What national arts are there in Tianjin?

Art originates from life, reflects life and acts on life, especially folk art.

Tianjin Wei, located at the lower tip of nine rivers, is not only a developed industrial and commercial city, but also a historic city with profound traditional culture. This fertile soil based on Haihe culture has nurtured a variety of folk arts, including paintings, sculptures, furniture, utensils, amusement toys and so on. A dazzling array of colors. Among them, clay figurine Zhang Caisu, Yangliuqing woodcut New Year pictures, kite Wei, brick carving and brick carving are the most representative. Taking the "Four Great Quyi in Tianjin" as an example, this paper discusses the unique cultural characteristics of Tianjin Quyi from the aspects of theme selection, modeling color and skill inheritance.

According to Wei Zhi in Tianjin, "Tianjin is more than 200 miles from Shenjing, and the north and the south are integrated into one. Tens of thousands of tanks transported to the south learn the Taoist scriptures here. Where did the ships come from, merchants gathered, and the people of the five parties lived together ...". Since the opening of the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty, Tianjin has established an amphibious wharf, which became a military center and a water transportation center in Yuan Dynasty. Tianjinwei was built in Yongle period of Ming Dynasty and became an important defense center and port terminal. The development of grain transportation and the exchanges between a large number of military groups and military personnel have led to the great development of logistics and commerce in Tianjin. By the middle of Qing Dynasty, Tianjin had developed into an important commercial center and the largest port terminal in northern China. Military culture, commercial culture and Haihe water transport culture nourish Tianjin, laying a good foundation for the rise and prosperity of Tianjin folk art, and also creating the diversity, complexity and uniqueness of Tianjin folk art.

1963, Mr. Guo Moruo wrote an inscription for the exhibition of clay figurine Zhang, with the title: "The first son-in-law of Zhang Zuoren, a famous clay figurine, spent on the icing on the cake. Yesterday, I was only one person, but now peaches and plums are all over the world, which expresses great affirmation and praise for the art of clay figurine Zhang Caisu. Tianjin clay figurine Zhang originated from 160 years ago in the Qing Dynasty. From the first generation of clay figurine Zhang to the sixth generation of descendants Zhang Yu, Zhang Yu and Zhang Yu, with the joint efforts of non-blood descendants Yang Zhizhong and Zheng, the colorful sculpture art of clay figurine Zhang has been inherited and developed, becoming one of the important folk art categories renowned at home and abroad. Clay figurine Zhang Caisu takes the people as the standard in the choice of theme, which is extensive, free and eclectic. Among them, classical masterpieces, allusions, legends and local folk customs are widely circulated among the people, and the theme content has certain plot stories. From the formal characteristics, clay figurine Zhang Caisu pays attention to writing spirit in form, and expressing spirit is his greatest feature and artistic ideal pursuit. In addition, it is another major feature of clay figurine Zhang Caisu to skillfully integrate the emotional spirit of objects into vivid forms and use a large number of lines full of painting characteristics. In addition to the volume expression of most folk clay sculptures, supplemented by a large number of lines with great formal aesthetic feeling and artistic expression, vivid artistic images can be created more accurately and vividly. In terms of color application, clay figurine Zhang Caisu always follows the principle of class and harmony in color expression. On the basis of retaining the traditional folk color preference, we should make full use of color contrast techniques such as cold and warm, simple and gorgeous, strong and elegant to create an artistic image with more artistic expression tension. It is precisely because of the characteristic pursuit and performance of clay figurine Zhang Caisu in modeling and color expression that countless fine folk arts with both form and spirit and vivid charm have been created, and the clay figurine Zhang's art has been carried forward and deeply loved by the public at home and abroad. Clay figurine Zhang Caisu adopted the method of theoretical experience plus practice in the specific skill inheritance. In addition to the practical inheritance of plastic modeling and painting, it is supplemented by a large number of concise, rhyming and easy-to-remember colloquial techniques. For example, the expression on her face during plastic surgery: "Plastic people laugh-eyes wide open and mouth upturned; Plastic people cry-eyebrows hang down like bows; Shaping people's anger-glaring and gnashing their teeth; Plastic people worry-drooping eyes, frowning "and so on; And the color of plastic in painting: "Red should be fresh, green should be delicate, white should be clean, red with purple is dead, red with green is like jade, red with yellow is bright, green with yellow is warm" and so on.

Known as "Peach Blossoms in the South and Willow in the North", Tianjin Yangliuqing Woodblock New Year Pictures represent the distinctive features of folk woodblock New Year Pictures in northern China. Together with Taohuawu New Year Pictures in southern Jiangsu, they hold up the banner of folk woodblock New Year Pictures in China, adding a lot of color to the glory of folk art in China. As early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, the folk custom of "God Tea" had already risen, and the real popularity of woodblock New Year pictures began in the Northern Song Dynasty. For example, "Dream of China in Tokyo" once recorded "sticking a horse on the stove" and "In recent years, the streets are full of posts of door gods, Zhong Kui, pottery boards and Cai Men, and the donkey deer Ma Tianxing turns around". Yangliuqing woodcut New Year pictures rose late, originated in the Ming Dynasty, and flourished from Qingganlong to Jiaqing. At that time, there were more than 100 New Year picture workshops in Yangliuqing area, with more than 3,000 employees, and there were more than 10 large picture shops headed by Dai Lianzeng and Qi. Their sales outlets are all over Beijing, Tianjin, Inner Mongolia, northeastern provinces and even palaces, and they are very popular.

Yangliuqing woodcut New Year pictures have a wide range of themes, including fairy tales, historical allusions, novels and legends, ancestor statues, drama plots or characters, auspicious patterns, landscape figures, holiday scenes and so on. , reflecting great inclusiveness. In terms of modeling characteristics, Yangliuqing New Year pictures closely follow the aesthetic characteristics of the times, such as the female modeling embodies "melon face, willow eyebrows and phoenix eyes". Fashion shapes such as "small cherry mouth" are also good at using symbols, meanings and exaggeration to shape, making the theme image big and vivid and full of shapes. In the use of color, he is good at combining depth, so he is gorgeous but not vulgar. The production process is characterized by half-printing and half-painting, and strictly follows the five basic processes of "hooking, engraving, printing, painting and mounting", so that the texture of knife carving, printing and painting in New Year pictures is delicate, soft and ingenious, which complements each other and shows more artistic charm. In terms of skill inheritance, it still adopts the traditional way of master and apprentice, and follows the long-term inheritance way of folk art with practice and formula. For example, in color matching, "red depends on yellow, bright and dazzling; Powder depends on green, and the character is good; Black depends on purple, and color dies. In terms of modeling, techniques such as "grasping the spirit when writing, drawing people before writing, and being unable to draw people" are used.

Kite making in Tianjin has a long history, and it has been widely popular among the people since the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Kite-making has become an entertainment activity suitable for all ages, and kite-making has also become an important category of Tianjin folk art. Tianjin has also become a famous "hometown of kites" in China. Among them, the most distinctive and representative is the "Kite Wei" kite in Tianjin. "Kite Wei" kite rose in Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty and reached its peak in the Republic of China, with founder Wei Yuantai. On the basis of learning from predecessors, "Kite Guard" kites constantly explore, innovate and reform the disadvantages of traditional kite making, and finally form five characteristics of "changeable shape, realistic painting, smooth flight, exquisite stunts and easy to carry", and become a leader in Tianjin kite industry. "Kite Wei" kites skillfully use the punching tenon-mortise technology in woodworking technology and the copper hoop connection technology in metal technology to make kites, and make them into folding, unfolding and portable kites. In terms of color application, on the basis of carefully observing the inherent colors of natural objects, Kite Wei applied China architectural painting and Tianjin folk painting techniques to kite painting, thus creating realistic artistic effects. At the same time, "Kite Guard" kites also pay attention to the study of bionics. On the basis of observing the flight of birds, it skillfully uses the mechanical and physical principles such as wind drive to improve the balance control level of kite flight, thus realizing the unique technical characteristics of kite flying smoothly and performing certain aerial stunts. Kite Wei kites can be divided into three categories: decorative kites, flying kites and comprehensive kites, ranging in size from matchbox to hundreds of meters long. According to the modeling characteristics, it can be divided into animal type, appliance type and humanoid kite. In addition, "Iris" kite also created the stunt of "Pujin". Using cattail grass as thread can make a sound when flying a kite, which is also called kite. The production of "Kite Wei" kites has to go through eight technological processes: creativity, design, material selection, tying, painting, pasting, flight test and final assembly. The fabric is mainly silk fabric, and the skeleton is thin bamboo, which has both ornamental and flying functions, and also has certain collection value.

Brick carving is also an important category in Tianjin folk art, among which brick carving art "Carving Brick Liu" is a master of Tianjin brick carving field. Brick carving became a "flower carving" in Tianjin, which rose during Daoguang and Tongzhi years in Qing Dynasty. Relying on the traditional blue brick buildings in Tianjin, such as temple buildings, old quadrangles and other blue brick houses, belong to a kind of architectural sculpture, and are widely used in building walls, gatehouses and screen walls to show the status and taste of building owners. "Liu Brick Carving" originated from Ma Shunqing in the light years of the Qing Dynasty, and was later carried forward by his nephew Liu, who made Liu Ye famous. Brick Carving Liu has a wide range of artistic themes, especially the traditional folk auspicious patterns, which integrate the art of flowers and birds, landscapes, figures and calligraphy, reflecting high artistic achievements. "Brick stacking method" is one of the most striking features that distinguishes "Brick Carving Liu" from other brick carvings. Adopt the method of multi-layer three-dimensional pasting. On a large brick surface, a number of small bricks are pasted with special adhesives such as rosin and yellow wax, and then carved on it, so that the whole brick carving is ups and downs, patchwork and distinct, and the artistic expression effect of high relief is extremely rich. From the artistic style point of view, the brick carving art composition of "Carving Brick Liu" is full, simple and vivid, vivid and rigorous, exquisite and highly decorative. The Picture of Nine Lions, existing in Tianjin Great Tragedy Hospital, fully demonstrates the superb skills and artistic style of the brick carving art of "Brick Carving Liu".

Excerpted from Baidu netizens, thank you.