Analysis on how to write an article "China and the Four Classical Novels"?

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not only an earlier historical novel, but also represents the highest achievement of ancient historical novels. The novel uses simple classical Chinese, which is vivid, fluent, elegant and popular; Brush strokes are full of changes, contrasts, redundancies, twists and turns, and swaying. The structure is magnificent, and the events of about a hundred years and many characters with complicated clues are organized completely and closely, and the narrative is orderly, echoing, interrelated, interlocking and advancing layer by layer.

The artistic achievement of The Romance of Three Kingdoms is more important in the description of war and characterization. Novels are best at describing wars and can write the characteristics of each war. Pay attention to describing the application of different strategies and tactics under specific conditions, and guide the subjective initiative of combat, instead of spending the main pen and ink on the simple strength and martial arts contest. For example, the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling. The writing of each war also changes with the characteristics of the war. While writing about the war, other activities are also written as the prelude, aftermath or auxiliary means of the war, which makes the exciting and thrilling war seem relaxed and slow. Such as the cooperation between Battle of Red Cliffs's former grandson and Liu, the contradiction between Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, the temptation of Cao Cao, and the in-depth preparation of Sun Liu's allied forces to lure the enemy. In the aspect of characterization, the novel pays special attention to putting the characters in the sharp contradiction of real struggle and expressing their ideological character through their words and deeds or the surrounding environment. Such as Cao Cao's treachery, every move seems to hide intrigue; Zhang Fei has nothing but innocence and recklessness. Zhuge Liang has a well-thought-out plan, and he is always comfortable and leisurely in the face of things. Famous articles such as Guan Yu's "Killing Hua Xiong with Warm Wine", "Killing Six Generals after Passing Five Customs", Zhang Fei's "A Great Bridge in Changban", "Zhao Yun Riding Alone to Save the Young Master", Zhuge Liang's "Rescuing Meng Huo Seven times" and "Scaring Sima Yi with an Empty City Plan" are widely circulated.

Although The Romance of the Three Kingdoms takes history as its theme, it is not a history book after all, but a literary work. Because of artistic processing, there are many fictions. The artistic achievements of The Romance of The Three Kingdoms are various. 1. It successfully created many characters. There are more than 400 people in the book, among which the main characters are typical artists with distinctive personalities and vivid images. All kinds of roles have their own * * *; People of the same kind have their own personalities. When describing the characters, the author is good at grasping the basic characteristics, highlighting one aspect, exaggerating, and using the methods of comparison and contrast to make the characters vivid and vivid. This is a basic principle of the author's characterization. The best explanation for applying this principle in novels is what people have always called "three unique skills", that is, Cao Cao's "technique of treacherous men"-treacherous men; Guan Yu's "absolute righteousness"-"righteousness is as heavy as a mountain"; Kong Ming's "unique wisdom"-extraordinary wit. The methods of portraying characters in novels mainly include: putting characters in thrilling military and political struggles and shaping them in sharp and complicated contradictions and conflicts. For the main characters, their complex personalities are often expressed through a series of storylines and characters' language. 2. It is good at describing war. This book * * * has written more than forty wars, showing thrilling war scenes. Among them, the Battle of Guandu, the Battle of Battle of Red Cliffs and the Battle of Yiling are the most prominent. For several key battles that determine the rise and fall of the Three Kingdoms, the author always focuses on describing and writing all aspects of the war, such as the strategies and tactics of both sides, the comparison of forces, and the transformation of status. , colorful, ever-changing, unique, fully embodies the complexity and diversity of war; It not only writes about the fierceness, tension and adventure of the war, but also does not seem miserable. Generally, they are in a high-spirited style, and some of them are calm, quiet and relaxed. Its structure is magnificent and exquisite. The time is as long as a hundred years, with hundreds of characters, complicated events and complicated clues. Description should not only conform to the basic facts, but also pay attention to the coherence of artistic plots. So it is very difficult to arrange the structure. However, the author can write methodically and clearly, and each chapter can be independent, and the book is a complete artistic whole. This is mainly due to the author's grand and rigorous conception. He organized the story of the whole book with Shu Han as the center and the contradiction and struggle of the three countries as the main line, which was both tortuous and coherent. There is a master and a slave, and the master and the slave work closely together. 4. The language is concise and fluent. This language seems to be semi-written today, but it was close to the vernacular at that time; Writing novels in this language is a pioneering work, which is an obvious progress compared with the rough and mixed language of some novels in the past. The biggest shortcoming of Romance of the Three Kingdoms in art is its fixed characters and lack of development and change. This may be influenced by the stereotyped characters in folklore and the limitations of historical materials. Second, imagination and exaggeration are sometimes unreasonable. Mr. Lu Xun said: "I want to show Liu Bei's long and thick, but he looks like a fake. He looks like a demon." This criticism is to the point.

Romance of the Three Kingdoms is the most accomplished and influential work in ancient historical novels. It is widely circulated, with infinite charm, and has immeasurable far-reaching influence in the history of China literature and people's life.

There is also a big gap between the characters in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the real characters in the History of the Three Kingdoms. Here are a few characters to illustrate.

Zhuge Liang: Zhuge Liang's ability to govern the country and the army, his character of helping the world and loving the people, and his modesty and prudence set an example for various outstanding historical figures in later generations. The monarch, intellectuals and people all praised him, praised him and loved him from different angles. It can be said that Zhuge Liang's great influence in history has surpassed his political and military practice in the history of the Three Kingdoms. Although The Romance of the Three Kingdoms highlights the positive aspects of Zhuge Liang's life, such as personality, morality and achievements, it is infinitely exaggerated, describing him as the embodiment of wisdom and the representative of loyalty, and deifying him into a superman image that is half man and half god. Lu Xun commented: "Zhuge Liang's wisdom is close to the devil." Therefore, Zhuge Liang in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is not a real historical figure, but a historical novel figure.

Liu Bei: Chen Shou's evaluation of Liu Bei is: "Hongyi is generous, knows people and treats scholars, and is a hero in the style of Gao Zu." And entrusted the whole country to Zhuge Liang, but with the same mind, sincere monarch and minister serve the public and prosper in ancient and modern times. If you have no right to do something, you can't catch Wei Wu. Because the cardinality is too narrow. However, he "persisted, and he would never do it." "In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author described Liu Bei as a representative of the benevolent, who was the orthodox successor of the imperial power in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, it is extremely exaggerated to describe Liu Bei's kind, generous and kind-hearted personality, but while highlighting his kindness, he fell into an incompetent side, giving people the feeling of incompetence and hypocrisy. Liu Bei in TV plays is often Lacrimosa. Although crying and tears show Liu Bei's benevolence and righteousness, they give people the impression that Liu Bei's world is crying, distorting Liu Bei's true image as a "lean" and "outstanding person".

Guan Yu: In history, Guan Yu was the tiger general of "ten thousand enemies". He is proud and has no regrets, and his grievances are clear. He is famous for his loyalty, but he is "righteous and proud" and has more courage and less wisdom. After Ma Chao surrendered to Liu Bei, he was named General of the Day. When Guan Yu was in charge of Jingzhou, he wrote a book with Zhuge Liang, "Ask who can compare with the super talent." Zhuge Liang wrote back that Ma Chao is a great man in the world, but he is not as good as Guan Yu's "peerless", and Guan Yu "keeps books to entertain himself as a guest." This is a typical brave and foolhardy military commander's character. However, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, because he is a member of Liu Bei's camp and has the characteristics of loyalty, he is portrayed as the embodiment of benevolence and righteousness. He followed Liu Bei and did not avoid difficulties and obstacles. Xiapi was captured and surrendered to Cao Cao, but his heart was tied to Liu Bei. He just thought that Cao Cao was very kind to him, so he killed Yuan Shao's general Yan Liang for Cao Cao before returning Liu, and lifted the siege of the white horse. But what is written in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms is that Guan Yu met three times when Pi surrendered, and Cao Cao had a small banquet on the third day and a big banquet on the fifth day, but it was false. In short, in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, the author described Guan Yu as a "righteous man", so his image was seriously distorted.

Cao Cao: In history, Cao Cao's character is very complicated. Chen Shou thinks that Cao Cao is "the first in the history of the Three Kingdoms". "The magic of application and transaction, Han Bai's unique strategy, and the official licensing materials have their own tools, and they are sentimental and don't forget the old evils." Cao Cao has been in charge of the army for more than 30 years, but he can't let go. He must be endowed when he climbs high. He is better at poetry, cursive script and Go. Live frugally and don't pay attention to clothes. Discuss with others, laughing and laughing. "Honor should be rewarded, generous daughter; Nothing can be done, nothing can be done. " He is a first-rate politician, strategist and writer in the history of China. In the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, these good aspects of Cao Cao's character and morality are ignored, while his cruel and treacherous side is exaggerated. Therefore, Luo Guanzhong's Cao Cao is a typical treacherous, cruel, willful and suspicious villain.

Zhou Yu: Zhou Yu in history was "generous", modest and obedient, and "open and ambitious". Liu Bei called him "the plan of civil and military affairs, the English of ten thousand people." Sun Quan praised him as "the capital of Wang Zuo". But in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhou Yu became the bottom figure of Zhuge Liang. Zhou Yu was written to raise Zhuge Liang. Therefore, Zhou Yu in Romance of the Three Kingdoms is narrow-minded and always inferior to Zhuge Liang in wisdom. Unlike Zhou Yu praised by Su Shi, he is a "romantic figure through the ages".

Lu Su: If the characters of Cao Cao, Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu and others in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms are distorted, but there is still some basis, then in The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Su is almost completely fabricated except for his name. Lu Su in history was "in the army, never leaving his book", "far-sighted" and "brilliant". When he first met Sun Quan, he put forward the founding policy: set foot in the east of the Yangtze River, reject Cao Cao in the north, wait for the destruction of Huang Zu, head for Liu Biao, who was accidentally discovered in the Yangtze River, and then build the so-called emperor for the world. This is similar to Zhuge Liang's longzhong pair. When Cao Cao's army marched south to Jingzhou, Sun Quan's men all surrendered, but Lu Su advocated resisting Cao and advised Sun Quan to recall Zhou Yu in order to defend the plan in the commercial war. After Battle of Red Cliffs, he urged-Cao. In the history of Wu Dong, Lu Su was a real Zhuge Liang figure, and Sun Quan also admired him very much. The establishment and development of Wu was basically carried out in accordance with the political strategy and strategic policy put forward by Lu Su. However, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Lu Su became a victim of the wits and wits of Zhuge Liang and Zhou Yu, a typical example of being fooled and bullied.

History of Three Kingdoms

Biographical history books. Written by Chen Shou in the Western Jin Dynasty. Liu Song and Pei Songzhi note. Chen Shou (233 ~ 297) was born in Han An, Brazil (now Nanchong, Sichuan). He studied under Qiao Zhou, a historian in the same county, and was good at Historical Records and Hanshu. He is an official in Shu Han and an assistant minister in Huangmen. When he entered the Jin Dynasty, Zhang Hua loved talents, raised filial piety, and was also an essayist, scholar and counselor. Chen Shou Biography in the Book of Jin called him "a good historian and a good narrator". There are 65 volumes of the History of the Three Kingdoms handed down from ancient times, and Yi Bu Jiu Zhuan 14 (original 10, Shuo Qi Lu 1 volume). In addition, there are 50 articles that record ancient countries, explain taboos, and talk about Guangguo. And 24 episodes of Zhuge Liang, all lost. The History of the Three Kingdoms is divided into 30 volumes of Shu Wei, 30 volumes of Shu Shu 15 and 20 volumes of Wu Shu, which completely records the 60-year history of the Three Kingdoms period. The three books were originally a single line, but they were merged into one in the Northern Song Dynasty and renamed the History of the Three Kingdoms. Later generations, together with Historical Records, Hanshu and Houhanshu, are called "the first four histories". Before Chen Shou wrote The History of the Three Kingdoms, there were two kinds of history books in Wei State, Wang Shen's Shu Wei and Wei Lue, which were compiled by the government, and Zhao Wei's Wu Shu, which was also compiled by Wu State, which provided convenient conditions for Chen Shou to write history. There are only a few documents available, but people living in Sichuan pay attention to the affairs of Sichuan and are familiar with their stories. Finally, they compiled a book and finished the History of the Three Kingdoms (Pei Songzhi's Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms). Since the publication of this book, the history of the other three countries has been abolished. The History of the Three Kingdoms is dominated by Cao Wei, who has a "discipline" but Wu and Shu have no "discipline". This is because this book was written in the Western Jin Dynasty and accepted by Wei Chan, so Wei was regarded as orthodox. However, Chen Shou did not arbitrarily praise or criticize people in all aspects, but tried to make a more objective and fair judgment based on historical facts. For example, in the book, Cao Cao is described as "an extraordinary person, an outstanding figure in the world", Liu Bei is described as "a hero with high-impedance style" and Sun Quan is described as "an outstanding figure in Britain". The articles in "The History of the Three Kingdoms" are relatively brief, so generally speaking, they are not as grand, exquisite and vivid as "Historical Records" or as rigorous and accurate as "Hanshu", but some biographies are quite brilliant, such as "Biography of Zhuge Liang", which selects several key events in the protagonist's life-Longzhong Dui, Battle of Red Cliffs and Liuchu Qishan, and focuses on them. Another example is Biography of Zhang Zhao, Biography of Zhou Yu and Biography of Zhang Liao. , are written in a simple style character, very touching. After all, Chen Shou's History of the Three Kingdoms is still limited by the lack of historical materials. If the whole book has no table and no ambition, it is because of the lack of literature. Legal scholars, rockett, ding-no biography, Jian' an Qizi, Xu-and Serina Liu, only attached the biography of Wang Shen, but only a few words, while Zhang Zhongjing, a famous doctor in the Three Kingdoms, had no biography. So, as Pei Songzhi said, "something is missing, sometimes something is missing". After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, old historical materials were discovered one after another. When Emperor Wendi of Liu Song arrived, Pei Songzhi was ordered to take notes for it. Pei Songzhi (372 ~ 45 1), Hedong (present-day Shanxi), was a favorite. The Expo grave, with a simple life, used to be a doctor in Guo Zi, assistant minister of Zhongshu and magistrate of Yongjia. He is the author of Notes on the Three Kingdoms and Jin Ji. Pei Songzhi's annotation on the History of the Three Kingdoms, "Looking for old news on the top, leaving it behind" ("Notes on the History of the Three Kingdoms") and "Taking books to fill its gaps" (Liu Zhiji's "History of Zheng Tong"), is intended to supplement facts and verify right and wrong. The catalogue of Sikuquanshu says, "Generally speaking, there are about six ends: one is to quote the theories of various schools of thought to distinguish right from wrong; On the one hand, references to books are based on nuclear errors; One day, tell everything in detail; One day, I said I didn't make up for it; One day, tell all the people about their lives in detail; One day, people who have nothing will also depend on their own kind. " Pei cited more than 200 kinds of books, three times more important than the original book. Later generations may ridicule them as "complex", but their strength lies in their rich collections. Those who don't inherit the literary works of the Six Dynasties today still see their precipice and save a lot of precious historical materials. The historical stories recorded in the History of the Three Kingdoms and its annotations have been widely circulated among the people for more than 1000 years, which has had a far-reaching impact on the literature and art of later generations. Li Shangyin's poem "Proud Bone" in the Tang Dynasty describes children playing games by imitating the images of Zhang Fei and Deng Ai. Speakers in the Northern Song Dynasty took "telling three points" (telling the story of the Three Kingdoms) as an important content; In the Yuan Dynasty, there appeared "Guan Wang went to the one-knife meeting alone" and other zaju with the story of the Three Kingdoms as the theme. In the early Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong made further artistic creation and completed the novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms. Romance of the Three Kingdoms is a fiction based on the history of the Three Kingdoms and historical facts. In addition, paintings and sculptures based on the stories of the Three Kingdoms are not uncommon. Punctuation of Three Kingdoms by Zhonghua Book Company is the most popular. In the Qing Dynasty, there was a volume of Lost Articles in the Records of the Three Kingdoms in Wang Renjun, which was included in the Classic Lost Articles Series. Lu Bi, a close friend, collected the annals of the Three Kingdoms.