Comment on 300 Poems of Tang Poetry and Song Poetry

Tang poetry has a wide range of themes. Some of them reflected the class status and class contradictions of the society at that time and exposed the darkness of feudal society; Some praise the just war and express patriotic thoughts; Some depict the beauty of the motherland's rivers and mountains; In addition, some people express their personal ambitions and experiences, some express their children's love, some tell the friendship of friends, the joys and sorrows of life and so on. In short, natural phenomena, political dynamics, working life, social customs and personal feelings can't escape the poet's keen eyes and become the subject matter of their writing. In terms of creative methods, there are both realism and romanticism, and many great works are examples of the combination of these two creative methods, forming an excellent tradition of China's classical poetry.

There are various forms of Tang poetry. There are basically two kinds of ancient poems in Tang Dynasty: five-character poems and seven-character poems. There are also two kinds of modern poems, one is called quatrains, and the other is called metrical poems.

The forms and styles of Tang poetry are colorful and innovative. It not only inherited the tradition of Han and Wei folk songs and Yuefu, but also greatly developed the singing style. It not only inherited the five-character or seven-character ancient poems of the previous generation, but also developed into a long and huge system of narrative romance; It not only expanded the use of five-character and seven-character styles, but also created modern poems with particularly beautiful and neat styles. Modern poetry was a new style of poetry at that time, and its emergence and maturity was an important event in the history of Tang poetry development. It pushed the artistic features of China's ancient poems with harmonious syllables and refined words to an unprecedented height, and found a typical form for ancient lyric poetry, which has been especially loved by people so far. However, the metrical poems in modern poetry are easy to be bound because of their strict metrical restrictions, which is a major defect brought by their advantages.

Tang poetry staging

(A) Early Tang Dynasty

The representative writers in this period are "four outstanding writers in the early Tang Dynasty"-Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo; In addition, there is Chen Ziang.

Poetry in the early Tang Dynasty is the preparatory period for the prosperity of Tang poetry. Important poets are Yang Jiong, Lu, Luo, Shen Quanqi and Song. Poetry in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China in the Tang Dynasty still developed along the inertia of poetry in the Southern Dynasties, which was soft, delicate and lifeless. The emergence of the "four masters" began to change this trend. They are brilliant, dissatisfied with the status quo, expressing indignation and heroic embrace through their own poems, and broadening the theme of poetry.

(2) During the prosperous Tang Dynasty

With the prosperity of economy and the strength of national power, Tang poetry has reached its peak, with a wide range of themes and numerous schools, and there have been "Frontier Poetry School" and "Pastoral Poetry School". The great romantic poet Li Bai and the great realistic poet Du Fu are the most outstanding representatives of this period. Their poems are the highest in this generation. In their works, no matter the five laws and seven laws, the poems and ancient songs with five unique skills and seven unique skills have achieved high artistic achievements, as Han Yu said, "Du Li's articles are endless." For example, Li Bai's "Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream" and "Into the Wine"; Du Fu's Three Officials and Three Farewells and so on. Poetry flourished in the Tang Dynasty because the so-called "Kaiyuan Shengshi" appeared in the early 8th century, and the economic and cultural development reached its peak. There are also a large number of outstanding poets in the field of poetry creation, who have written extremely rich poems. Among them, pastoral landscape poems and poems describing frontier wars accounted for a considerable proportion, and Li Bai and Du Fu also appeared at this time.

(3) Mid-Tang Dynasty

In the mid-Tang Dynasty, poets made their own achievements. But the most outstanding achievement is Bai Juyi, who put forward the progressive theory that "articles should be written in time, songs and poems should be written for things" and personally participated in and led the "New Yuefu Movement". Bai Juyi's poems are clear and easy to understand, and are deeply loved by the masses. His representative works include Song of Eternal Sorrow and Pipa Travel. Poetry in the middle and late Tang Dynasty appeared in the middle and late Tang Dynasty. The heyday of the dynasty has passed, but poetry creation has not declined. Outstanding poets with different styles have emerged, such as Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Zhang Ji, Li He, Bai Juyi, Yuan Zhen, Liu Yuxi, Du Mu, Li Shangyin, Wen and Du Xunhe. Their poems reflect the crisis and folk sufferings in the decline of the Tang Dynasty empire from different angles, and their artistic achievements are very high, which have a great influence on future generations.

(4) Late Tang Dynasty

Famous poets in the late Tang Dynasty were Wen, Li Shangyin and Du Mu.

In these four periods, the prosperous Tang Dynasty is the peak of the prosperity of Tang poetry, and great poets such as Li Bai and Du Fu have experienced this period all their lives. Now talking about this topic, the focus is also on the development of "poetry" itself. This point compares the historical process of Tang society; Development, ups and downs, and decline are basically the same.

Tang poetry school

1. Shanshui Garden School

Representative figures are Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Lu Lun and Yi Lee.

Features: many themes, green mountains and white clouds, secluded people and hermits; Quiet and elegant style, full of feminine beauty; There are five words in the table, five unique, five dharma and five ancient.

Masterpieces: Wang Wei: Autumn in a Mountain Residence, Sending Two Ambassadors to Anxi, Missing Shandong Brothers in a Mountain Residence Holiday, and Meng Haoran: Passing by the Old People's Village.

2. Frontier Poetry School

Representatives Gao Shi, Cen Can, Lu Lun and Li Yi.

Features: Describe the war and battlefield, show the heroic spirit of defending the country, or describe the magnificent frontier scenery and strange customs, or describe the cruelty of war, the darkness of the army and the hardships of garrison, and express the yearning and feelings for national harmony.

Masterpiece: Gao Shi: Don't Move Big, Snow White Farewell Tian Shuji Wu Home.

3. Romantic school

On behalf of Li Bai

Features: mainly expressing personal feelings, praising the desire and pursuit of personal value in free life. Poetry is free, unrestrained, clear, fluent, imaginative and magnificent. Language advocates nature and opposes carving.

Masterpieces: Li Bai: Drinking the Bright Moon Alone, Climbing Mount Tianmu in a Dream, and Difficult Road to Shu.

4. Realism

On behalf of Du Fu

Features: the artistic style of poetry is gloomy and frustrated, which is mostly manifested in the thoughts of worrying about the country and the people and caring for others. Du Fu's realistic style was inherited from the Middle Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty.

Masterpieces: Three Officials, Three Farewells, Military Vehicle Shop.

Reasons for the Prosperity of Poetry in Tang Dynasty

One; In the development of Tang society, many restrictive factors were solved, and great progress was made in some political and economic changes. More importantly, the situation of "elite separatist politics" has basically ended, which has greatly liberated the thoughts of ordinary people in their life practice, thus broadening their horizons for poetry creation, one of the forms of cultural life, and gaining the "living water source" of poetry art.

Second; Due to the general improvement of economy, it provides material conditions and a wide source for the prosperity of literature. Third; The accumulation of previous generation literature; It was well inherited, so it laid a solid foundation for Tang poetry. Based on the cultural heritage of predecessors, it is possible for poets in the Tang Dynasty to be eclectic, learn from others, bring forth the old and bring forth the new, and push China's poetry culture to a new peak.

Fourth; The imperial examination system was implemented in the Tang dynasty, and the contents of the examination included poetry (poetry is general) and fu (rhyme). The emperor also loved poetry, (this is very important! ) will inevitably lead to pay attention to the' social atmosphere' of poetry, thus improving the social status of literati.

Five; It is very important that the politics of the Tang Dynasty was more enlightened, especially in religion and culture, advocating Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. Allowing foreign religions to spread in China is a favorable factor for people to broaden their horizons, activate their thinking and promote the formation of various styles and schools of literature and art. At the same time, the national strength of the Tang Dynasty was strong and the rulers were full of confidence in themselves, so there was basically no "literary inquisition", so the literati were more courageous; As a result, literati and poetry have a wide range of genres, reflecting rapid and sharp social problems. (Not a celebration)

Six; What did the Tang Dynasty do to neighboring countries and border nationalities? Economic and cultural exchange policy; Music, dance, painting, architecture and other new things, such as accepting the western regions and foreign influences (India, Central Asian countries), also give the poet a spacious and good artistic influence.

Song ci

Ci is a kind of poetry. Because it is the lyrics of music and harmony, it is also called tune, Yuefu, music movement, long and short sentences, poetry, piano music and so on. It began in the Tang Dynasty, took shape in the Five Dynasties and flourished in the Song Dynasty. Song Ci is a brilliant diamond in the crown of China ancient literature. In the ancient literature of Yuen Long, it is a fragrant and gorgeous garden. With its colorful and varied charm, she is on a par with Tang poetry and Yuanqu, and has always been said to be the best companion of Tang poetry, representing the prosperity of a generation of literature. Later, there was a book with the same name, Song Ci.

Song ci is another literary school after Tang poetry, which is basically divided into two categories: graceful school and wild school. 1, graceful school

Representatives: Liu Yong, Yan Shu, Zhou Bangyan, Li Qingzhao and Jiang Kui.

Masterpieces: Liu Yong, Yu Linling, Liang Zhu, and Dangerous Building.

Yan Shu: Huanxisha (a new word, a glass of wine), Huanxisha (forever limited age)

Zhou Bangyan: Warrior Lan Ling (Liu), Liang Zhu (The moon is bright and the birds are restless).

Li Qingzhao: like a dream (always remembering the sunset in Xiting), drunk with flowers and shadows (the fog is thick and the clouds are sad forever)

Jiang Kui: Yangzhou Slow (Huaizuo Du Ming)

Graceful school is characterized by its content focusing on children's customs. The structure is profound and meticulous, paying attention to the harmony of melody, and the language is round, fresh and beautiful, with a kind of femininity. Narrow content. For a long time, characters tend to be gentle and graceful, so people have formed the concept that grace is authentic. Li Houzhu, Liu Yong, Zhou Bangyan and other poets' The Truth of Ci represents this view. Graceful words once dominated the ci world for a long time, until a large number of poets such as Jiang Kui, Wu Wenying and Zhang Yan in the Southern Song Dynasty were influenced by graceful words in different ways.

2. A bold school

Representative figures: Su Shi, Xin Qiji, Zhang, etc.

Masterpiece: Su Shi: Nian Nujiao. Red Cliff Nostalgia (River of No Return), Jiangchengzi Mizhou Hunting.

Xin Qiji: Get out of the queue and send it to Chen Tongfu, a Zhuang word, and reminisce with Gu Beiting in Yonghe Lejingkou.

Zhang: He Xinlang (dreaming of Shenzhou Road)

Zhang Xiaoxiang: Head of the Six Kingdoms in Song Dynasty (Wang Longhuai)

Yue Fei: Man Jianghong (angry)

The characteristics of the bold school are, in general, broad creative vision, majestic atmosphere, love to write words with poetic techniques, syntax and typology, wide use of words, many uses, and unconventional temperament. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Huang Tingjian, Chao, He Zhu and others all had works of this style. After Du Nan, due to the great changes of the times, tragic and generous high notes came into being, which became a common practice, and Xin Qiji became a giant and leader of a generation who created bold and unconstrained ci. The school of bold and unconstrained ci is not only unique, but also has a great influence on the ci circle in Song Dynasty. From the Song and Jin Dynasties to the Qing Dynasty, there were always poets who held high the bold banner and made great efforts to study Su and Xin.

It not only absorbed nutrients from the Book of Songs, Songs of the South and the poems of the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, but also provided nutrients for the later dramas and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. To this day, she is still edifying people's sentiments and bringing people high artistic enjoyment.

In the early days, Ci was very popular in shops and restaurants, and it was a popular art form. Flower picking in the Five Dynasties clearly showed the beautiful and gorgeous literary talent of Ci, but the theme of Ci in this period was limited to describing women's feelings, singing and drinking, etc., which can be said to be very stingy. Although artistic achievements have reached a considerable level, the level of ideological connotation is not enough. Ci in the early Song Dynasty also followed this style from the beginning, pursuing gorgeous rhetoric and delicate emotional description. For example, Liu Yong, who once offended Emperor Renzong by writing "Enduring a superficial singing", was unhappy and spent his whole life wandering between karaoke bars and brothels, writing lyrics for geisha. The so-called "where there is well water to drink, you can sing Liu Ci." Ci was regarded as a vulgar folk art at that time, so that Yan Shu in Song Dynasty refused to admit that he wrote it himself after he became prime minister. There were many prostitutes in Song Dynasty, whose level was rare in other dynasties. Together with the gifted scholars in the Song Dynasty, they promoted the widespread spread of Ci, a new art form, among the people.

However, with the more and more important position of Ci in Song Dynasty literature, the connotation of Ci is constantly enriched and improved. "People are not sleepy, and the general has white hair and tears." Established the position of frontier fortress ci in song ci, which made people who only heard songs, banquets, palaces, street customs and lovesickness refreshing. By the time Su Shi's ci was first bold and unconstrained, Song ci was not only a plaything for literati to entertain and express their children's feelings, but also entrusted the literati's feelings and thoughts on the times, life and even social politics at that time. Song ci completely jumped out of the pattern of singing and dancing, and sublimated into a cultural form representing the spirit of the times.

Development history

The development of Song Ci can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, Yan Shu, Yan and Ouyang Xiu inherited the works in Huajian Collection, which is a transitional stage from Tang Dynasty to Song Dynasty. In the second stage, the new development of Liu Yong and Su Shi in form and content, as well as the artistic creation of Qin Guan, Zhao Lingzhi and He Zhu, promoted the prosperity of various styles of Song Ci. In the third stage, Zhou Bangyan's artistic creation embodies the deepening and maturity of Song Ci. These three stages are not completely separated in time, but intertwined; As far as its development and evolution are concerned, inheritance and innovation are not separated from each other.

Yuan zaju

The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of Yuanqu. Generally speaking, Yuan Zaju and Sanqu are collectively called Yuan Qu, which is the main body of Yuan literature. However, the achievements and influence of Yuan Zaju far exceeded that of Sanqu, so some people called Yuan Zaju "Yuan Qu" or "Yuan Qu".

Yuanqu is a wonderful flower in the splendid cultural treasure house of the Chinese nation, which embodies its unique characteristics in ideological content and artistic achievements and has become three important milestones in the history of China literature.

Although there is a fixed framework, it is not rigid. Interlaced characters are allowed in the fixed frame, and sentences can be added to some qupai. In terms of rhyme, it is allowed to be flat and even, which is more flexible than quatrains and Song poems in metrical poems. Therefore, readers can find that two songs with the same "Qupai" sometimes have different words, which is the reason (the one with the least words in the same Qupai is the standard frame).

The position of Yuanqu

Yuanqu is another literary prosperity after Tang poetry and Song poetry, and it has its unique charm: on the one hand, Yuanqu inherits the beauty and gracefulness of poetry; On the one hand, in the Yuan Dynasty, the soldiers and soldiers were placed in the position of "eight prostitutes, nine men and ten beggars", and the political monopoly and social darkness made Song Yuan radiate extremely dazzling fighting brilliance and reveal rebellious feelings; Sharp-edged pointed at the drawbacks of society, denounced the society that "not reading is the highest, illiteracy is the best, and people who are not sensible are bragging", and pointed at the world trend that "everyone is embarrassed to live, and no one can see the money". The works describing love in Yuan Qu are also more inflammatory and bold than the poems of past dynasties. All these are enough to keep the artistic charm of Yuanqu forever.

The rise of Yuanqu has a far-reaching influence and outstanding contribution to the development of China's national poetry and cultural prosperity. As soon as Yuanqu appeared, just like other artistic flowers, it immediately showed great vitality. It is not only a convenient tool for literati to express their feelings, but also provides a brand-new art form to reflect the social life of the Yuan Dynasty.

The rise of Yuanqu

There are complicated reasons for the rise and development of Yuanqu. First of all, the social reality of the first generation is the foundation of the rise of Yuanqu. The vast territory, prosperous urban economy, grand theater, active book club and all-weather audience laid the foundation for the rise of Yuanqu. Secondly, the exchange and integration of the cultures of all ethnic groups in the Yuan Dynasty promoted the formation of Yuan Qu. Thirdly, Yuanqu is the inherent law of poetry itself and the inevitable result of the inheritance and development of literary tradition.

The development of Yuanqu

The development of Yuanqu can be divided into three periods.

Early stage: from the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty to the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty. During this period, Yuanqu has just entered the poetry world from folk slang, with distinctive characteristics of popularization and colloquialism, bold and straightforward, simple and natural. Most of the authors are northerners, among whom Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Wang Shifu, Wang Xiaojun, Bai Pu and others have the highest achievements. For example, Guan Hanqing's zaju vividly depicts the world, with wonderful songs, changeable styles, vivid and profound poems, crystal-clear beauty and gorgeous and bitter sets. Ma Zhiyuan's creation has a wide range of themes, lofty artistic conception, vivid images, beautiful language and harmonious phonology. He is known as the first master of Yuan Sanqu, "the first person of Qu Yuan" and "the father of Qiu Si".

Mid-term: from Yuan Shizu to the first year to Yuan Shundi, and then to the first year. During this period, the creation of Yuanqu began to make a comprehensive transition to knowledge and specialization, and Sanqu became the main genre of poetry. Important writers include Zheng Guangzu, Sui, George and.

The last period: from Yuan Chengzong to mindfulness, to the end of Yuan Dynasty. At this time, Sanqu writers were specialized in composing music. They pay attention to metrical words, deliberately seek work in art, and advocate gracefulness, exquisiteness, elegance and beauty. Representative writers are Zhang, Xu Zaisi and so on.

In a word, Yuanqu, as a "literature of one generation", has rich and diverse themes, broad creative vision, vivid life, full and touching characters, and easy-to-understand language, which is an indispensable and valuable heritage in China's ancient cultural treasure house.

All four Yuan Dynasties

Guan Hanqing (about 1220- 1300) was a zaju writer in Yuan Dynasty. He is a representative of China's ancient opera creation. No. has been lent (one-to-one) and has been lent. Guan Hanqing, together with Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, is called the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera", ranking first among the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera". The masterpiece Dou Eyuan.

Ma Zhiyuan, Han nationality, is mostly from (present-day Beijing). According to textual research, Ma Zhiyuan is from Macitang Village, Dongguang County, Hebei Province. Both Dongguang County annals and Dongguang Ma's genealogy are recorded. In his later years, Ma Zhiyuan used the word "a thousand miles" and the name "Dongli" to show his ambition. Together with Guan Hanqing, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu, he was also known as the "Four Masters of Yuan Opera" and was a famous dramatist and essayist in Yuan Dynasty. The masterpiece "Autumn in the Han Palace".

Zheng Guangzu, born in an unknown year, was born in Xiangling, Pingyang (now Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province), Han nationality. He was a famous zaju writer and Sanqu writer in the Yuan Dynasty, and his zaju was "famous for a while and resounded in the boudoir". As well as Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu, later generations are collectively called "the four masters of Yuanqu". There are 18 kinds of zaju that can be tested, including Duke Regent of Zhou, RoyceWong ascending the building, Hanlin romantic, lost female soul, unbreakable serial, Yi Yin helping soup, Laojuntang, and Lu Bu in World War III. Among them, Ghost Story is the most famous, while the last three are questioned as not Zheng Guangzu's works. In addition to zaju, Zheng Guangzu also wrote Sanqu, including six poems and two sets of manuscripts. Masterpiece Ghost Story.

Typha Typha (1226-? ) Formerly known as Heng, the word Renfu, and later renamed Park, Zi and Hao. Han nationality, originally from qi zhou (now near Hequ, Shanxi Province), moved to Calm (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province) in his later years and lived in Jinling (now Nanjing). He was a famous writer, dramatist and one of the four great composers in Yuan Dynasty. Masterpiece "Up the Wall at once".

Four tragedies and four comedies in Yuanqu.

Four tragedies of Yuan Qu;

Dou Eyuan Guan Hanqing

Bai Pu's Wu Tongyu

Autumn in the Han Palace by Ma Zhiyuan.

Zhao orphan Ji

Four love dramas in Yuan Dynasty:

Guan Hanqing, moon worship pavilion

Wang Shifu in The West Chamber

"Wall immediately" Bai Pu

Ghost Story by Zheng Guangzu