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Bionic design, also known as design bionics, is a new frontier discipline developed on the basis of bionics and design science, which mainly involves mathematics, biology, electronics, physics, cybernetics, information theory, ergonomics, psychology, materials science, mechanics, dynamics, engineering, economics, chromatics, aesthetics, communication and ethics.

Bionic design is different from the old application of bionics. It takes the shape, color, sound, function and structure of all things in nature as the research object, and selectively applies these characteristic principles in the design process. At the same time, combined with the research results of bionics, it provides new ideas, new principles, new methods and new ways for design. In a sense, bionic design can be said to be the continuation and development of bionics and the embodiment of the research results of bionics in the way of human existence.

Bionic design, as the combination of human social production activities and nature, has achieved a high degree of unity in social and natural and is gradually becoming a new bright spot in the design development process.

Since ancient times, nature has been the source of various scientific and technological principles and major inventions of mankind. There are many kinds of animals, plants and substances in the biological world. In the long process of evolution, in order to survive and develop, they gradually have the ability to adapt to changes in nature. Humans live in nature and are "neighbors" with the surrounding creatures. The peculiar abilities of these creatures attract people to imagine and imitate. Using their own abilities of observation, thinking and design, human beings began to imitate biology, and made simple tools through creative labor, thus enhancing their ability and ability to fight against nature.

The earliest tools used by human beings-wooden sticks and stone axes-are undoubtedly natural wooden sticks and natural stones; The use of bone needles is undoubtedly an imitation of fish bones ... The creation of all these tools and the choice of lifestyle cannot be said to be imaginary by human beings, but can only be said to be a direct simulation of substances and certain forms existing in nature. It is the primary creative stage of human beings, and it can also be said that it is the origin and embryonic form of bionic design. Although they are rough and superficial, they are the foundation of our development today.

In our country, there have long been examples of imitating creatures. According to legend, in more than 3000 BC, our ancestor Youchao imitated birds to build nests in trees to prevent the harm of wild animals. More than 4000 years ago, our ancestors "turned into cars when they saw the flying canopy", that is, they invented wheels when they saw the flying canopy rotating with the wind and made cars with wheels. The architecture of the mountain gate in front of the main hall of an ancient temple looks like an elephant in terms of its architectural structure. The pillar is round and thick, like an elephant's leg.

The industrious and brave working people in ancient China had long had all kinds of wonderful fantasies about the blue sea, the blue sky and the soaring goshawk. According to the historical records of Qin and Han dynasties, more than two thousand years ago, our people invented kites and applied them to military liaison. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lu Ban, a craftsman of the State of Lu, first began to develop flying wooden birds. He was inspired by a kind of toothed grass blade that can cut the skin and invented the saw. According to Du Yang Miscellaneous Magazine, there was a Han nationality He Zhi in the Tang Dynasty, who said, "He is good at carving wood into the shapes of phoenix, crane, crow and magpie. When he drinks and pecks, it is no different from the truth. When he puts it on his abdomen, he can fly in the air, but it can be as high as 30 feet to 120 feet, and then he begins to descend. " During the Western Han Dynasty, some people made wings from bird feathers and flew down from a high platform, trying to imitate the flight of birds. The above cases are enough to show that the working people in ancient China had carefully observed and studied the flapping and flying of birds, which was also one of the earliest bionic design activities. The invention of a rocket weapon "Shenhuo Flying Crow" in Ming Dynasty also reflected people's desire to learn from birds.

The imitation of aquatic animals-fish by the working people in ancient China was also fruitful. The ancients gained the freedom of water transportation by imitating fish living in water, cutting down trees and chiseling boats, making fish-shaped hulls out of wood, and using fish pectoral fins and caudal fins to paddle and paddle. Later, with the improvement of the production level, the dragon boat appeared, which was influenced by many animal shapes. The rocket weapon "Fire Dragon Out of the Water" used in ancient water wars somewhat imitated the meaning of animals. The above examples show that the early bionic design activities of the working people in ancient China created extraordinary achievements for the development of China's splendid ancient civilization.

In the history of foreign civilization, it has also experienced a similar process. In ancient Greek mythology with rich production knowledge, some people made wings out of feathers and wax and escaped from the maze; Thiel invented the saw, which is said to be inspired by the shape of the fish's back bone and the snake's palate bone. /kloc-In the 5th century, German astronomer Miller made iron flies and mechanical eagles and performed an air show.

/kloc-around 0/806, Kelly, a British scientist and one of the founders of aerodynamics, imitated the spindle shape of trout and groundhog and found a streamlined structure with low resistance. Kelly also designed a wing curve that imitated the wings of birds, which greatly promoted the birth of aviation technology. At the same time, French physiologist Maret made a detailed study on the flight of birds. In the book Animal Machines, he introduced the relationship between the weight of birds and the area of their wings. Helmholtz, a German, also found that the weight of flying animals is directly proportional to the cubic of body linearity when studying flying animals. Helmholtz's research pointed out the limitations of the size of flying objects. Through the detailed study and careful imitation of bird flying organs, according to the principle of bird flying mechanism, people finally made a glider capable of manned flight.

Later, the designer designed the boom of the excavator according to the posture of the crane. During World War I, people got inspiration from the wild boar who survived the gas war and designed a gas mask by imitating the nose of the wild boar. What is the principle of a submarine that floats and sinks flexibly in the ocean? Although we have no evidence to investigate whether the submarine designer consulted the opinions of the biological community when designing the submarine, it is not difficult to imagine that the designer must know that the swim bladder is an important organ used by fish to change the proportion of their bodies with the water so as to rise and fall in the water. Frogs are amphibians. Sports workers carefully studied the frog's movement posture in the water and summed up a set of labor-saving and fast swimming movements-breaststroke. In addition, the fins made for divers are almost completely made according to the shape of frog hind limbs, which greatly improves the diver's ability to move in the water.

Second, the history of bionic design

Since ancient times, nature has been the source of various scientific and technological principles and major inventions of mankind. There are many kinds of animals, plants and substances in the biological world. In the long process of evolution, in order to survive and develop, they gradually have the ability to adapt to changes in nature. Humans live in nature and are "neighbors" with the surrounding creatures. The peculiar abilities of these creatures attract people to imagine and imitate. Using their own abilities of observation, thinking and design, human beings began to imitate biology, and made simple tools through creative labor, thus enhancing their ability and ability to fight against nature.

The earliest tools used by human beings-wooden sticks and stone axes-are undoubtedly natural wooden sticks and natural stones; The use of bone needles is undoubtedly an imitation of fish bones ... The creation of all these tools and the choice of lifestyle cannot be said to be imaginary by human beings, but can only be said to be a direct simulation of substances and certain forms existing in nature. It is the primary creative stage of human beings, and it can also be said that it is the origin and embryonic form of bionic design. Although they are rough and superficial, they are the foundation of our development today.

In our country, there have long been examples of imitating creatures. According to legend, in more than 3000 BC, our ancestor Youchao imitated birds to build nests in trees to prevent the harm of wild animals. More than 4000 years ago, our ancestors "turned into cars when they saw the flying canopy", that is, they invented wheels when they saw the flying canopy rotating with the wind and made cars with wheels. The architecture of the mountain gate in front of the main hall of an ancient temple looks like an elephant in terms of its architectural structure. The pillar is round and thick, like an elephant's leg.

The industrious and brave working people in ancient China had long had all kinds of wonderful fantasies about the blue sea, the blue sky and the soaring goshawk. According to the historical records of Qin and Han dynasties, more than two thousand years ago, our people invented kites and applied them to military liaison. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Lu Ban, a craftsman of the State of Lu, first began to develop flying wooden birds. He was inspired by a kind of toothed grass blade that can cut the skin and invented the saw. According to Du Yang Miscellaneous Magazine, there was a Han nationality He Zhi in the Tang Dynasty, who said, "He is good at carving wood into the shapes of phoenix, crane, crow and magpie. When he drinks and pecks, it is no different from the truth. When he puts it on his abdomen, he can fly in the air, but it can be as high as 30 feet to 120 feet, and then he begins to descend. " During the Western Han Dynasty, some people made wings from bird feathers and flew down from a high platform, trying to imitate the flight of birds. The above cases are enough to show that the working people in ancient China had carefully observed and studied the flapping and flying of birds, which was also one of the earliest bionic design activities. The invention of a rocket weapon "Shenhuo Flying Crow" in Ming Dynasty also reflected people's desire to learn from birds.

The imitation of aquatic animals-fish by the working people in ancient China was also fruitful. The ancients gained the freedom of water transportation by imitating fish living in water, cutting down trees and chiseling boats, making fish-shaped hulls out of wood, and using fish pectoral fins and caudal fins to paddle and paddle. Later, with the improvement of the production level, the dragon boat appeared, which was influenced by many animal shapes. The rocket weapon "Fire Dragon Out of the Water" used in ancient water wars somewhat imitated the meaning of animals. The above examples show that the early bionic design activities of the working people in ancient China created extraordinary achievements for the development of China's splendid ancient civilization.

In the history of foreign civilization, it has also experienced a similar process. In ancient Greek mythology with rich production knowledge, some people made wings out of feathers and wax and escaped from the maze; Thiel invented the saw, which is said to be inspired by the shape of the fish's back bone and the snake's palate bone. /kloc-In the 5th century, German astronomer Miller made iron flies and mechanical eagles and performed an air show.

/kloc-around 0/806, Kelly, a British scientist and one of the founders of aerodynamics, imitated the spindle shape of trout and groundhog and found a streamlined structure with low resistance. Kelly also designed a wing curve that imitated the wings of birds, which greatly promoted the birth of aviation technology. At the same time, French physiologist Maret made a detailed study on the flight of birds. In the book Animal Machines, he introduced the relationship between the weight of birds and the area of their wings. Helmholtz, a German, also found that the weight of flying animals is directly proportional to the cubic of body linearity when studying flying animals. Helmholtz's research pointed out the limitations of the size of flying objects. Through the detailed study and careful imitation of bird flying organs, according to the principle of bird flying mechanism, people finally made a glider capable of manned flight.

Later, the designer designed the boom of the excavator according to the posture of the crane. During World War I, people got inspiration from the wild boar who survived the gas war and designed a gas mask by imitating the nose of the wild boar. What is the principle of a submarine that floats and sinks flexibly in the ocean? Although we have no evidence to investigate whether the submarine designer consulted the opinions of the biological community when designing the submarine, it is not difficult to imagine that the designer must know that the swim bladder is an important organ used by fish to change the proportion of their bodies with the water so as to rise and fall in the water. Frogs are amphibians. Sports workers carefully studied the frog's movement posture in the water and summed up a set of labor-saving and fast swimming movements-breaststroke. In addition, the fins made for divers are almost completely made according to the shape of frog hind limbs, which greatly improves the diver's ability to move in the water.

Thirdly, the development of bionic design.

In modern times, the development of biology, electronics and dynamics has also promoted the development of bionic design. Take the appearance of airplanes as an example:

After countless failed bird flight imitations, people finally found the reason why birds can fly: the wings of birds are flat and curved, and the airflow above them is faster than that below, resulting in greater pressure below, so the wings generate vertical upward lift, and the faster they fly, the greater the lift.

1852, the Frenchman Gifard invented the balloon spaceship; 1870, German Otto Lilienthal made the first glider. /kloc-At the end of the 9th century, Lilienthal was a fearless and adventurous man. He watched the storks in his hometown of Pomerania fly over his roof with clumsy wings, and he firmly believed that people could fly. 189 1 began to develop a curved-ribbed bat-wing monoplane glider, and he personally conducted a test flight. In the following five years, he made more than 2000 gliding flights and made a comparative study with birds, which provided valuable information. It is proved that the distance of airflow passing through the upper curved surface of the wing is longer than the distance of airflow passing through the lower plane of the wing, so it is also faster, thus ensuring the convergence of airflow at the trailing edge of the wing. Because the upper airflow travels faster and thinner, it produces strong suction, accounting for about two-thirds of the wing lift; The rest of the lift comes from the pressure of airflow under the wing on the wing.

/kloc-at the end of 0/9, the appearance of internal combustion engine gave mankind what it has always dreamed of: wings. Needless to say, this kind of wing is clumsy, primitive and unreliable, but it is this kind of wing that enables humans to fly with birds in the wind.

The Wright brothers invented the real plane. In the process of aircraft design and manufacture, how to make the aircraft turn and how to make it stable has been bothering them. To this end, the Wright brothers also studied the flight of birds. For example, they study how to make a wing fall and keep balance by turning the falling wing; How does the increased pressure on this wing keep the fish stable and balanced? The two men installed wingtip ailerons for their gliders to carry out these experiments, which were controlled by people on the ground with ropes to make them turn or bend. Their second successful experiment was to control the direction of the plane by manipulating a rotatable rudder at the back of the plane, and make the plane turn left or right through the rudder.

Later, with the continuous development of aircraft, it gradually lost its original heavy and ugly appearance and became simpler and more practical. Both the fuselage and the single curved wing show natural lines, just like shells, fish and stones washed by waves. The efficiency of the plane has improved, flying faster and higher than before. Modern science is highly developed, but the environment is destroyed, the ecology is unbalanced and the energy is exhausted. Humans are aware of the high sense of urgency to re-recognize nature and explore a more harmonious lifestyle with nature, and also realize the importance of bionic design to human future development. Especially in the autumn of 1996, the first bionics seminar was held in Ohio, USA, which became the official birth day of bionics.

Since then, bionic technology has made great progress and been widely used. Bionic design has also developed by leaps and bounds, and a large number of bionic design works such as intelligent robots, radars, sonar, artificial organs, automatic controllers and automatic navigators have emerged.

In modern times, scientists have developed electronic frog eyes according to the special structure of frog eyes, which are used to monitor the take-off and landing of aircraft and track satellites. According to the aerodynamic principle, the high-speed train is designed by imitating the shape of duck head; An electronic fish trap that imitates the sound that some fish like to trap fish; By studying the luminous principle of fireflies and sea flies, a new method of converting chemical energy into light energy was obtained, and chemical fluorescent lamps were developed.

At present, bionic design imitates the geometric size and shape of organisms, and also studies various excellent characteristics of biological systems, such as structure, function, energy conversion and information transmission, and applies them to technical systems to improve existing engineering equipment and create new technologies, automation devices and special technical components. At the same time, bionic design provides principles, design ideas or blueprints for creating new scientific and technological equipment, building structures and new technologies, and also provides a new direction for the development of modern design, serving as a "link" between human beings and social and natural.

The exploration of the human brain can predict that the future electronic computer may have the function of biological principle. In contrast, today's electronic computers can only be used as abacus.

The study of plant photosynthesis will provide a new way of medical development for prolonging human life and treating diseases.

The study on the structure and morphology of organisms may change the appearance of buildings and products in the future. Make people return to "nature" from the artificial physical environment of "city".

Albatross is a kind of seabird, and it has an organ that desalinates seawater-a "desalter". The research on the structure and working principle of its "desalter" can inspire people to improve old or create new seawater desalination devices.

Termites can turn eaten wood into fat and protein. The study of its mechanism will enlighten the artificial synthesis of these substances.

At the same time, bionic design can also have a great impact on human life and health. For example, people can design and manufacture artificial organs such as blood vessels, kidneys, periosteum, joints, esophagus, trachea, urethra, heart, liver, blood, uterus, lung, pancreas, eyes, ears and artificial cells through bionic technology. Experts predict that all human organs except the brain can be replaced by artificial organs in the middle and late part of this century. For example, liquid hydrocarbon artificial blood can simulate the function of blood, produce and transfer nutrients and wastes, and automatically combine and separate with oxygen and carbon dioxide; In order to simulate renal function, a blood filter, artificial kidney, is made of porous fiber antireflection film. Simulating the liver, adsorbing and filtering toxic substances according to activated carbon or ion exchange resin to detoxify the artificial liver; The automatic circulator of artificial heart consists of blood and one-way conduction drive device, which simulates heart function.

With the development and understanding of the universe, people will not only know the new life forms in the universe, but also provide them with brand-new designs and create unprecedented new devices on earth. ...

Characteristics and research contents of bionic design

Bionic design is an interdisciplinary subject combining bionics with design. Its research scope is very wide, and its research content is rich and colorful. Especially because bionics and design involve many disciplines of natural science and social science, it is difficult to divide the research contents of bionic design. Here, we classify simulated biological systems according to their different applications in design. To sum up, the research contents of bionic design mainly include:

1. Morphological bionic design studies the external forms and symbolic significance of organisms (including animals, plants, microorganisms and humans) and natural substances (such as the sun, the moon, the wind, clouds, mountains, Sichuan, thunder, electricity, etc.). ), and how to apply them to the design through the corresponding artistic processing methods.

2. Functional bionic design mainly studies the functional principles of objects and natural substances, and uses these principles to improve existing or build new technical systems to promote product upgrading or new product development.

3. Visual bionic design studies the recognition of images by visual organs of objects, the analysis and processing of visual signals, and the corresponding visual processes; It is widely used in product design, visual communication design and environmental design.

4. Structural bionic design mainly focuses on the application of internal structural principles of objects and natural substances in design, which is suitable for product design and architectural design. The most studied are the stems and leaves of plants and the structures of animals' bodies, muscles and bones.

From the development of bionic design at home and abroad, morphological bionic design and functional bionic design are the hot spots of current research. This paper will also focus on introducing some situations of morphological bionic and functional bionic design.

As a new interdisciplinary subject, bionic design has some characteristics of design and bionics, but it is different from these two subjects. Specifically, bionic design has the following characteristics:

1, artistic science

Bionic design is a branch and supplement of modern design. Like other design disciplines, bionic design also has its unique characteristics-artistry. In view of the fact that bionic design is based on certain design principles and certain bionic theories and research results, it is very rigorous and scientific.

2. Commerciality

Bionic design serves the design and consumers, and excellent bionic design works can also stimulate consumption, guide consumption and create consumption.

3. Infinite reversibility

Bionic design works based on bionic design theory can find the prototype of design in nature, and various problems encountered in the process of design, production and sales can promote the research and development of bionic design. The research object of bionics is infinite, and so is the research object of bionic design. Similarly, the prototype of bionic design is infinite. As long as we concentrate on studying nature, we will never have a day when Jiang Lang will dry up.

4. The comprehensiveness of subject knowledge

To be familiar with and use bionic design, you must have some basic knowledge of mathematics, biology, electronics, physics, cybernetics, information theory, ergonomics, psychology, materials science, mechanics, dynamics, engineering, economics, chromatics, aesthetics, communication, ethics and other related disciplines.

5. Interdisciplinary nature of disciplines

To study and understand bionic design deeply, we should not only understand the basic knowledge of biology and social science, but also have a clear understanding of the current research results of bionics on the basis of design science. It is a new interdisciplinary subject, which comes from the intersection of several disciplines.

V. Research methods of bionic design

The research method of bionic design is mainly "model analysis";

1, creating biological model and technical model.

Firstly, the research object is selected from nature, and then various solid models or virtual models are established according to this object, and it is studied by various technical means (including materials, processes, computers, etc.). ) make a quantitative mathematical foundation; Through qualitative and quantitative analysis of organisms and models, the morphology and structure of organisms are transformed into abstract functions that can be used in technical fields, and different materials and technical means are considered to create new morphology and structure.

(1) Starting from the function, study the structure and shape of objects-making biological models.

Find the biological principle of the research object, and form a perceptual knowledge of the organism through the perception of the organism. Based on the function, this paper studies the structure and shape of objects, removes irrelevant factors and simplifies them on the basis of perceptual knowledge, and puts forward a biological model. Qualitative analysis of biological prototype and simulation of biological structure principle with model. The purpose is to study the structural principle of the object itself.

(2) From the structural form, realize the abstract function-manufacturing technology model.

According to the analysis of organisms, make a quantitative mathematical basis, and use various technical means (including materials, processes, etc. ) make a technical model that can be tested on the product. Firmly grasp the scale of quantity and abstract the functional principle from the concrete morphological structure. The purpose is to research and develop the technical model itself.

2. Feasibility analysis and research

After establishing the model, we began to analyze and study its feasibility:

① Functional analysis

Find the biological principle of the research object, and form a perceptual knowledge of the organism through the perception of the organism. From the perspective of function, the biological prototype is qualitatively analyzed.

② external morphological analysis

The external morphological analysis of organisms can be abstract or concrete. In this process, the key considerations are ergonomics, implication, materials and processing technology.

③ color analysis

While analyzing the color, we should also analyze the living environment of organisms and study why it is this color. What does this color do in this environment?

④ Internal structure analysis

Study the structure and form of biology, remove irrelevant factors and simplify them on the basis of perceptual knowledge, and find out what is worth learning and applying in design through analysis.

⑤ Analysis of motion law

Using the existing high-tech means, study the law of biological motion, find out its motion principle and solve the problems in design engineering.

Of course, we can also carry out various feasibility analysis on other aspects of biology.

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-Author: Cultural Reform

-Date of issue: 7: 4 September 20041:15

-Bionic washing sets off a new revolution in washing machines

Bionics is synonymous with high technology, which refers to the use of cutting-edge science and technology to imitate various sensory and thinking functions of organisms and serve quantity more effectively. All countries are sparing no effort to increase the research of bionics. It can be said that the research level of bionics is one of the important symbols of a country's comprehensive national strength. The "bionic scrubbing" automatic washing machine developed by Rongshida Group has been put into the market recently, and the bionic technology has been applied to the washing machine field, which has had a revolutionary impact.