What countries have paid tribute to China? When did the tribute system collapse?

This should be divided into different periods!

Let me briefly talk about the tribute system.

Tribute system, which existed in East Asia, Southeast Asia and Central Asia from the 3rd century BC to the end of19th century, is a hierarchical network political order system with China's Central Plains Empire as its main core. It is usually called the treaty system and the colonial system, and it is one of the main modes of international relations in the world.

The embryonic form-Jifu system

The embryonic form of tribute system is the ancient Ji Fu system in China.

As early as the Shang Dynasty in China, the rulers had established the system that "the more they worked outside, the more the people behind the house defended Bumbo". In this system, the monarch of China Zhongyuan Dynasty is the master of both. The monarch (orally) set up an administrative organ in the central area of the kingdom for direct management. Outside the directly affiliated areas, the foreign service was ruled by the local rulers who accepted the knighthood of the Central Plains Dynasty, and the internal service and the foreign service defended each other. According to the records in Shangshu Dayu Mo, all regions within Kyushu are also responsible for paying tribute.

After the Zhou Dynasty replaced the Shang Dynasty, this system was refined and the concepts of five clothes, six clothes and nine clothes were further developed. Especially in "A Journey to Zhou Li and Qiu Guan", the period and types of tribute were specified in detail, and the concept of "outside Kyushu, it is called a country" was put forward for the first time, trying to extend this system to a wider area that has not been actually controlled by the Central Plains Dynasty.

The Ji-fu system in Shang Dynasty has a strong color of primitive tribal military alliance, while the Zhou Dynasty established the main idea of "all over the world, not the land of kings", and this system was systematized and idealized, trying to become the norm of the known world. However, because the Zhou Dynasty adopted the enfeoffment system, and later fell into a feud between princes, this system basically stayed on paper.

[Editor] Establishment of grant system

After the Qin Dynasty unified the Central Plains in 22 1 BC, a strictly centralized empire was established. At that time, in East Asia and Southeast Asia, except Huns, no regime could completely compete with Qin and its successors in the Han Dynasty. Therefore, the Central Plains Empire not only regarded Xiongnu as an "enemy country", but also began to extend the Jifu system in the pre-Qin period to the known world.

Photo: Weinuguowangyin.jpg.

After Emperor Wu defeated the Huns and opened the western regions, a tribute system centered on the Central Plains Dynasty in China was formally established because it was known that the world was invincible. In the tributary system of this period, the relationship between the Central Plains regime and other countries was mainly "conferring titles". In other words, foreign countries need to take the initiative to recognize the dominant position of the Central Plains regime and gain the legitimacy of the rule by virtue of the knighthood of the central regime. The central government often directly names local governments as "King of * *", such as "King of Han slaves", "King of South Vietnam" and "King of Shule". According to different requirements, the blocked countries have the obligation to pay tribute and provide troops to the Central Plains regime.

It is worth noting that the Han Dynasty only awarded titles that it was able to control or voted for by itself to local governments, and the policy was quite pragmatic. For the regime that he thought could be controlled, if he dared to challenge the dominant position of the Han Dynasty, he would be attacked by the military, so Emperor Wu defeated South Vietnam and North Korea and made an expedition to Dawan. In countries beyond its control, such as Rest in Peace and Daqin, the Han Dynasty recognized its independent status and did not try to canonize it.

[Editor] Reorganization-infatuation system

In 29 1 year, the Eight Kings Rebellion broke out in the Western Jin Dynasty, followed by the collapse of the Central Plains Dynasty, and a large number of northern nomads entered the center of the Chinese nation, and the original system of chasing seals collapsed. It was not until the reunification of the Sui Dynasty in 589 that the tribute system was restored. However, with the collapse of the Tang Dynasty, Liao, Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties rose one after another, and the whole tributary system fell into chaos again.

During this period, many regimes claimed to be masters of the world at the same time, and asked neighboring countries to pay tribute. Small countries often pay tribute to many big countries at the same time, and some countries also pay tribute to larger regimes at the same time. All these make the tribute system in this period show the characteristics of multi-network Even in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, Japan, Bohai Sea and other countries tried to become secondary envoy centers, and even called envoys "envoys" to each other.

At the same time, during this period, the Central Plains regime often adopted the policy of "imprisonment" to replace the original canonization system. The most important feature is that it is no longer just the title of king, but the same official position as the direct officials. For example, in the Southern Song Dynasty, Shun Di named King Baekje as "General Town East" and Japan as "General Anton". Since the reign of Emperor Taizong, local leaders belonging to their respective families have been granted official positions, and Jimizhou and County have been established to reflect his thought that "China people and foreigners are one family". For example, Bohai was named "Shouhan Taishou", Shule was named "Shule Taishou" and so on.

In the Yuan Dynasty, the emperor of China was nominally the master of the entire Mongolian empire, and the national situation was unprecedentedly strong. However, except for the short-term conferring of korean king as "Prime Minister of Oriental Province", the rulers did not adopt the traditional tribute system.

Photo: Zhigongtu.jpg.

It is worth noting that there are three situations in Tang Yan Li Ben's tribute map. One is Jimizhou County, which was established in the area under the shadow of the military power of the Tang Dynasty. Its chief executive is hereditary by tribal leaders, with autonomy in internal affairs and symbolic tribute, but he has certain responsibilities, such as loyalty to the Central Plains government, not annexing other captive units and inland counties, and providing troops as required. One is the so-called domestic countries, such as Bohai, Shule, Nanzhao and Qidan. Generally, it is named as the viceroy or county king, and it has its own territorial scope, but the political legitimacy of its leader comes from the knighthood of the Central Plains government and cannot be independent. The central plains regime regarded them as cadres, and the documents used "the emperor asked"; One is the so-called "enemy country" and "foreign country", such as Tubo, Uighur and Japan. Although there may be a title, it is mostly a ratification of the actual situation. The legitimacy of their leaders' notices does not depend on the titles of the Central Plains regime, and the documents of the Central Plains regime mostly use "questions from the emperor".

After the Song Dynasty, the control of the first case in Jimizhou County was further strengthened. In addition to tribal leaders, there were also inspectors appointed by the Central Plains government, which gradually evolved into the chieftain system of the Yuan Dynasty and actually brought it into the territory of the Central Plains regime.

[Editor] heyday-Tribute system

1368, when the Ming dynasty was founded, 137 1 year, Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, clearly designated Annan, Zhancheng, Korea, Siam, Ryukyu, Sumatra, Java, Kanheng, Baihua, Sanfuqi and Bohai as "countries without expropriation". He also determined the principle of "thick to thin" tribute. As a result, the tributary system was finally established and became the prevailing international relations system in the eastern world. In this system, China's Central Plains regime became the center of monism, and the tributary countries recognized this central position and constituted the external vassal of the central regime.

Photo: 14 14 giraffe brought by Zheng He. The file extension of encoded image stored in jpeg file exchange format.

A giraffe from a small country in East Africa paid tribute to Zheng He's fleet in A.D. 14 14 (the 12th year of Yongle). /kloc-In the early 5th century, with Zheng He's powerful treasure fleet cruising the Indian Ocean and Yongle Emperor Judy's sweeping of the northern Mongolian forces, the tribute system reached its peak. Under the "intimidation" and "inducement" of Lu Haijun's "favoritism" policy in the Ming Dynasty, the number of countries and tribes that paid tribute to the Ming government once reached 65. At the same time, Ryukyu and Korea in Japan; North Korea also asked for tribute to Nuzhen, and Vietnam also asked for tribute to Champa, Nanzhang and other countries, forming several secondary tribute centers.

During this period, except for Korea, Vietnam, Myanmar and other foreign countries that had direct contact with the Ming Dynasty, under the guidance of the policy of paying more attention to the Ming Dynasty, some other countries' tribute to the Ming Dynasty gradually evolved into a kind of trade, especially the sea ban policy in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, which made tribute almost the only means for these countries to trade with China, the most famous of which was the measurement trade between China and Japan.

1644, the Qing dynasty established the rule of Chinese mainland, and kept the tribute system of the Ming dynasty, but only required countries to return the seals of the Ming dynasty and regain them. In the Qing Dynasty, the communication with neighboring tribes was clearly divided into Yuan and Danielle. The exchanges between Mongolia, Tibet and the mainland are regarded as internal affairs of the country; The exchanges between Korea, Japan, Russia and other countries are regarded as independent foreign countries and are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Rites.

[Editor] Collapse-Collision with the Treaty System

From 65438 to 0648, with the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia, the treaty system gradually became the main international exchange system among European countries. At the same time, the colonial system has become the dominant system of communication between European countries and other weak tribes.

With the direct contact between European countries and the eastern world, conflicts between these international relations systems began to occur. 1653, the Russian tsar sent envoys to ask the emperor shunzhi to become a Russian colony. This request was naturally rejected by the rulers of China, which in turn required the Tsar to pay tribute to Peking. After a long period of armed conflict and diplomatic struggle, both China and Russia began to realize each other's strength. Finally, in 1689, the two countries signed the Treaty of Nebuchadnezzar in accordance with the practice of European public international law, and then signed the Treaty of Blenski and the Treaty of Chaktu in 1727 and 1728 respectively, which actually established the equal status of the two countries.

At the same time, European forces gradually encroached on the small countries around China. After the establishment of the Tokugawa Ieyasu shogunate, the Japanese stopped paying tribute to China and further strengthened their control over Ryukyu. All these greatly reduced the number of members of the tribute system. In the middle of Qing Dynasty, the number of tributary countries decreased to seven: Korea, Vietnam, Nanzhang, Myanmar, Sulu, Siam and Ryukyu.

However, this did not shake the foundation of the tribute system. Therefore, it was not until 1793 that the treaty system and the tribute system completely collided with each other with the official visit of the British George Macartney Mission to China. Macartney's request to send envoys to each other and sign trade treaties was rejected by Emperor Qianlong on the grounds that it was "not customizable".

In the opium trade, the friction between the two different systems finally reached irreconcilable level, which eventually led to the outbreak of the opium war. 1842, the China government was forced to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking with Britain, which stipulated the equal exchanges between China and foreign countries in words for the first time, and the foundation of the tributary system was irrevocably shaken.

In the following decades, the tributary system was weakened by one treaty after another. 187 1 year, although the Qing government of China repeatedly refused to sign an equal treaty with Japan, which was once a tributary country, it was finally forced to sign the Sino-Japanese Reconciliation Rules, and the tributary system began to collapse. With the signing of the Sino-French New Testament and treaty of shimonoseki after the Sino-French War and the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the last members of the tributary system, Vietnam and North Korea, also broke away from this system, and the tributary system completely collapsed.