What are the positions and departments of ancient academies, and how do they operate with each other?

Academy is a unique form of education in ancient China. The academy was founded and operated by private individuals at the earliest, integrating collection, proofreading, teaching and research. It is a non-governmental organization, not an official school. At the same time, the existence of academies makes up for the lack of academic and cultural research in government-run schools. The academy is not rigid in form, rich in teaching experience and flexible in running schools. Therefore, the tradition and rich connotation of academy education are the precious historical wealth of China education.

So what positions and departments did the ancient academies have? This is closely related to the different functions undertaken by academies in different periods.

Is Tang Academy equivalent to now? Directly under the government agency?

The academy first appeared in the Tang Dynasty. At that time, the academy was mainly an institution for collecting books and proofreading books in the imperial court, and it had the obligation to select talents. They are not teaching places, such as Li Zheng Academy and Jixian Temple Academy in Tang Dynasty.

According to New Tang Book? Guan Bai Shi Lu and the Six Classics of Tang Dynasty

He wrote four classics, history, Confucius, history and collections in Gan Yuan Temple and sent them to Gan Yuan Academy. The following year, it was renamed Lee Jung Soo Academy. Thirteen years later, it was renamed Jixian Dian Academy, commonly known as Jixian Academy. There are bachelor, straight bachelor, bachelor, compiler and other officials, with the prime minister as the bachelor and one person as the deputy, who understands school affairs and is responsible for the publication of school management classics.

Academy in Tang Dynasty is an official institution, which is equivalent to the institution directly under the State Council. The prime minister is the president (bachelor's college) and the minister of education is the vice president (vice-president), responsible for publishing, proofreading and collecting all kinds of books. Down there? Bachelor of gathering talents (recommended talents), straight bachelor (proofreader with less than six grades), bachelor of reading (official in charge of textual research of historical books with more than five grades), editor (editor of history) and other positions? .

As the Academy in Tang Dynasty was a government organ, its operation was the normal operation of government departments, and the central financial allocation was no different from the official allocation.

The rules, regulations and institutional departments of the Academy in Song Dynasty tended to be perfect, which was used by later generations.

At the beginning of the Northern Song Dynasty, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Rebellion finally ended and the society settled down. However, everything needs to be done. The imperial court intends to encourage the rule of the country with words, but there is not enough money to set up government-run schools in various counties, so private academies began to become common and gradually flourished. The rise of academies, on the one hand, gave the students a place to study, on the other hand, it also trained a large number of talents for the imperial court, so the imperial court in the Northern Song Dynasty also encouraged and sponsored private academies, so the academies in the Northern Song Dynasty were semi-official and semi-private. There are four famous academies in the Northern Song Dynasty (Bailudong, Yuelu, Yingtianfu and Chongyang Academy), which are the representatives of academy culture in the Song Dynasty. Yingtianfu Academy was first established as a lecture school by private donations, which was expanded from the former residence of famous Confucian scholars. Later, the court gave an official to the dean of the academy to distribute fertile land. Even Fan Zhongyan once presided over the academy teaching here, attracting and cultivating a large number of outstanding students.

The function of the academy in the Northern Song Dynasty is relatively clear, and giving lectures, collecting books and offering sacrifices are the main core businesses. Lectures and books are easy to understand, so what is the sacrifice for? Sacrifice is sacrifice. Scholars should offer sacrifices to Confucius and his disciples, as well as famous scholars and scholars.

According to historical records, Yuelu Academy in the early Northern Song Dynasty not only had lecture halls, a library with books, but also statues dedicated to Confucius and his disciples.

Around the college's three core businesses, the college has also set up relevant institutional departments accordingly.

(1) Administration Department

? Lord of the cave? Shan Chang? That is, the dean of the college advocates the integration of teaching and administration, and is the highest administrative head of the college and the main lecturer. Most of them were held by famous scholars at that time. For example, Fan Zhongyan once served as the dean of Yingtianfu Academy, presided over lectures, and formulated a series of new academic work and management regulations for the Academy. In the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu presided over the educational administration of Bailudong Academy and Yuelu Academy successively, and formulated the learning rules of Bailudong Academy. The Academy is the second largest academy after Yamagata, and is responsible for the administration, finance and student conduct inspection of the Academy. After the Ming dynasty, the academy became the chief executive of the academy, and the mountain field was only responsible for academics and teaching. First of all, manage the Ministry of the academy. (2) Teaching department

Senior year, equivalent to a certain subject, is responsible for explaining classics and recording teaching situation in the college. (3) Student Management Department

Direct study, responsible for managing students, responsible for moral education, checking students' moral education, responsible for money and grain officials, responsible for cashier business, responsible for books, serving as librarians, keeping books, borrowing books, responsible for various archives of the college, responsible for temples by doctors, and responsible for college sacrifice activities (4) Students' self-management.

The most distinctive feature of ancient academies is respect for autonomous management, and many positions are held by students. Professional students?

Zhai Chang, who is clever, steady and academically excellent, is a bit like the president of the student union in the university. He is responsible for attendance, helping to manage property, books, invigilation and even participating in the distribution of student subsidies. The supervisor is equivalent to the head of the dormitory now. According to the regulations of Ming Dow University, there are four or five students in each dormitory, and a prudent person must be selected as the supervisor to manage the students in a dormitory. Jing Chang, selected by Shan Chang from the students who are familiar with classics, is responsible for answering questions for other students. In addition, the management, planning, temple management, book management, code control, secretary registration, economic management and other positions of the college are selected from outstanding graduates.

College operation mode

To operate, we must first have a source of funds, so where does the college's funds come from?

Xiao Youping also mentioned that when the academy was founded, people donated money and the court rewarded fertile land. The academy is semi-official and semi-private, so the income of the academy mainly depends on private donations or fertile land allocated by the government. The academy rents fertile land to nearby farmers for farming, and the annual income is used as a support fee. During the Southern Song Dynasty, due to the developed commercial economy, businessmen often sponsored academies, or donated gold and silver, or donated fertile land.

With funds, the academy also passed the formulation of daily administrative regulations? Learning rules? School of management and management. Take Bailudong Statute as an example. In the specific operation process, each academy will have very detailed specifications, including how to eat, how to pay fees, how to get together several times a month and so on. Otherwise, group life will be hard.

Third, the Academy of Fine Arts is not an official school after all. It pays attention to students' self-management, takes the length of the mountain as the core, and takes charge of the overall situation. Select a number of lent owners from the students with excellent academic performance to assist the mountain owners in management, and select directors from the lent houses to manage the lent houses. Therefore, a large number of students will participate in the management of the college.

Therefore, in the operation of ancient academies, only with sufficient funds, strict rules and regulations, a small number of auxiliary managers and a large number of students can the operation of academies be successfully completed.

Therefore, there is no special department in the ancient academy, and there is no need for such a department to complete the operation of the academy.