Ideological characteristics of East Zhejiang School

A notable feature of the East Zhejiang School in Qing Dynasty is its inclusiveness.

Some representatives of this school strongly advocate and earnestly pursue an eclectic academic style, and oppose the narrow style of study that sticks to one family and likes and dislikes.

Huang Zongxi admired his teacher, Liu's academic style, and pointed out: "If you are knowledgeable, you will have different purposes, or you can make a statement from the mud or innovate the canal to divert water into the sea without filling mud.

I'm the only one who goes to Mount Ji, combining the merits of Confucianism and cutting its border town. (Huang Zongxi: Epitaph of Mr. Chen Ganchu) This spirit of scholarship was inherited and carried forward by Huang Zongxi, which influenced his successors and became a fine tradition of the whole school.

Huang Zongxi pointed out: "The academic difference lies in the inexhaustible pottery style." Therefore, the academic "one-sided view" and "antithesis" should be compatible.

He also lashed out at the bad style of study of "those who are the same are marked as pearls and jade, while those who are different are turned into charcoal" (Huang Zongxi: Epitaph of Dong Xunzi).

This is just as Quan said: "The teachings of the state of Michigan are quite popular in many families, but their intention is to learn and elaborate in order to collect them." (Full: Regret Chen Gong Tombstone Ming in Dali Period) No wonder Liang Qichao praised the East Zhejiang School, calling it the "scientific classical school" (Liang Qichao: An Introduction to Academic Studies in Qing Dynasty). The eclectic academic style of the East Zhejiang School is fully reflected in literary thoughts.

For example, with regard to literary genres and styles, for a long time, some prominent figures in the literary world of the Ming Dynasty were "arrogant and arrogant", and various factions were "furious" and "abusive", which caused the literary world to "go from bad to worse" (preface to Li Gaotang's notes by Huang Zongxi).

Opinions of different schools and factional disputes are the important sources of literary depression in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

The East Zhejiang School was saddened by this and spared no effort to attack it.

In the spirit of artistic tolerance, they tried their best to break through the door, advocating that different schools and styles should prosper together, "parallel but not contradictory", "unwilling to be confined to one family and narrow the road of poetry", "Chunlan Qiuju, get married separately, and listen to the fine algae of later generations" (Huang Zongxi: Preface to Poems of Qian Tuiyan).

In the long course of China's cultural development, literature and history have always been closely related, interwoven, infiltrated and integrated with each other.

But there are also two tendencies that are not worth taking.

One is to ignore the close relationship between literature and history and completely separate them; The other is to confuse the two without distinction.

Some representatives of the East Zhejiang School in Qing Dynasty are good at both history and literature, and they are both masters of history and literature.

They not only know the different characteristics of literature and history, but also have a very profound understanding of literature and history.

They investigated literary problems with rich historical knowledge and profound historical vision, and discussed the similarities between literature and history in depth, and put forward many profound and unique opinions.

Zhang Xuecheng is a leading figure in the research and exploration of literature and history.

Zhang Xuecheng's historical attainments are well known. His General Meaning of Literature and History and Shi Tong, which was disciplined by Liu Tang, were called two treasures of ancient China historiography by later generations.

Zhang Xuecheng advocated academic integration, pointing out: "Those who pass through, therefore, the world is impassable." (Interpretation of the meaning of literature and history) He believes that all kinds of majors in ancient and modern times should take into account * * * and learn from others while respecting their individuality.

Zhang Xuecheng is well versed in the mysteries of literature and history, and points out: "History is moving and angry, while righteousness is near and wind; Du Fu is loyal, which is also called his poetic history.

As far as Sri Lanka is concerned, so is the relationship between literature and history. "("Literature and History, Yi Tong, Hubei Zheng Wenxu ") He examines literary problems from the unique perspective of historians and puts forward unique literary theories such as separation theory and virtue theory, which has made unique contributions to enriching the treasure house of ancient Chinese literary theories.

Located on the bank of Guanjiang River in Baiyun Street, Haishu District, Ningbo City, it was founded in the Ming Dynasty.

This used to be the manor of Wan Tai, a senior minister of the Ministry of Finance in the late Ming Dynasty. Because his son Vance chose "Baiyun Collection", he was named Mr. Baiyun and was buried here after his death, so he was named "Baiyun Village".

At the invitation of Wan Tai, Huang Zongxi, a famous thinker in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties and a representative of the "East Zhejiang School", first lived in Guangji Street, Wan Tai, and then moved to Yanqing Temple. In the ninth year of Kangxi (1670), he moved to Baiyunzhuang to give lectures and set up "Witness Academy".

During the reign of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty, Huang Zongxi's private disciple Quan Wang Zu was named "Shang Yong" to distinguish it from Huang Zongxi's "Witness Academy" in Shaoxing.

Huang Zongxi (16 10- 1695) was born in Huangzhupu, Yuyao.

He is knowledgeable and rigorous in his studies. He advocated taking Confucian classics as the basis, supplemented by history, and took "applying what he has learned" as the purpose, thus creating a unique style of study. The East Zhejiang School of History, which occupies an important position in the academic history of China, has been formed, and has trained a large number of academic talents, including Wan Sitong, a "Buyi historian", a famous historian and writer Quan.

In the late Qing Dynasty, the academy was abolished.

1934, Yong Yang Juting (Yicheng) and others visited the former site and former residence of the Academy to raise funds for restoration.

At present, Baiyun Village covers an area of about 4,000 square meters and consists of Witness College, Wan's former residence and Wan's cemetery. There are four buildings, covering an area of about 650 square meters, including two buildings on the hard roof of the herringbone slope facing east and south, and a platform door of the Ming Dynasty. Mr. Sha Menghai, a contemporary calligrapher, wrote "Baiyun Village" for the platform door, and the whole "Baiyun Village Couplet" was hung on the gallery.

The village has also established "Zhejiang Academic and Cultural Exhibition" and "Ten Thousand Historical and Cultural Relics Exhibition".

On the west side of the academy are the tombs of Wan Bangfu, Wan Sixuan, Wan Sichang and Wan Shibiao.

In front of the tomb of Wanbang Complex, there is a stone archway in the Ming Dynasty, with the title "Wan Gong, the governor of the Ming Dynasty, is really hidden". There is a watch in front of the tomb, a pair of stone horses in the tomb, and an epitaph written by Huang Zongxi.

Baiyunzhuang is not only the place where Huang Zongxi gave lectures and the birthplace of East Zhejiang School, but also the former residence of Wan Sitong and Wan Sida, the main representatives of East Zhejiang School.

Huang Zongxi's tomb is located at the southern foot of Hua 'an Mountain.

In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi, when Huang Zongxi (Lizhou) was 79 years old, he found his own cemetery at the southern foot of Longshan at the foot of Huaan Mountain and built a tomb. The tomb is connected with Longshan, and he wrote "Last Days of Lizhou" and "Burial System or Question" to warn future generations.

After the death of Mr. Li Zhou, the children and grandchildren handled the affairs according to the will. All famous historians in the early Qing Dynasty wrote tombstones, and Xiaoshan Mao Qiling wrote epitaphs.

The original tomb was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.

198 1, the cultural relics department restored the original site according to its original appearance.

In 1990s, according to Mr. Li Zhou's wishes, a plum garden with more than 200 plum trees was opened on the left side of the tomb. Dig three lotus ponds under the tomb altar and plant lotus flowers; There is a stone pavilion on the grave.

The cemetery is surrounded by towering mountains and trees, giving people a solemn feeling.

On the south slope of the tomb, there is the tomb of his father Huang Zunsu. The two tombs are far apart, symbolizing the upright and upright life of Huang and his son.

The Dragon and Tiger Cottage next to the cemetery is located in the valley of Longshan Tiger Mountain in Hua 'an Mountain. It was originally an ice club. It was built in the Chongzhen period of the Ming Dynasty. It is the place where Huang Zunsu, the father of Huang Zongxi, moved from Yinhe Bridge to Hua 'an Mountain to park his coffin before burial.

After the failure of the anti-Qing struggle, Huang Zongxi lived in Shunzhi for three years (1646). In this simple and humble cottage, he faced the hopeless anti-Qing reality and devoted himself to writing.

Although living in the deep mountains, he was in a difficult situation, but he still tried to write the famous works "To Be Visited in Ming Yi" and "Yi Xiang Xue Shu Lun", and edited the voluminous "WenMingHai".

Many of his students and friends come here to visit and ask questions, which once became the yearning place for students in eastern Zhejiang.

Unfortunately, Longhu Caotang was destroyed by fire in the first year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1662).

1995 allocated funds to rebuild the "Dragon and Tiger Cottage" in the original site and arrange an exhibition of Mr. Huang Lizhou's historical relics.

Located in the southern foot of Wuyang Guanshan, Chun Hu Town, Fenghua City.

Wan Sitong (1638—— 1702), a native of Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province, is a student of Huang Zongxi. He learned a lot of historical knowledge and wrote many books. He values integrity and despises fame and fortune. In the seventeenth year of Kangxi, he was recommended to be a scholar and was studied. He gave up.

The following year, he was invited to Beijing, without a title or salary, to participate in the compilation of Ming history as a cloth.

/kloc-in 0/9, 500 volumes of Ming History Draft were ordered to create a special historical case and a school of eastern Zhejiang history. He is a famous historian in China.

His tomb was unknown for a long time, and was discovered by local people in the late Qing Dynasty. 1937 overhaul, a "Xiangxian Temple" was built in Chunhu.

The tomb faces south to west, with a diameter of 7 meters, and the depth from the back wall of the tomb to the front of the altar is 17.7 meters. The altar is square.

In front of the tomb, there is a tomb inscribed by scholars in the Qing Dynasty, in which Mr. Yin Ruji and Fu Zhuang's family are buried together. On both sides, there are couplets inscribed by Hanlin Qiulian, "Ban Bi, Gan Kun make up one".

There is a sacrificial table and a stone bench on the altar, and there is an archway in front of the tomb 100 meters, on which there is a couplet with the words "Mr. Wan's Tomb" and the title of time. There is a Zhang Hanwen table at the entrance of the tomb, which reads "Tomb of Vientiane Sage".

The tomb is surrounded by mountains on three sides, and the front is not far from Xiangshan Port, with beautiful scenery. The tomb was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution, and now the tomb and altar worship have been restored.

Xiangbi Temple, located in Chun Hu Street, is divided into two parts, the front part is the gate and the wing, and the back part is three rooms. There is a statue of Mr. Wang and God in the middle of the main hall, with several handwriting paintings on the left and right sides, and then the auditorium of the primary school. 1997, demolished when the primary school building was expanded.

Located at the southern end of the nursery in the southern suburbs of Wang Jiaqiao.

Quan Wang Zu (1706- 1755), a native of Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province, is an important figure in the East Zhejiang Historiography School. He was admitted to imperial academy as Jishi Shu in the first year of Qianlong (1736), but he didn't want to wait for the magistrate of a county, so he returned to his hometown the next year and never returned to his post.

He is knowledgeable, especially good at collecting classical documents and epigraphy.

After living at home, he became the third edition of Gu Xue, the third edition of South Xue Yuan Case, the seventh edition of Zhu and Jiao's old poems, the third edition of Q&A, and the second edition of Han Shu Geography Collection, adding many precious heritages to China's cultural treasure house.

Whole tomb

The cemetery was originally a Quan's cemetery, which is a part of Zuguanshan Tombs.

The tomb is located in a piece of green grass, facing east due north and west due south.

The tomb is rectangular in plane, 730 cm wide and 420 cm deep. Surrounded by 122cm high lath. The tombstone is authentic, with a height of 122cm and a length of cm. It says "Xie Shanquan's tomb". On both sides of the altar, there are two inscriptions and two square stone pillars engraved with "Biography of Mr. Quan".

This is the tomb beast.

Not far from the northeast of the tomb is the tomb of all six ancestors.

The shape of the tomb is basically the same as that of the whole tomb, which is rectangular and wide.