Dare to break through the traditional concept of what?

With the development of the times, the progress of various undertakings, some traditional concepts invariably become the obstacles to human progress, breakthrough traditional concepts need to have great wisdom and courage. People who dare to break through the traditional concepts are often able to achieve unprecedented splendor.

People are paying more and more attention to the important role of human personality quality on creativity. The president of Stanford University, Prof. Gerhard Buspar, believes that the future of higher education should be a research-intensive university, and students must be carefully cultivated to have a critical spirit of inquiring into the root of the matter. Some creativity researchers have identified personality qualities as an important aspect of creativity research. They believe that if creativity is viewed as a one-dimensional intellectual (cognitive) structure, ignoring the totality of creativity and the influencing factors, especially the role of personality traits, it is difficult to grasp the structure of creativity comprehensively and systematically, and it is also difficult to develop, cultivate and enhance our creativity.

Human beings themselves cannot fly, but if human beings never dare to imagine that they can fly in the air, then airplanes cannot be built. The density of steel is much greater than water, in the water is bound to sink, but if human beings do not dare to seek differences, do not dare to envision the steel floating in the water, I am afraid that to this day we can only row a few wooden boats on the water to navigate the sea, can not be in the rough sea to cut through the waves. 400 years ago, Copernicus put forward heliocentricity, he did not observe the Earth around the sun. He just thought that geocentricity was too complicated, with more than 80 orbs circling around the Earth all day long. He then hypothesized that by simplifying all those complicated orbs, the earth was rotating on its own and circling the sun, completely contradicting the geocentric theory of the time. Copernicus's quest for this difference begged the beginning of modern science. Dare to break with tradition. This is the "secret" of the success of many great men and women of history.

In the middle of the 19th century, with the accumulation of knowledge of electricity and the development of vacuum technology, the study of vacuum discharge and the nature of electricity aroused more and more people's interest. People were surprised to find that when a vacuum tube with a high vacuum (up to one ten-thousandth of an atmosphere) was discharged, a beautiful glow was produced at the cathode. The German physicist Goldstein thought that this glow was a ray emitted from the cathode, named it "cathode ray", and thought that this ray was similar to ultraviolet rays.

The cathode rays were the subject of a heated debate in physics at the time. The debate centered on whether cathode rays were waves, like ultraviolet rays, or electrically charged particles. Most German physicists favored Goldstein's view, and the famous scholar Hertz supported them.

Hertz became famous for his spark experiment in 1888, which confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves, and "conclusions come from experiments" was his credo. In order to verify whether cathode rays are electrically charged. He deliberately used 1000 batteries in series to produce 2000 volts of high voltage to get continuous emission of cathode rays, and make the rays through the 240-volt flat capacitor, such as cathode rays are charged particles, it will be in the flat capacitor of the electric field of the deflection, and the results of the experiment is negative.

British and French physicists tended to think of cathode rays as streams of particles. Roux in England once placed a small wind turbine with mica winglets in the center of a vacuum tube, and when the upper wing was irradiated with cathode rays, the wind turbine spun. He used this fact to confirm that cathode rays are negatively charged "molecular flow". The French physicist Perrin experimentally measured the charge of cathode rays. He made the rays through a small hole into the space inside the anode, hitting the collection of charge on the cylinder, the electrostatic meter shows a negative charge; when the cathode ray tube placed between the magnetic poles, the rays are deflected, can not enter the hole, the collector on the disappearance of the electrical properties, which confirms the charge is the cathode rays carry.

For nearly 20 years, the debate over whether cathode rays were particles or rays continued. The debate was eventually settled by the British physicist Thomson. Thomson had been conducting research on the discharge phenomenon since the 1880s. The debate about the nature of cathode rays naturally attracted his attention, and after careful study he concluded that cathode rays in vacuum tubes were negatively charged streams of microparticles, which had great velocity and traveled in a straight line. in 1894 he became convinced from more sophisticated experiments that cathode rays were by no means electromagnetic radiation.

The final conclusive proof of the particle nature of cathode rays came after Thomson repeated Hertz's experiment. Thomson found that Hertz's failure that year was mainly due to a vacuum that was not high enough to cause ionization of the residual gas, and the electrostatic field could not be established. He said, "When I repeated this experiment, I at first came to the same conclusion as he did, but later found that the reason for the lack of deflection was due to cathode rays making the dilute gas electrically conductive. When I made measurements of the current, I found that the conductivity disappeared very rapidly when the vacuum was increased. Apparently, it is possible to observe cathode rays deflected by electrostatic forces by doing Hertz experiments at very high vacuum."

Thomson fully confirmed from the results of his experiments the conclusion that cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles. The conclusion that cathode rays are streams of negatively charged particles is well established. But are these particles atoms, molecules, or smaller particles? Thomson took this a step further. Through calculations, Thomson found that Crookes' experiment of turning a small wind turbine could not be explained by the action of molecular flow, which was too small a force.

Thomson used two methods to determine the charge-to-mass ratio e/m of cathode ray particles. The first method is a beam of cathode rays through a strong magnetic field to make its deflection after hitting a known heat capacity of the solid, so that its kinetic energy into heat, measured heat can be calculated kinetic energy, substituting mathematical formulas can be obtained e / m value. The second method is to use electric and magnetic fields to make the cathode ray deflection to measure the e / m value. He measured the charge-to-mass ratio e/m on the order of 107 units per gram, which is thousands of times greater than the charge-to-mass ratio of hydrogen ions measured in the well-known electrolytic process. Thomson suggested that this might be due to the small mass of the particles in the cathode rays or to their large charge. Further analysis led Thomson to conclude that cathode rays were composed of particles with much smaller masses than hydrogen ions. He initially called these particles negatively charged "particles".

In 1897, Thomson measured the photoelectric effect of ultraviolet light on a zinc sheet and the thermoelectric process of hot metal with negatively charged particles of e/m value, with the cathode rays in the "particles" of the same value. Thomson was convinced that "these particles have the same mass and the same negative charge, no matter what kind of atom they are derived from. They are an integral part of all atoms." Thomson began naming the particles "electrons".

The discovery of the electron was not recognized by the scientific community for a long time. Even to 1906, awarded Thomson the Nobel Prize in Physics did not explicitly mention his discovery of the merits of the electron, he won the award because of his "theoretical and experimental studies in the conductivity of gases". Many physicists at the time insisted on the idea of continuity of electricity and rejected the new idea of the particle nature of electricity. The idea that atoms had smaller components was incredible and difficult to accept. Some of Thomson's colleagues were unsupportive of his work, and some even disparaged it, saying it was "slowing down" science.

However, the establishment of new scientific ideas is a historical necessity. The American physicist Milligan used the oil droplet experiment before 1917 to derive a numerical value for the electrical charge of electrons after a number of precise measurements. He observed that the amount of electricity carried by each oil droplet was an integer multiple of the electron's charge. His work conclusively proved that electricity is divided into individual units, each of which is equal; this unit charge is not a statistical average, but a true representation of the atomic structure of electricity. The existence of the electron was finally recognized by the scientific community. The electron is the first elementary particle recognized by mankind, its discovery of the atom indivisible traditional concepts broken, revealing that the atom is an internal structure, the exploration of the internal structure of the atom has become one of the most exciting scientific research activities in the twentieth century, Thomson's name and his outstanding contribution to the history of science together with the scientific annals.

Respecting the facts of science and daring to break through the boundaries of traditional concepts is the key to Thomson's major scientific discoveries. With Thomson at the same time to experimentally confirm that cathode rays is a particle flow of many people, even at that time through a unique way to get the same results of cathode ray particle charge ratio is not lacking: Germany's Visscher in 1897 measured the cathode ray particle charge ratio of hydrogen ions is about thousands of times the ratio of the value of the, but he thought that "it is the stuff of imagination, and does not really exist! but his belief that it was "a thing of the imagination and not real" prevented him from doing further research. Earlier, in 1890, Schuster of England had measured the charge-to-mass ratio of cathode ray particles to be about 500 times that of hydrogen ions, but he thought that such particles were the same size as atoms and insisted on the concept of electrical continuity, missing the opportunity to discover the electron. It was Thomson, not others, who finally discovered the electron, not other factors, the fundamental reason is that he had the courage to break with the old traditional concepts of the spirit of innovation. This spirit of scientific innovation is particularly valuable at the juncture of a major turnaround in scientific thinking.

Here is a story of a breakthrough in traditional concepts to solve a problem in ancient China. One day in the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang saw many generals gathering near Luoyang to complain, and when he approached them, he stopped talking, only to see that the generals' faces were tinged with grumbling, and it looked as if they had quite a lot to say about Liu Bang!

Liu Bang found Zhang Liang and asked him what had happened, and Zhang Liang reported truthfully, "The generals are discussing the rebellion!"

This sentence made Liu Bang eat a shock, he just became the emperor of the Han Dynasty, the world has just been stabilized, now there are actually people out of the rebellion, which can not let him anxious. He rushed to ask Zhang Liang about the details, and Zhang Liang analyzed and said, "Your majesty has taken over the world only because of these generals and soldiers who were born and died in the rebellion. Now that His Majesty has defeated Xiang Yu and seized the throne, what the generals are most concerned about is the granting of official positions and the division of land. However, His Majesty has granted land to those who are closest to him and punished those who have grudges against him. Now, while the generals hoped that His Majesty would divide them as soon as possible, they were worried that they would not be rewarded for the limited land, and some were afraid that they would be punished by His Majesty if they had offended Him in the ordinary course of their lives. So they gathered together and plotted to throw a tantrum. If they are not handled appropriately, there will be civil unrest."

"What should be done to clean things up now?" Liu Bang asked busily.

Zhang Liang said unhurriedly, "I have a plan to deal with this situation. Your Majesty, please tell me, who is the person you usually hate the most and is known to the generals?

When the matter came to a head, Liu Bang could only tell the truth: "The person I hate the most is Yong Tooth. This person is brave in battle, has made many achievements, and has prestige among the generals. However, relying on his own merits, he spoke without regard to the etiquette of kings and ministers, and embarrassed me several times in front of the ministers. I really wanted to kill him to relieve my anger. But thinking that it was the time to use him, I endured it."

Zhang Liang clapped his hands and laughed, "That's good, Your Majesty will immediately appoint Yong Te as a marquis, and those who have meritorious achievements in war and are worried that Your Majesty will make things difficult for them will see that Your Majesty has divided the people they hate the most, and they will remove all their worries and will never rebel again."

Liu Bang adopted Zhang Liang's plan, set up a banquet, and in front of the ministers and generals, he made Yong tooth a Marquis of Shifang, and asked the prime minister and the royal historian to speed up the progress of determining the merits and rewards.

The generals, who were ready to cause trouble before this, ate the banquet and said happily, "Now it's good, we don't have to worry about anything, we'll just wait for His Majesty's divided rewards!"

This strategy of Zhang Liang broke through the conventional thinking and traditional concepts of man and quelled the rebellion that was about to take place.