What is included in organizational decision making in management

Organizational decision-making refers to the organizational system for the performance of management functions, on the face of the problem to be solved to develop and select the program of activities, to make a variety of decisions in the process.

I. Characteristics of Organizational Decision-Making

1. Characteristics of Organizational Decision-Making

(1) The special nature of the subject of organizational decision-making. The subject of organizational decision-making is an organization with the exercise of state power.

(2) the special nature of the content of organizational decision-making. The content and object of organizational decision-making is the affairs of the state or society, and the purpose of its decision-making is to seek the public **** interests of society.

(3) the special nature of the basis of organizational decision-making. Organizational decision-making and other decision-making is also an important difference between the formulation of organizational decision-making and its implementation must be based on the relevant laws and regulations of the country.

(4) organizational decision-making role of the particularity of the way. Organizational decision-making is backed by the public **** power, through the way the role of society, the role of citizens. Organizational decision-making has the role of coercive force on society.

(5) organizational decision-making consequences of the particularity. Organizational decision-making consequences and impact is generally more significant, it will affect the society's *** with the interests and the direct interests of citizens.

2, the type of organizational decision-making

(1) according to the decision-making subject decision-making, can be divided into empirical decision-making and scientific decision-making.

Empirical decision-making refers to the decision-making subject based on experience. That is, the decision-maker in the decision-making process, the knowledge of the decision-making object, the determination of the decision-making goal is to rely on subjective experience and logical thinking ability to make a judgment.

Scientific decision-making refers to the decision-makers based on certain scientific methods or techniques for decision-making. That is, the decision-makers in the decision-making process on the understanding of the decision-making object, the decision-making characteristics and the study of the law, the choice of decision-making goals, decision-making program to determine, etc., are built on the basis of scientific evidence.

(2) According to the scale and degree of influence involved in the decision-making goals, can be divided into strategic and tactical decision-making.

Strategic decision-making refers to those with global and directional major decisions. This kind of decision-making generally speaking, its impact is more far-reaching, involves a wide range of direction, principle and macroscopic. This kind of decision-making is generally made by the high-level organization.

Tactical decisions are those localized, short-term and more specific decisions. Tactical decisions are the continuation and concretization of strategic decisions, which mainly serve the realization of strategic goals.

(3) According to the specifics of the content of the decision is different, can be divided into procedural decision-making and non-procedural decision-making.

Procedural decision-making refers to those common, stereotyped and repetitive decisions. The content of this decision-making is more certain, there is a certain routine to follow, generally belongs to the scope of the daily work, and therefore also known as routine decision-making.

Non-procedural decision-making refers to the emergence of new, very common and no routine decision-making. Such decisions are often groundbreaking and innovative.

(4) Depending on the degree of reliability of the conditions under which the decision is made, it can be categorized into deterministic, risky and uncertain decisions.

Deterministic decision-making refers to the decision-making environment, conditions are determined, the consequences of the decision can also be determined a kind of decision-making. This kind of decision-making due to a variety of factors and conditions are relatively clear, certain, the results of each decision-making program is also relatively clear, so as long as the comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each program can be.

Risk-based decision-making refers to the decision-making environment, conditions can be determined, but can not be fully controlled, each environment and conditions of the consequences of the decision-making, although predictable, there is a certain degree of certainty, but still need to take certain risks.

Uncertainty-type decision-making refers to the decision-making environment, conditions and other factors can not be determined, the consequences of decision-making can not be predicted and determined decision-making.

The procedure and method of organizational decision-making

1, the procedure of organizational decision-making

The procedure of organizational decision-making refers to the order of work and work steps that the organization must go through and follow in the decision-making process. In accordance with the scientific decision-making procedures for decision-making, can help the organization to understand and grasp the objective laws of the decision-making process, improve the correctness and effectiveness of decision-making. The basic procedures for organizational decision-making are:

(1) to identify the problem, determine the goal. Discover the problem is the starting point of the organization for decision-making, any decision-making is to start from the discovery of the problem. After the discovery of the problem, that is, to determine the results and objectives that should be achieved to solve the problem, these results and objectives is the goal of decision-making. Generally speaking, the correct goal should have three basic conditions: ① quantitative. ② have a certain time limit. ③The responsibility should be clear.

(2) research and development program. After the goal is determined, we must find and design the best way to achieve the goal and approach. This enters the second stage of organizational decision-making. In this stage, the main thing is to do a good job in two areas: First, to conduct thorough research. Second, on the basis of research, the development of a number of options. Preparation of the program should pay attention to: ① program itself should be feasible. ② program to have diversity. ③ The program should be complete. ④ The program should have a breakthrough. ⑤The program should be as quantitative as possible.

(3) analysis and evaluation, program selection. A variety of options formulated after the third stage of decision-making, the final selection of the decision-making program should be able to use the shortest time, the minimum cost, the best effect to achieve the decision-making goals of the decision-making program.

How to make a decision on the choice of options, in general, in the process of selection and optimization of decision-making options, should adhere to the principles of: ① The choice of options to the goal as a criterion. ② The choice of the program should adhere to the principle of overall interests. ③ The selection of programs should be in line with the objective actual situation. ④ The choice of programs should adhere to the principle of democratic centralism.

(4) local pilot, improve decision-making. After the program is determined, it enters the final stage of decision-making. However, the final selection of the program, can not be immediately put into practice on a large scale, but also must be localized pilot, in order to verify and test the reliability of its implementation.

2, organizational decision-making methods

(1) research methods. Investigation and research is the basis for the scientific decision-making organization. Commonly used methods of investigation and research are: ① systematic investigation. ② quantitative survey. ③ programmed survey.

(2) the method of scientific prediction. Forecasting is in the study and analysis of things in the past and on the basis of the current situation, to find out its inherent laws, and then according to its tendency to develop, speculate on the future development of things in the state of the method. Common prediction methods include: ① empirical inference prediction method. Third, the statistical nature of the prediction results. ② Brainstorming method. ③ Mathematical modeling method. ④ Simulation test method.

Third, the modern organizational decision-making system

Organizational decision-making system is the system of organizational decision-making, it is the institutional form of decision-making tasks to undertake the organization fixed institutions, personnel settings, division of powers and operational relationships between the model. Organizational decision-making system, is a full-featured organizational system, it is the central system for decision-making as the core, to the staff consulting system and intelligence information system as the auxiliary mutual cooperation, mutual articulation, mutual coordination of the decision-making system.

1, the central system of organizational decision-making. The central system is also known as the organization decision-making center or head of government organs, it is composed of leaders at all levels of organization, at all levels of organization has the highest decision-making power, and in the organization decision-making play a central role and the main role of the organization system. It is in a commanding and dominant position in the organizational decision-making system. The main tasks of the decision-making center system are: (1) to determine the decision-making problem and the target system of decision-making. (2) Selection of "satisfactory" decision-making program. (3) Command local pilot, feedback and improve the decision.

2, staff advisory system. Staff consulting system is composed of multidisciplinary experts, scholars, using official or unofficial form specializing in intellectual development, to assist the central system for decision-making auxiliary organizations. The main tasks of the staff advisory system are: (1) to assist decision-makers in identifying and analyzing problems. (2) To provide decision-makers with programs, ways and means to solve problems.

3, intelligence information system. Intelligence information system is composed of specialized personnel, specialized equipment, relevant operating procedures and systems specializing in the collection of information, processing, transmission, storage and other information services, comprehensive institutions. Intelligence information system is the main task of the organization's management process of various scientific management, decision-making for the organization of the central system and staff system to provide quality information services.

Four, the theoretical model of organizational decision-making

1, rational decision-making model

This is the Nobel Prize-winning economist, the American scientist Simon pioneered an analytical model. As the pioneer of decision theory research, Simon's conceptual system is a core part of the concept of "process" into the decision-making research. Simon called the first stage of the decision-making process - probing the environment to find the conditions for reaching decision-making requirements - "intelligence activities"; the second stage - creating and analyzing possible courses of action - "design activities"; and the second stage - creating and analyzing possible courses of action - "design activities". The second stage - to create and analyze possible courses of action, called "design activities"; the third stage - from the available courses of action to select a feasible and reasonable program as a guideline for action, called "choice activities"; the fourth stage - from the available courses of action to select a feasible and reasonable program as a guideline for action, called "choice activities". "The fourth stage - the evaluation of past choices - is called the "review activity".

Simon pointed out that, in general, the "intelligence activity" precedes the "design activity", "design activity" precedes the "choice activity". "So a basic process sequence can be constructed: "Intelligence activity → Design activity → Choice activity → Review activity". But, on the other hand, the stage cycle is much more complex than this cyclic sequence, each specific stage of decision-making, itself is a complex decision-making process.

2, the system analysis model - policy as the output of the system

This is the American political scientist Easton put forward a decision-making analysis model. He was aimed at the traditional political science purely from the static analysis of the system to study the problems that exist, put forward a dynamic, the study of the process of government operation of the political system theory. According to him, a political system refers to a grouping of relatively related structures and processes whose function is to provide an authoritative distribution of values for a given society. As a system, it must always take countermeasures as necessary decisions in order to adapt to environmental pressures generated by the external environment; the pressures generated in the environment that affect the stability of the political system are the inputs; the environment refers to any conditions or situations outside the boundaries of the defined political system; and the outputs of the political system are the authoritative value allocations of the system and the public **** policies of which these allocations are a part.

The systems analysis model depicts public **** policy as an output of the political system. In short, Easton's systems analysis model, from a dynamic perspective, vividly describes the various factors involved in the political decision-making process, i.e., the system, the environment, the inputs of demand and support, the conversion process, the policies of outputs, and the feedbacks, etc., and describes the position of these factors in the overall political operation, which provides a set of effective conceptual tools for the scientific understanding of the political process. However, this is only a preliminary model, and there are many questions that have not yet been answered positively.

3. Progressive Decision-Making Model

This model was proposed by the American political economist Lindblom. He believes that policy making is only based on past experience, through the process of gradual change, and reach **** the same consistent policy. The process of policy making generally involves taking the existing policy as a basic program, comparing it with other new programs, and making decisions about which existing policies should be modified, or which new policies should be added. All other options are either small or large-scale adjustments to the current policy, or a combination of both. Policymakers make only marginal adjustments in the decision-making process; the problem is solved by comparing the margins, and decision-making choices are made with the margins, not considering every plan or every option in its entirety. According to Lindblom, the fundamental reason why the whole process of governmental decision-making is a process of gradual adjustment is that:

(1) In a pluralistic social environment, the government, in order to maintain the stability of the society and to obtain the policy support, usually wants to maintain the existing programs and is reluctant to engage in comprehensive policy reforms, because although it may promote the particular social goals, but it is also relatively to pay a considerable cost.

(2) The reason for utilizing the strategy of gradual adjustment is still political expediency.

(3) Political parties and leaders agree on the basic policies of the state, and when they are campaigning or seeking votes and other support from citizens, they propose only incremental changes to each policy.

(4) Difficulty of switching tracks. Huge amounts of capital may have been invested in the current program, thus precluding any fundamental change.

(5) Technical difficulties. Policy makers do not have enough time, wisdom, or funds to adjust all policy programs.

4. Group decision-making model. This is an analytical model of decision-making proposed by the American political scientist Harry S. Truman. His ideas are centered in The Process of Government, published in 1971.

The basic proposition of the group decision-making analysis model: the interaction between groups as the central fact of political activity. In general, the existence of interest groups, in which individuals with * * * common interests combine formally or informally into a group in order to present their needs to the government, is one of the main features of political life. Groups serve as an important bridge between individuals and government. The process of governmental decision-making is in fact a process of inter-group struggle to influence policy, whereby policy becomes an equilibrium resulting from competition between various groups. This equilibrium depends on the mutual influence of the various interest groups. When this pattern of influence changes, policy may change.

The size of a group's influence depends on factors such as the number of members, the amount of wealth, the strength of the organization, the level of leadership, proximity to or distance from policymakers, and the cohesion within the group.

Truman pointed out that in the political mechanism of group influence, the main task of the political system should be to establish the rules of competition between groups, to arrange for compromises and balance of interests, to formulate policies to prescribe the way of compromise, and to implement the compromise to solve the conflict between groups.

V. Scientific decision-making

Scientific decision-making refers to the decision-makers and other participants to make full use of modern scientific and technological knowledge and methods, especially decision-making theories and methods, and the use of scientific and rational decision-making procedures for decision-making. To realize the scientificization of decision-making requires the establishment of a perfect decision-making system, improve the quality of decision-making participants, and decision-making in accordance with the principles of scientific decision-making.

1, the establishment of a sound organizational decision-making system. Modern organizational decision-making system is composed of a decision-making subsystem as the core, to information, staff, monitoring subsystem for the support of the organic whole. The establishment of a sound decision-making system, should be: (1) rationally set up the subsystem. (2) enrich the staff consulting organization and information work organization.

2, follow the principle of scientific decision-making. (1) the principle of information. (2) forecasting principle. (3) the principle of procedure. (4) the principle of feasibility. (5) The principle of democratic centralism.

3, improve the quality of decision-makers and participants. The quality of decision-makers determines the level of decision-making, and improving the quality of decision-makers is one of the important contents of the improvement of decision-making system. (1) To strengthen the decision-makers collective team building. (2) Improve the business quality of staff consultants. (3) Improve the quality of information personnel.

Sixth, the democratization of organizational decision-making

Democratization of decision-making refers to the need to ensure that the general public and various social groups and decision-making research organizations can fully participate in the process of organizational decision-making in the decision-making to reflect the fundamental interests of the masses of the people and the requirements of the general public, and in the decision-making system and its operation, the formation of a democratic system, procedures and atmosphere. The democratization of decision-making is the unity of the democratization of decision-making goals and the democratization of the decision-making process.

1, the democratic mechanism into the decision-making system, to create a good atmosphere for decision-making.

2, pay attention to play the role of staff consultants in decision-making. Strengthen the status and role of experts and scholars in decision-making, which is both the embodiment of democratization at a high level, but also an important guarantee to achieve scientific decision-making. (1) Ensure the relative independence of the staff advisory bodies. (2) Form a democratic atmosphere within the advisory body and encourage the free discussion of different points of view. (3) Staff consultants should be accurately positioned.

3. Improve the transparency of political life and realize the democratization of decision-making goals. Transparency of political life is open government and political democracy. (1) Establish a system of notification of major issues. (2) Strengthening public opinion monitoring of decision-making. (3) Enhance the level of awareness of public participation in decision-making.

VII, organizational decision-making legal system

Decision-making legal system refers to the constitution and laws to provide and constrain the decision-making body's behavior, decision-making system and the decision-making process, in particular, through the law to ensure that the masses of the people to participate in organizational decision-making of the democratic rights, and to make the decision-making power of the organizational leaders by the law and the effective supervision of the masses of the people. Decision-making legalization is an important aspect of our country to realize the "rule of law" strategic policy, but also to realize the scientific and democratic decision-making is an important guarantee.

1, rationalize the relationship between the main body of decision-making, improve decision-making rules. In particular, to rationalize the same level of power organs of the Chinese ****-producing party organizations, the people's congresses and the government of the three decision-making body of the relationship between. The principle of rationalizing the competence and scope of these three is to ensure the leadership of the Party organization in decision-making, and to ensure the supreme decision-making power of the People's Congress, as well as to ensure and give full play to the Government's independent status and role in decision-making. Specific measures include: (1) separation of party and government. (2) Streamlining the relationship between the leadership of the Party Committee in decision-making and the supreme decision-making power of the National People's Congress. (3) Handling the mutual relationship between the NPC and the government. (4) In supervising government decision-making, the NPC should effectively strengthen its contact with the government to understand the actual working situation of the government and promote the legality, rationality and feasibility of government decisions.

2, decision-making process legalization. Decision-making process legalization, that is, the most important steps in the decision-making process, procedures established in the form of legal norms. Aimed at preventing a small number of decision-makers to act rashly, abuse of power, or intentionally put some of the program without consideration of the introduction of the behavior. Decision-making process should be regulated procedures are: (1) investigation procedures. (2) Program design procedures. (3) Feasibility demonstration procedures. (4) Social communication procedures. (5) Decision-making legitimization procedures.

3, give full play to the role of decision-making monitoring subsystem. (1) play the role of the two major internal and external monitoring system. (2) Protect the rights of the members of the monitoring sub-system in accordance with the law, not only to protect their right to express their opinions, criticize and supervise the government affairs, but also to protect them from being attacked or retaliated against for supervising the government affairs.

In short, scientification, democratization and legalization are three interconnected and closely coordinated aspects of modern decision-making, democratization is the basis of modern decision-making, scientification is the leading modern decision-making, and legalization is the guarantee of modern decision-making.