India's four major signboard industries

India's software exports are second only to the United States, accounting for 20% of global software exports. India ranks first in the world in IT outsourcing industry, accounting for 50% of the market. In fact, the total amount of software in China is much larger than that in India. The total amount of software in China is about $500 billion a year, while the software production capacity in India is about $654.38+050 billion. It is worth mentioning that Indian software is mainly used to earn foreign exchange through export, while China's software mainly serves the local economy, which is essentially different.

India's software industry is really strong, including the famous Boeing company, whose flight software for large aircraft is programmed for India. For example, the famous Windows 10 software is made by most Indians, even better than Windows 7 made by Americans.

India is called the Silicon Valley of IT talents. According to previous statistics, more than 18% of Microsoft employees, 16% of IBM employees, 17% of internet talents, more than 10% of doctors and 2 1% of nurses in the United States have all received education in India. Even Pepsi-Cola, Coca-Cola, General Electric and MRT companies in the United States, including the important Pentagon, all adopt Indian software. Among the major computer companies in Silicon Valley, a large number of Indians shoulder the heavy responsibility of R&D. Even Germany, the leader of developed countries, once said that it would introduce software talents from India.

Indian software industry once occupied more than 50% of the world software market, and most Indian software products were exported to the United States and then to Europe. Indian software companies have contracted a large number of aircraft operating software of American Airlines, Swissair, Singapore Airlines and other airlines, as well as the operating software of London Underground. India's design technology is first-class.

According to a previous survey by the World Bank, 80% of American companies regard India as the preferred market for global software sources. Microsoft Bill Gates exclaimed during his previous visit to India: "The software power in the 2 1 century is not the United States or Europe, but India." It can be seen that the status of Indian software industry in the world.

India mainly provides IT outsourcing services, such as service call centers, and another is software outsourcing, which relies on software compiled by Indians and is easy to understand.

Strictly speaking, India's software industry is underdeveloped, but India's "software outsourcing industry" is developed.

The main profit model of India's software industry is outsourcing services-that is, doing software OEM for big it companies in Europe and America. Class is equivalent to the cooperative relationship between Foxconn and Apple. Therefore, the core technology and brand of software are not in India's own hands, similar to the "foreign trade processing" mode before China. Therefore, software outsourcing is a relatively cheap output of mental labor in India.

India's software outsourcing industry rose in the 1990s.

As early as 199 1, the Indian government implemented the "zero tax" preferential policy in the software industry and enjoyed the priority of bank loans. Moreover, the Indian government has also implemented preferential policies for a number of software parks and export processing zones, including Bangalore, which is known as the "Silicon Valley of India", strengthened the protection of intellectual property rights, and created a legal and ecological environment conducive to actively attracting foreign investment and accelerating the development of the software industry.

Overlay English is the advantage of India's official language, which makes the communication between software personnel and multinational companies barrier-free, which is the inherent advantage of India's software industry.

What needs to be corrected is that although English is India's language advantage, it is not the whole of Indian language communication. Because in the general impression of China people, India is an English-speaking country. In fact, according to demographic statistics, the number of English speakers in India only accounts for about 5% of the total population. Of course, in a big country with a population of 65.438+0 billion, the number of English speakers is quite large. After all, the English-speaking population is 50 million, only 6.5438+million less than that of Britain with a population of 66.48 million. It can be seen that although the proportion of English-speaking population in India is only 5%, the population base is very large.

English is the working language of global business communication and Indian politics, and it is also a foreign language. For example, reading newspapers and magazines on the streets of India, turning on the TV and browsing various channels in hotels, you will find that English is only a small part of all media, and it is also the mainstream media channel in Europe and America, while there are not many English channels in India. In the public libraries of big cities in India, Indian managers once said that English books only account for 8% of all books, more than 92% of books are in various Indian languages, and the price of English books is several times that of local books in India.

Besides English as the working language, Hindi is the most widely used language in India, accounting for 66% of the total population. There are also 1 8 languages such as Bengali. There are 65,438+00 different languages in Hindi, among which 7 languages have more than 5% speakers, and these languages are different in pronunciation, grammar and writing.

In India, middle school students often learn English and Hindi besides the local language. If they graduate and work in other provinces, they will also learn the local language. So if an Indian wants to find a job in the whole country, he must know at least 4-5 languages.

Because of the high cost of language communication in India, India has implemented two laws and regulations to reduce the cost of language communication. First, after India's independence, it decided to continue to use English as the legal working language in Parliament, which greatly reduced the translation cost of the government. In the field of global business and technology, India will continue to use English to keep the cost of communication with the world low. On another occasion, in 1976, India decided to use technical means to solve the communication problem of 6-7 different languages, and its language translation software also appeared.

At first, Indian software outsourcing companies undertook small-scale software development and OEM. In 2000, India's software industry began to develop rapidly. I remember that the worry about the Y2K bug once made countries all over the world panic. At the same time, IT has also brought rare development opportunities to Indian IT enterprises in the low-end industrial chain. India has obtained a large number of OEM orders, such as millions of code repairs in the operation of American software companies.

In addition, the competition between Japanese software companies and American companies forced the United States to drastically cut the cost of software OEM and cooperate with Indian IT companies on low-end software solutions. Many IT companies in India also "use their power" to upgrade their software technology and improve their offshore business models and processes to create high-value IT services in acquiring professional software knowledge.

Especially since the 1990s, the long-term depreciation of Indian Rupee has indirectly supported the competitiveness of Indian software enterprises, making India once a "world software factory" and known as the "world office".

In the period of rapid development of software OEM, there are thousands of software companies, such as Infosys, HCL, Wipro and so on. These are giants in the field of software outsourcing in India. The total revenue of software OEM has reached hundreds of billions of dollars, and has occupied about 20% of the world software market. Statistics show that there are hundreds of software companies with more than 1000 employees in India, and the top five software outsourcing companies all have more than 5000 employees.

There are several ways for India to acquire software technical talents: First, it relies on absorbing talents from Indian universities and colleges. More than 400 universities in India offer computer majors, which can train more than 65438+100000 software graduates every year. The Indian government provides part of the teaching funds for more than 250 colleges and universities.

India's higher education is world-famous. In fact, the faculty, teaching materials and teaching management of Indian universities are almost the same as those of many famous universities in western developed countries. In particular, famous universities such as Bangalore University and Weller University of Science and Technology have almost the same level of teachers, teaching materials and teaching management as world famous universities. India is fully in line with the world in terms of teaching staff, school scale and subject setting, and its talent output is also world-class. Indian graduates are hot in the global talent market.

A long time ago, India's Minister of Information Technology said in the United States that India could export 200,000 IT talents to all countries in the world every year. In fact, India has become a veritable "information technology industry and talent country" in the world. At that time, no matter the United States, Britain, Germany and so on, these developed countries were very eager to acquire Indian information technology talents.

Secondly, relying on private or private institutions to cultivate talents. There are about 700 such institutions in India that can train tens of thousands of students every year. Thirdly, it is a training institution set up by software companies themselves. The Indian government has also set up computer training courses in 250 institutions across the country, and launched the "Computer Literacy and Learning Program for Middle Schools" in about 3,000 middle schools. Therefore, multi-channel software training in India provides a steady stream of "software blue-collar" talents for software companies.

Although India's software outsourcing industry has dominated the world for more than 20 years, it has become a thing of the past. Due to the arrival of the mobile Internet era, the iteration of technology update is fast, especially in the rapid development of big data analysis and application, digital transformation, automation and artificial intelligence, India's outsourcing industry and model began to encounter a technical cold wave, the output value fell sharply, and a large number of employees were unemployed.

Since most of India's well-known software is outsourced, the Indian software industry basically earns money from foreigners. India's software OEM mode is to compile software according to the needs of foreign companies, but its own hardware conditions are very poor. Therefore, the internal environment of sustainable development is lacking, and the stamina of software development is insufficient, especially the software outsourcing technology is quite low. Coupled with the continuous control of labor costs by foreign companies, profits are getting lower and lower.

India's Economic Times reported that as early as 20 17, India's IT industry laid off as many as 56,000 people, and the recruitment of IT companies on Indian campuses also decreased by 50%-70%. The report said that layoffs are only the beginning. Studies show that hundreds of thousands of jobs in India may disappear in the next few years. In Bangalore, India, psychologists have a "thriving business" because many people come to consult, most of whom are often dismissed software engineers.

Indian IT companies can't enter the high-end field of software because they rarely invest a lot of money in technology development and product research and development. From beginning to end, India's software outsourcing industry has not stepped out of the circular pattern of low-end industrial chain, and India's software outsourcing maintains a very simple "labor arbitrage" model.

Therefore, Indian IT companies have been continuing this low-cost OEM model, with a very large entry-level labor force, but lacking senior software managers and high-end software developers, which makes Indian IT companies face new models such as big data analysis, artificial intelligence and data traffic, and lack core competitiveness in the development of high-end software industry chain.

Why doesn't India upgrade its software industry? Because India is a populous country with a population of about 65.438+0.34 billion, coupled with the limitations of its education system and insufficient supply of high-end talents, it is impossible for India's software industry based on outsourcing mode to achieve industrial upgrading.

Education in India pays more attention to higher education than basic education. Higher education can "catch up" with us, but basic education stays at "African level". For example, in the 20 13-20 14 school year, the dropout rate of primary schools in India was as high as 2 1%, and it was as high as 39% from primary school to junior high school.

According to The Economist, according to a survey by a non-governmental organization, about half of the fifth-grade students in India can't read the text provided for the second-grade students, and only a quarter of the fifth-grade students can master division.

India's literacy rate is also far below the world average. On the premise of high dropout rate of basic education, the scale of higher education has expanded rapidly. The gross enrollment rate of higher education in 20 15 years has reached 26.88%.

Although India also has top universities like Indian Institute of Technology (the admission rate is less than 3%), it has already become the back garden for exporting talents to Silicon Valley in the United States.

Almost all talented students who graduated from IIT in India immigrated to the United States and became Indian-born Silicon Valley executives. For example, the CEOs of Google and Microsoft are often Indian-Americans.

Brain drain in India has always been one of the biggest problems facing India's IT industry. At least two-thirds of graduates leave India every year. India is the country with the largest number of software talents in the world, and more than half of these talents have gone to the United States. India's low wage level and poor working environment have led Indian high-tech talents to flow to developed countries in Europe and America to seek better development opportunities, which has also led to the failure of domestic software industry to upgrade its industry.

Therefore, in order to truly lead the software industry, we must attract high-tech talents at the core of the software, or cultivate software companies such as Microsoft and Google to build a high-end industrial chain and technical control capability of the software industry.

The advantage of India is that the software industry is relatively United, especially in the United States. Indians and Indians are very United and often like to fight in groups, which is one of its great advantages.

India's top flexible packaging company

1. Indian software outsourcing company: Tata Group (TCS)

TCS has more than 100 branches in the world, providing software services to 55 countries. TCS has more than 20,000 employees and nearly 1 1,000 customers, providing IT and business consulting services. In addition to India, the company has several delivery centers in the United States, Britain, Hungary, Brazil, Uruguay and China.

2. Indian software outsourcing company: Infosys

Infosys is the first company listed in the United States in Indian history. Headquartered in Bangalore, India's information technology center, it has more than 65,438+000,000 employees in 27 countries around the world and has offices or branches in 56 major cities. The market value of Infosys once reached $62.9 billion.

3. Indian software outsourcing company: wipro Company.

Wipro Limited is India's leading provider of complete service solutions and a leading and valuable information technology outsourcing and business process outsourcing enterprise. In Asia-Pacific and Middle East markets, Wipro provides IT solutions and services for international companies.

4. Indian software outsourcing company: Satyam Software Technology Co., Ltd..

Satyam is located in India. Satyam development centers in the United States, Britain, United Arab Emirates, Canada, Hungary, Malaysia, Singapore, China, Japan and Australia provide services to the whole world, of which 65,438+052 are Fortune Global 500 companies and Fortune American 500 companies.

5. Indian software outsourcing companies: Tech Mahindra, Mahinda Information Technology Co., Ltd..

Tech Mahindra is one of the top 5 IT companies in India, with nearly 65,438+022,000 employees in 90 countries around the world, and annual sales of up to $4.6 billion.

Second, India's biotechnology industry.

India lies in the tropics. On some medicinal plants, India's natural conditions can get a better harvest. In ancient times, Indian perfume industry was stronger than China.

India is known as "the pharmacy of the world" and "the pharmacy of the poor all over the world". India once exported drugs to more than 200 countries around the world, and Indian drugs once occupied about 20% of the global market share. According to statistics, there are nearly 3,000 generic drug companies in India. In 2065, among the seven generic drug companies in the world, India accounted for 2, 438+07. Therefore, India's generic drugs can not only meet the basic needs of the country's poor, but also be exported in large quantities every year, becoming an important pillar industry in India.

About one-fifth of the world's generic drugs come from India, mainly for several reasons: First, India's pharmaceutical industry is relatively developed, and pharmaceutical companies have strong research and development capabilities; Secondly, the relevant policies are relatively loose, even at the expense of issuing compulsory licenses, giving a green light to domestic generic drugs. In fact, without generic drugs, most poor people in India simply cannot afford high medical expenses.

In particular, some imported anticancer drugs are very expensive, such as Gleevec produced by Novartis in Switzerland. If converted into RMB, the monthly medicine fee alone will be more than 20 thousand RMB, which ordinary people simply can't afford.

Gleevec has been patented in many countries in the world, but the Indian government has not granted Gleevec a patent. The reasons are as follows: First, in order to adapt to WTO rules, India revised the patent law, which came into effect as early as 2005. Indian patent law stipulates that in the field of drugs, only new drugs or drugs with improved efficacy invented after 1995 can be protected, and derivative drug patents are not supported. In this way, Gleevec is regarded as a derivative drug in India, so it is not protected by patents, and domestic pharmaceutical companies in India can copy it. So the price of Gleevec made in India is very cheap. Second, in order to allow domestic pharmaceutical companies to copy some drugs, the Indian government has also implemented a "compulsory license" for some drugs, thus canceling the patent restrictions on the production of generic drugs by some domestic pharmaceutical companies.

In fact, in the 1970s, Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi personally presided over the revision of the Patent Law in order to achieve the two basic goals of making it affordable for ordinary people and promoting the development of the domestic pharmaceutical industry.

Since then, India has only granted technical patents to people's necessities such as food and medicine, but not product patents. What does this mean? It means that India gives up the intellectual property protection of pharmaceutical compounds. The loose system allows domestic enterprises to obtain a large number of generic drug production licenses, thus providing space for the rapid expansion of generic drugs in India.

India is rich in ecological species, including forests, wetlands, coasts, grasslands, oceans, deserts and other diverse ecosystems, which provides superior living conditions for India's biological resources, making India one of the countries with the richest biodiversity and genetic resources in the world, accounting for about 8% of the total area of biodiversity areas in the world.

From the recorded wild species, India has 6.5%-7% wild species in the world; Among the recorded species, there are 45,000 plants and 8 1000 animals. As far as cultivated varieties are concerned, India is one of the eight centers of crop origin in the world. At least 166 crops and 320 crop related species originated in India, so Indian crop gene resources are also very rich. In terms of domesticating animals, India still has rich and diverse genetic resources, ranking among the best in the world.

Many medical schools and polytechnics in India offer biotechnology courses. It is worth mentioning that Indian Institute of Technology Delhi has listed biotechnology as a key development discipline. India once graduated 6500 masters of biotechnology and 1500 doctors every year. The emergence of a large number of biotechnology talents has promoted India's leading position in biotechnology research and development and the rapid development of biotechnology industry.

India's biotechnology industry has obvious advantages in resources, talents, facilities and policies. Since 1980s, India has established more than 65,438+0,000 biotechnology research and development institutions in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. It has also established more than 65,438+00 stem cell culture laboratories that meet international standards, making it one of the top ten most advanced germ collection and research centers in the world.

India is the first country in the world with a biotechnology information system network, and it is in a leading position in the field of biotechnology.

Third, India's space technology

The research, development and application technology of Indian satellites has reached or approached the international advanced level, especially the breakthrough of launch vehicle technology. For example, as early as 2009, there were four domestic launch vehicles in India: 1) "Satellite Launch Vehicle No.3 (SLV-3)"; 2) "Enhanced Thrust Launch Vehicle (ASLV)"; 3) "Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)"; 4) "Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)".

India launched its first remote sensing satellite 40 years ago. India is another country that launched a Mars probe to Mars after the United States, Russia and the European Union.

In 2007, India sent the first recoverable space capsule and three satellites into space by a polar satellite launch vehicle, which obtained important data for the country's future manned space program.

India is still in full swing to implement its lunar exploration program. In 2008, the Indian Space Research Organization launched India's first lunar probe "Yuechuan 1" with a polar satellite launch vehicle.

On April 28th, 2008, India's PSLV-C9 rocket was launched with 10 satellite. After China, the United States, the Russian Federation and the European Space Agency, it is the fifth country to master the launch technology of "multiple satellites with one arrow". India became the first with one arrow and ten stars. Since then, especially the successful launch of 1 Arrow 104 is the most famous, creating the world's best, and is talked about by Indian nationals.

India has conducted an anti-satellite test before, and its anti-satellite test actually means that India will become the fourth country in the world with anti-satellite capability after China, the United States and Russia.

Four. Indian film industry

India ranks first in the world in film production, with an average annual output exceeding 1000. According to statistics, the average film industry scale in 20 18 years is about1582.7 billion RMB. According to KPMG's forecast, by 2023, the scale of Indian film industry will increase to about 22.79 billion RMB.

Bollywood is the abbreviation of Bollywood Studio, located in Mumbai, India. Bollywood is one of the largest film production bases in the world, with hundreds of millions of viewers.

Bollywood and several other major film and television bases in India, such as Tamil-Kolywood, Telugu, Bengali)-Bollywood, Kannada and Malayalam, constitute India's huge film industry, with the number of films produced and the number of movie tickets sold ranking first in the world every year.

Bollywood has an important influence on popular culture in India and even the whole Indian subcontinent, the Middle East, parts of Africa and Southeast Asia, and spread to the whole world through the export of South Asian immigrants.

Bollywood is the most beautiful business card in India, showing the unique charm of Indians. Indian movie stars are in the limelight in the global celebrity circle, and many Hollywood stars have begun to develop in Bollywood. At the wedding of Bollywood stars in India, former US President Bill Clinton and Queen Elizabeth can be invited to show Bollywood's influence in India.

Indian films have created great economic value in the film industry. As an underdeveloped country, why can India's film industry develop to the level comparable to Hollywood?

First, financial support. As early as 1999, the film industry has become an industry officially recognized by the Indian government, which means that film practitioners can obtain legal bank loans. In 200 1 year, the Industrial Development Bank of India became the first bank to provide financing services for the film industry. With the support of a large amount of funds, the Indian film industry began to grow and develop.

Second, the national characteristics of Indian films are extremely distinctive. On the basis of song and dance elements and Indian national scenery characteristics, Indian films attach great importance to film rhythm, image expression and narrative lyric. Turn song and dance into a tool to express people's feelings and thoughts, and connect with the global market, incorporating fashion elements such as rock and roll.

Third, the Indian government's strong support for the film industry. 1948 India's Ministry of Broadcasting and Information established the Film Department, 1953 National Film Award, 1960 Film Finance Company, 19 1 Pune Film Academy, 1964 National Film Museum. 1952, India officially held the India International Film Festival to promote the exchange between Indian films and the world film industry. Occasional, once a year, 1975.

India International Film Festival is one of the earliest A-level film festivals in Asia and has become an influential film festival in Asia.

As the second most populous country in the world, India's domestic market is an important consumer of Indian films. Due to the obvious language differences, in order to better serve the local audience, Indian films are divided into markets according to the shooting language. According to statistics, there are 15 local languages in Indian films.

According to the different shooting languages, Indian films have roughly formed three production centers: Mumbai (Hindi), Kolkata (Bengali) and Madras (Tamil), among which Bollywood in Mumbai is the most famous.

An important measure of Indian film localization is to adopt civilian ticket prices. In particular, the Indian film revenue has nothing to do with the film cost and schedule, and the national film ticket price is kept at an ultra-low level, with the aim of making movies affordable for ordinary people. 20 17 After India implemented the GST amendment, the domestic fares in India were greatly reduced again. Stable and low-priced ticket prices have made the civilian class a frequent visitor to cinemas, which has formed a nationwide movie-watching craze in India.