Discuss the design style of ancient Chinese architecture

After the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the art of architecture is divided into three typical styles of the era:

First, the Qin and Han styles. The Shang and Zhou period has initially formed some important artistic characteristics of Chinese architecture, such as the square regular courtyard, the layout of the vertical axis of symmetry, the structural system of wooden beams and frames, by the roof, the body, the base of the monolithic modeling, the roof of the elevation accounted for a large proportion. But the Shang and Zhou architecture also have regional and period of difference. Spring and Autumn and Warring States period of vassalage, different cultures, architectural style is not uniform. Generally speaking, it can be summarized into two styles, i.e., the northern style of the Central Plains, which is dominated by Qi and Jin, and the Jianghuai style, which is dominated by Chu and Wu. Qin unified the whole country and concentrated the culture of different countries in Guanzhong, and Han inherited the Qin culture, and the architectural style of the whole country tended to be unified. On behalf of the Qin and Han styles are mainly the capital city, palaces, mausoleums and ceremonial buildings. It is characterized by the rules of the capital city zoning, residential neighborhoods and markets closed by high walls; palaces, tombs are very large groups, the main body of which is a tall mass of Taishe-style buildings; important monoliths are mostly symmetrical monumental cross-axis style, with a huge scale and a prominent image; roofs are very large, with insignificant curves but the gable ends have already been "anti-Yu"; carvings are decorated with many colors and themes; and there are a lot of sculptures and decorations, with the theme of the "anti-Yu". The colorful decorations of the carvings are many, the subject matter is tricky, the shape is exaggerated, and the color tone is strong; the important buildings pursue the symbolic meaning, and although there are many religious contents, they can be understood by the people. Qin and Han architecture laid the foundation of rationalism in Chinese architecture, ethical content is clear, the layout is spread out, the composition is neat and regular, and at the same time, it shows a simple, robust, clear and strong artistic style.

Second, Sui and Tang Dynasty style. Wei Jin and North and South Dynasties is a major shift in Chinese architectural style. The central scholars went south, the northern minorities into the central plains, with the great integration of nationalities, the deep culture of the central plains into the south, but also affected the north and northwest. Buddhism developed unprecedentedly during the Northern and Southern Dynasties. The accompanying import of Buddhist culture had a significant impact on almost all traditional literature and art, increasing the categories and means of expression of traditional art and changing the original style. At the same time, the literati retired to the mountains and forests of life and the emergence of idyllic landscape poetry, as well as the development of the beautiful scenery of Jiangnan, the formal formation of the aesthetic ideas and basic style of Chinese gardens, which also led to the Romantic mood.

The great unification of nationalities in the Sui and Tang dynasties and the frequent exchanges with the western regions promoted cultural and artistic exchanges among many nationalities. Since the Qin and Han dynasties, the traditional spirit of rationality into the mix of Buddhism and the exotic flavor of the West, as well as since the North and South Dynasties of the romantic mood, and finally formed a rational and romantic intertwined with the style of the Shengtang. Characterized by a magnificent capital city, square rules; palaces, altars and temples, such as the sequence of large groups of broad stretch, the spatial scale is very large; architectural shape thick, the outline of the difference, ornate decorations; Buddhist temples, pagodas, grottoes and temples of the scale, form, color is exceptionally rich and colorful, showing a close convergence of Chinese and foreign cultures, a fresh style.

Third, the Ming and Qing styles. Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, Chinese feudal society, the city of the commodity economy has developed tremendously, the content of urban life and people's aesthetic tendency has also undergone a very significant change, and then also changed the style of art. Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms and the Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan period, the domestic culture and art between the various ethnic groups, regions once again to get exchanges and fusion; Yuan Dynasty on Tibet, Mongolia, the development of the region, as well as the absorption of Arab culture, and to the traditional culture added fresh blood. The Ming Dynasty unified the country once again following the Yuan Dynasty, and the Qing Dynasty finally formed a unified multi-ethnic state. Chinese architecture finally developed a final mature style during the Qing Dynasty's heyday (18th century). It is characterized by the city is still the specification of the square, but the city's closed neighborhoods and markets into open streets, stores on the street, the market look lively; the city or the suburbs more scenic resorts, public **** excursion places to increase; important buildings completely stereotypes, specifications, but the group sequence of many forms, the technique is very rich; folk architecture, the quality of architecture of ethnic minority areas and the level of art is generally improved, the formation of various regions, ethnic groups, the quality and artistic level, the Qing Dynasty. Formed a variety of styles in various regions and ethnic groups; private and royal gardens appeared in large numbers, the art of gardening unprecedented prosperity, gardening techniques finally mature. In short, Sheng Qing architecture inherited the spirit of rationality and romantic mood of the previous generation, in accordance with the unique laws of architectural art, and finally finally formed a mature typical style of Chinese architectural art - graceful and generous, rigorous and elegant, clear mechanism, but also rich in human interest.