tower, is to give up, or continue to insist? It's not just about courage, it's about willpower, a sense of honor, and a determination to surpass oneself.

5, self-confidence

In the face of higher than their own height at least 3, 4 times the rock field, still perseverance in the difficulties, the nature of the heart is naturally to be more than ordinary people self-esteem and self-confidence.

6, sense of balance

Known as the "Spiderman" walking on the rock wall, walking the basic posture is three points of immobility a little move, relying on the sense of balance! The benefits in terms of will are even more numerous. In short, rock climbing is a popular sport among young people and is good for our physical and mental health.

Climbing Injuries and Prevention

According to a 1995 medical survey of 42 professional rock climbers from the American Sport Climbing Federation (ASCF), the most common injuries suffered by rock climbers include the following eleven. Hand, shoulder and elbow injuries. The causes, symptoms and treatment of the first eight injuries will be further analyzed and introduced.

(1) Hand injuries

1. Lateral collateral ligament injuries: Sprains or ruptures of the lateral collateral ligaments of the fingers are the most common sports injuries in rock climbing, with the proximal interphalangeal joints (PIPJs) of the middle, index, or ring fingers, and the metacarpal and metacarpal bones (MTPJs) of the thumb being the most common injuries in rock climbing. The 'proximal interphalangeal joint' of the middle, index or ring finger and the 'metacarpophalangeal joint' of the thumb finger are the most common injuries. When rock climbers use dynamic movements to pick a pocket, the 'proximal interphalangeal joints' of the middle three fingers will be subjected to great exertion and substantial bending in that moment; and the pinch point (pinch) movement will easily cause the 'metacarpophalangeal joints' of the thumb finger to be sprained. The most common symptom is sprain of the joint. The most common symptoms are swelling, stiffness, chronic pain, and limitation of motion. If the finger flexes and bends and becomes unstable when pressure is applied to the affected area, the superficial collateral ligament is completely ruptured; if the patient only feels pain but the affected area is still stable, it may be a sprain. As for treatment, if the ligament is only sprained, rest the affected area and apply ice and reduce swelling. Then, the affected finger and the neighboring fingers can be tied together by the 'neighboring fingers combined immobilization method', and light pressure can be applied to the dorsal side of the deformed part of the joint to guide it to be adjusted. After two weeks of immobilization, the finger can be used for trial movements. Swelling and pain in the affected area will continue for several months, but rock climbing is still possible. If the ligament is completely torn, the patient will need to be seen by a doctor to assess the feasibility of surgical treatment. If non-surgical treatment is used, there may be difficulty in applying force to the finger after healing.

2, flexor tendon injury: each finger has two flexor tendons (except the thumb), which 'flexor hallucis longus' can 'proximal interphalangeal joint' and 'metacarpal and interphalangeal joint' bending; and 'metacarpal and interphalangeal joint' bending. The 'flexor digitorum superficialis' flexes the 'proximal interphalangeal joint' and the 'metacarpophalangeal joint', while the 'flexor digitorum profundus' flexes the 'remote interphalangeal joint', the 'proximal interphalangeal joint' and the 'metacarpophalangeal joint'. 'metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints' in flexion. During rock climbing, a closed grip tends to tear the tendon of the superficial flexor; a pocket tends to tear the tendon of the deep flexor. When the tendon of the superficial flexor muscle is torn, the proximal interphalangeal joint is difficult to flex; when the tendon of the deep flexor muscle is torn, the remote interphalangeal joint is difficult to flex. When the tendon of the flexor digitorum profundus is torn, the 'remote interphalangeal joint' is difficult to bend. Pain, swelling and loss of grip and pinch strength of the affected area are the same symptoms in both cases***. During examination, the 'proximal interphalangeal joint' can be straightened and the fingertips can be flexed. If the affected finger is unable to flex the 'remote interphalangeal joint', it means that the tendon of the 'flexor digitorum profundus' is injured; as for the 'flexor digitorum', the tendon of the 'flexor digitorum profundus' is injured. If the affected finger is unable to flex the 'remote interphalangeal joint', then the 'flexor digitorum profundus' tendon has been injured. As for the examination of the 'flexor digitorum superficialis' tendon, the palm of the hand can be placed on the desktop facing upwards, and the four fingers other than the affected finger are kept in an extended position and flexed to indicate an injury to the 'flexor digitorum superficialis' tendon of the finger. As for treatment, the patient should be seen promptly after the injury to properly determine the condition and assess the possibility of surgical repair. If surgery is decided upon, it should be performed within two weeks.

3. A2 pulley injury: There are 5 pulleys in each finger that connect and hold the bones and tendons (except the thumb) in place, and frequent bending of the tendon rubs against the pulley and causes it to tear. The 'second ring slide' is located in the 'proximal phalanx' near the 'metacarpophalangeal joint', which is often torn by climbers who use excessive force during a close grip. The middle finger and ring finger are the most common. According to statistics, about 40% of professional rock climbers suffer from 'second ring slide' injuries. In severe cases, the second ring slider will break completely, causing the flexor tendons to stop attaching to the phalanges and a bowstringing phenomenon will occur. Diagnosis of second ring injuries is more difficult and requires nuclear **** vibration or computed tomography to correctly identify the cause of the injury. As for the treatment, if it is only a cracked bowstringer, you can wrap the affected finger in tape and stop climbing for 2-3 months; however, if the bowstringer has been completely broken, you will need to have surgery to fix it.

4, the board machine finger: is a finger flexor tendon sheath inflammation of the condition, most often occurs in the middle finger, ring finger or thumb finger within the 'first section of the annular pulley' (A1 pully). The tendon normally slides back and forth within the pully to maintain mobility, but if the tendon becomes inflamed and develops a nodule, the nodule can still pass through the pully when the finger is flexed, but can become stuck on the palmar side of the pully when it is extended. In mild cases, external force is required to pull the finger away, and the nodule produces a snapping sound as it squeezes through the carriage. In severe cases of inflammation and swelling, the finger may even become stuck in the flexion. On examination, a painful nodule can usually be felt directly on the affected area and is usually located in the 'metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints'. In severe cases, the 'proximal phalangeal joint' may be restricted in extension or bending. Initially, the metacarpophalangeal joints can be immobilized in a splinted position in extension (for about two weeks), short-term administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), or local steroid injections. However, since repeated steroid injections may cause rupture of the flexor tendons or injury to the sensory nerves of the fingers, surgical debridement or excision of the adherent tendon sheaths should be considered if the condition does not improve within a month or after two steroid injections.

(2) Shoulder sports injuries

The so-called shoulder joint is a joint formed by the glenoid labrum between the humerus and the scapula, and the clavicle lies across it, forming the acromioclavicular joint with the acromion. The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint in which the humerus is encased in a shallow glenoid labral fossa and stabilized by the active glenoid labrum, capsular ligaments, and the passive deltoid muscle, the 'rotator cuff'. In this small space, the constant friction and collision between the joint, tendons, ligaments and bursa can cause shoulder injuries such as rotator cuff tears, subacromial bursitis, biceps tendonitis, supraspinatus tendonitis, and other shoulder injuries, which are referred to as "Impingement Syndrome" (IS). Impingement syndrome is commonly associated with the following three conditions:

1. Rotator cuff tendonitis: The rotator cuff is made up of the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles, which encircle and cover the humerus, and play an important role in shoulder joint stabilization and arm movement. However, since the rotator cuff is adjacent to the arch of the acromion and pecker, regular friction will cause the rotator cuff to rupture, especially the supraspinatus tendon.

2, bursitis: rotator cuff and 'acromion - pecker' between another tissue, called the bursa, its function is to reduce the friction between the two collision. Regular impact will make the bursa inflamed, especially the most common bursitis under the acromion.

3. Biceps tendonitis: Rupture, swelling, and inflammation of the rotator cuff will result in abnormal blood supply to the tendon, which will accelerate the wear and tear of the long head of the biceps tendon, or even rupture it.

Patients with pinch syndrome typically experience anterior and lateral shoulder pain, decreased range of motion of the shoulder (especially the inability to raise the arm above the head), and weakness of the arm muscles. The initial goal of treatment is to reduce pain and swelling, and to adjust training methods to allow the affected area to rest. Next, physical therapy such as muscle strengthening exercises (e.g., lower trapezius, serratus anterior training) and shoulder joint extension and distraction exercises can be used, as well as short-term non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications or localized steroid injections if necessary.

(3) Elbow injuries

The most common elbow injury for climbers is the so-called 'epicondylitis'. Epicondylitis can be categorized into 'medial epicondylitis of the humerus' (commonly known as golfer's elbow) and 'lateral epicondylitis of the humerus' (commonly known as tennis elbow) depending on the cause and point of injury. The medial epicondyle of the humerus is the origin of the superficial flexor digitorum superficialis and lateral wrist flexor muscles, while the lateral epicondyle of the humerus is the origin of the extensor digitorum superficialis and lateral wrist extensor muscles, which means that rock climbing, with its emphasis on flexor strength, has a higher risk of medial epicondylitis. Epicondylitis refers to the tearing, inflammation, and swelling at the beginning of the medial (lateral) epicondyle of the humerus caused by the pulling of the flexor and extensor muscles of the forearm. Symptoms of epicondylitis include pressure and pain at the center of the medial (lateral) epicondyle of the humerus, and widespread pressure and pain in the flexor and extensor muscles of the wrist. As for treatment, patients should rest the affected muscles, apply localized heat or ultrasound physiotherapy, and perform stretching and muscle strength training for the affected muscles. If the pain recurs, fasciotomy can be considered.

Climbing Injury Prevention

(1) Basic Principles

The following principles will help climbers recognize the warning signs of sports injuries and prevent them from occurring in the first place

1. Gradually increase the intensity of the training and give the body enough time to adapt.

2. Don't try to be strong if the point is not within your fingerprints

3. Cultivate proper training methods and correct climbing styles or habits that are prone to injury

4. Change your plan as soon as possible when you are injured, and don't aggravate your condition by trying to be good at something

5. Try to balance the climbing movements so that the pressure is shared equally by the various muscle groups

6. > 6. Don't make movements that are beyond your physical capacity due to audience pressure or expectations

7. Avoid stretching your joints to the limit, as this will cause injury to the surrounding tendons or tissues

8. Determine the intensity of training according to your individual ability

9. Train your antagonist muscles at the same time in order to achieve balanced development of your muscles

10. Flexibility training can prevent injuries

11, do not ignore the signs of inflammation and pain, otherwise it will delay the recovery of the affected area

12, do not rely too much on painkillers, because in the reduction of swelling and pain at the same time, it will also disguise the warning signals of the affected area and reduce the self-immunity

13, no matter how subtle the symptoms are, you must be vigilant and proactive in preventive measures.

(2) Implementation

1, warm-up and organizing exercise: Warming up before exercise is the first thing to do to prevent sports injuries. In terms of rock climbing, you can first climb a simple route on the traverse wall for 2-3 minutes to promote blood circulation, until the body sweats a little until, but the arm must not to harden (pump) for the principle. Then, in order to increase muscle elasticity and avoid strains, you can perform 20 minutes of soft exercises. Stretching exercise principles are as follows: each action static maintained for 10 seconds; do not tighten the muscles after the force of pressure; tendons have a feeling of being pulled, but not pain; to maintain the principle of light, slow, and keep breathing y; repeat each action 2-3 times. The finishing exercise after climbing is designed to stimulate blood circulation, take away metabolites, and reduce muscle pain, the implementation of the same steps with the warm-up.

2, flexibility training: flexibility training can strengthen the muscle stretch, to increase the range of joint movement and prevent muscle strain is very important. In addition, the better the stretching of the muscles, the greater the increase in muscle strength, and the poor flexibility of the people who suffer from tendonitis is also higher. In order to prevent hand, shoulder and elbow injuries, upper body flexibility training should include: neck joints, shoulder joints, biceps, triceps, deltoids, flexors, extensors and back muscles.

3, muscle training: muscle development is often the cause of many sports injuries, such as some rock climbers tendonitis is due to the strength of the biceps muscle is much greater than its antagonist muscle - triceps, and the triceps tendon tear. For rock climbers, training of the antagonist muscles should focus on the strength of the forearm extensors, triceps and dorsal muscles to match the development of the forearm flexors, biceps and abdominal muscles. Secondly, in order to reduce the incidence of shoulder 'pinch syndrome', it is necessary to strengthen the rotator cuff muscles, lower trapezius and serratus anterior to increase the stability of the shoulder joint.

4. Training program scheduling: A proper training program not only prevents injuries from occurring, but also allows for the proper adjustment of the training program after an injury occurs to assist in the rehabilitation of the affected area. In order to make the physiological condition is fully recovered, must be in a series of climbing days insert rest days, in principle, explosive force training should be two days apart, strength and endurance training can be two consecutive days, but there must be an equal amount of rest days. Muscular endurance training can be 3~6 consecutive days, and then rest 1~2 days. Secondly, there should be enough rest time between each route when climbing, generally 5-10 minutes. In addition, you should avoid trying the same moves over and over again or choosing fixed routes.

5. Avoid dangerous maneuvers: In addition to micro-trauma, some dangerous maneuvers, such as dynamic, inverted buckles, locked grips, and gouges, can cause acute sports injuries such as muscle and tendon strains or ligament sprains. In principle, you should try to climb with static and balanced movements, avoid stretching your limbs to the limit, and give up when you feel a little pain.