China 10 years of economic development, find out the reasons.

Since the reform and opening up, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, people of all ethnic groups in China have adhered to the Party's basic line, deepened reform and opened wider to the outside world, greatly liberated and developed social productive forces, and successfully embarked on a road of building a Socialism with Chinese characteristics. Historical changes have taken place in China, and great achievements have been made in national economic and social development.

Comprehensive national strength has been significantly enhanced.

The economic aggregate is constantly expanding. The GDP of 1977 reached 7,477.2 billion yuan, which was 5.92 times that of 1978 at constant prices. According to the information released by the World Bank, China's gross national product (GNP) ranked seventh in the world from 65438 to 0997, ranking first among developing countries.

The economy continues to grow rapidly. From 1979 to 1997, GDP grew at an average annual rate of 9.8%, much faster than the average annual rate of 6. 1% in the 26 years before the reform and opening up. In particular, there are two good periods of rapid growth: 1982- 1988, with an average annual growth rate of11.4%; 1991-1997, with an average annual increase of 1 1.2%. China has not only maintained a relatively fast development speed, but also enhanced its economic stability. The national economy showed a good trend of "high growth and low inflation" and began to embark on the track of sustained, rapid and healthy development.

The output of major industrial and agricultural products ranks among the top in the world. China ranks first in the world in grain, cotton, rapeseed, meat, coal, chemical fiber, yarn, cloth, clothing, cement, TV sets, digital program-controlled switches and steel, and second in power generation and agricultural fertilizer production. National reserves have increased substantially. Grain reserves far exceed the highest level in history, and foreign exchange reserves have ranked second in the world.

The problem of food and clothing has been basically solved.

Agricultural production has achieved a historic leap. 1978, the total grain output was only 609.5 billion Jin. In the case of large-scale drought in the north, 1997 still reached 985 billion Jin. If we take 654.38+000 billion Jin as a step, we can say that we have leapt to four steps in succession. At present, the per capita grain possession is close to 800 Jin, reaching the world average level. Cotton, oilseeds, meat, eggs and fruits also increased significantly. 1 97 cotton output was 4.3 million tons, nearly1times higher than 1978. 2 1.5 million tons of oil, an increase of 3. 1.2 times; 53.54 million tons of meat, up 5.25 times; Aquatic products were 35,665,438+10,000 tons, an increase of 6.65 times; 50.45 million tons of fruit, an increase of 6.68 times. The per capita possession of meat, eggs and aquatic products reached 43.3 kg, 17.5 kg and 28.8 kg respectively, exceeding the world average.

Economic development has brought about the improvement of people's lives. 1996, the per capita income of urban households in China reached 4,377 yuan, an increase of 1.97 times compared with 1978, with an average annual increase of 6.2%. 1997 per capita disposable income reached 5 160 yuan. From 1997, the per capita net income of farmers in China reached 2090 yuan, 4.8 times higher than that of 1978, with an average annual growth rate of 9.7%. The quality of life of urban and rural residents has been continuously improved. At present, the food expenditure of urban residents accounts for 48.6% of the total consumption expenditure, which is 8. 1 percentage point lower than 1980; Rural residents accounted for 56.3%, which was lower than 1 1978 1.4 percentage points. The per capita living area of urban residents increased from 3.6 square meters in 1978 to 8.7 square meters, and that of rural residents increased from 8. 1 square meter to 2 1.7 square meters. Savings deposits of urban and rural residents have increased substantially. Day five is practiced in this town. Our people have not only solved the problem of food and clothing, but more and more residents have entered a well-off society.

The shortage economy quietly passed away.

The shortage of commodity supply has basically disappeared, and the relationship between market supply and demand has realized a historic change from seller's market to buyer's market. The supply of industrial consumer goods is sufficient, and the per capita ownership has greatly increased. In these 20 years, textile products have multiplied and the per capita ownership has increased greatly. Household appliances have developed rapidly. The number of color TV sets increased from 3,800 to 26.43 million, and the number of household refrigerators increased from 28,000 to 9.86 million. In order to meet the requirements of upgrading the consumption structure of urban and rural residents, the number and quality of air conditioners, video recorders, VCD players, pianos, stereos, computers and cars have increased rapidly.

The tight supply of major means of production has changed, and the pace of structural adjustment has accelerated. 1997, steel reached 10757 million tons, 2.38 times higher than 1978; 5,654.38 billion tons of cement, an increase of 6.8 times; Sulfuric acid19.46 million tons, an increase of 1.9 times; 7.03 million tons of soda ash, up 4.3 times; Cars 1.59 million, an increase of 9.7 times. With the increase of output, structural adjustment is intensified, the pace of product upgrading is accelerated, and the price is gradually in line with the international market. While meeting the demand of domestic market, more and more products begin to go abroad and participate in international competition.

The basic role of the market in allocating resources has been significantly enhanced.

China's economic system and operational mechanism have undergone fundamental changes. Under the traditional planned economy system, the mode of resource allocation based on administrative distribution has been abandoned, and the market mechanism has played an important regulatory role in various fields such as production and circulation in China.

Before the reform and opening up, we implemented highly centralized mandatory planning management. At present, the mandatory plan for agricultural product production has been completely cancelled, and the state only implements guiding plan management for nine categories of agricultural product production. There are only 12 kinds of industrial products under mandatory planning management, and only a part of them have been produced, accounting for only 4. 1% of the total industrial output value of the country, which is 90% lower than that before the reform. The production of more than 95% products is determined by producers according to market supply and demand.

The market price formation mechanism has been basically established. At present, most commodity prices have been formed by the market, and the market-adjusted price has accounted for 92.5% of the total retail sales of social commodities; In the total sales revenue of the means of production, the market-adjusted price accounts for 81.1%; In the total purchase of agricultural and sideline products, the market-adjusted price accounts for 79%.

Foreign economic activities are basically conducted in accordance with international market rules.

The "bottleneck" constraint has been significantly eased.

For a long time, the development of energy, transportation, post and telecommunications has lagged behind, which has become a "bottleneck" restricting the rapid growth of the national economy. After the reform and opening up, we insisted on giving priority to the development of basic industries and infrastructure, gave full play to the enthusiasm of all parties, formulated support policies and raised funds through various channels, which promoted the rapid development of these industries.

With the rapid development of energy industry, the tight supply situation has been basically eliminated. From 1978 to 1997, the total energy production increased from 630 million tons of standard coal to10.34 billion tons of standard coal. Among them, the output of raw coal increased from 620 million tons to 654.38+0.39 billion tons. The annual power generation increased from 256.6 billion kWh to 1 132 billion kWh. Since 1988, large and medium-sized generator sets have been put into operation every year in 10. At present, except for a few areas, the power supply can basically meet the needs of national economic and social development.

Various modes of transportation have developed in an all-round way, and the transportation structure has been continuously improved in the competition. In the past 20 years, railway construction has made great achievements. The operating mileage has increased from 48,600 km to 64,900 km, the proportion of electrified line mileage and diesel locomotive traction line mileage has increased from 15.6% to 70%, the cargo turnover has increased from 534.5 billion tons km to130.98 billion tons km, and the passenger turnover has increased from 1093 million people km to 352.2 billion people km. Highways, especially high-grade highways, have developed rapidly. The kilometer distance increased from 890,000 kilometers to 1, 2 1, 000 kilometers. Expressway started from scratch, and the construction progress has been accelerating, reaching 4,735 kilometers. The turnover of road freight has increased from 27.4 billion tons km to 51680 million tons km, and the turnover of passenger transport has increased from 5,265.438+0 million person km to 5 18.8 billion person km, accounting for 54% of the total passenger transport, which has far exceeded that of railways. 1978, the cargo throughput of major coastal ports was only 200 million tons, and 1997 increased to 880 million tons, quadrupling. The turnover of goods transported by water increased from 377.9 billion tons km to1935.2 billion tons km, and the turnover of passengers increased from10100000 to1530000 person km. 1978, there were only 34 airports used by civil aviation in China, most of which were used for both military and civilian purposes. By 1997, the number of civil flight airports had reached 142, the number of civil transport aircraft had increased from less than 80 to 485, and the mileage of civil aviation routes had increased from150,000 km to1420,000 km.

The post and telecommunications industry is advancing by leaps and bounds, and the level of technology and equipment is constantly improving. Posts and telecommunications are the fastest-growing and most changeable areas in infrastructure. The total post and telecommunications business increased from 1978 to1200 million yuan in 1997, and the total capacity of public telephone exchanges increased from 4.05 million to110.97 million, an increase of 26 times. All cities above the county level in China have realized telephone exchange program control, and the scale of telephone network has ranked second in the world. The telephone penetration rate increased from 0.43 per 100 people in 1980 to 8. 1 in 1997, including 26. 1 in cities. Advanced technologies and equipment such as digital program-controlled exchange, optical fiber communication, digital microwave, satellite communication and mobile communication are widely used. Trunk optical cables such as Beijing-Hangzhou-Guangzhou, Xilanwu, Beijing-Shenyang-Harbin, Beijing-Shanghai Yinlan, Hangzhou-Fuguicheng and Lanssila have been built. 1997 The total length of long-distance optical cable reached 156000 picokilometers. Mobile communication has become one of the most extensive mobile phone networks in the world, with13.23 million users. A modern communication network with public communication network as the main body, private communication network as the supplement, and various communication means combined has been initially formed, reaching the whole country and connecting the world.

An open economy has basically taken shape

From the establishment of special economic zones and the opening of coastal cities to the opening of coastal economic zones, the opening up of the whole country has been promoted. After entering the 1990s, with the opening of Pudong, along the Yangtze River, along the border and along the main traffic lines in Shanghai, the openness of inland areas has been significantly improved, forming a diversified, all-round and wide-ranging opening-up pattern. Great achievements have been made in foreign economic relations and trade, and breakthroughs have been made in attracting foreign direct investment.

Gradually promote regional economy.

Since the reform and opening up, we have explored and implemented the regional economic development strategy step by step in practice, supported the rapid development of the eastern region, encouraged the eastern region to accelerate the development of the central and western regions, and promoted the rational distribution of regional productive forces.

Relying on superior geographical conditions and good economic foundation, the eastern region actively introduced foreign capital and technology, vigorously developed export-oriented economy, and promoted rapid economic development. From 1979 to 1997, the average annual growth rate of GDP in the eastern coastal provinces and cities reached 10.85%, which was 0.87 percentage points higher than the national average growth rate in the same period. The quality of economic growth is constantly improving. A number of capital and technology-intensive projects representing the direction of economic development and promoting the upgrading of industrial structure have been completed and put into operation one after another.

While encouraging the eastern region to continue to develop rapidly, the central government has increased its policy support and capital investment in the central and western regions, given full play to its own advantages, and given priority to resource development and infrastructure construction projects. Encouraging the eastern region to invest in the central and western regions, horizontal cooperation and counterpart support between the eastern region and the central and western regions have eased the contradiction between the tight supply of energy and raw materials in the eastern region and promoted the rapid development of the central and western regions.

Poverty alleviation and development have achieved remarkable results. By the end of 1997, the number of poor people in China had decreased from 250 million in 1978 to about 50 million.

Remarkable achievements have been made in rejuvenating the country through science and education

Adhere to the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and education, give priority to the development of education, promote educational reform, and improve the quality and efficiency of running schools. Education at all levels has developed rapidly.

Great achievements have been made in scientific and technological progress. The contribution rate of scientific and technological progress to economic growth has reached more than 30%. Since the Sixth Five-Year Plan, * * * has organized nearly 300 major scientific and technological research projects and achieved a number of important scientific research achievements. The Long March rocket independently developed by China has reached the international advanced level in technical performance and reliability. Qinshan Nuclear Power Station, the first nuclear power plant designed and built in China, has reached the level of commercial operation, and related technologies and equipment have entered the international market. Progress has been made in the industrialization of railway heavy-haul transportation and quasi-high-speed technology, which has effectively improved the transportation capacity. The successful development of high-speed optical fiber communication system and large-scale program-controlled switching equipment has laid a solid foundation for realizing China's communication modernization. Basically mastered the design and manufacturing technology of complete sets of technical equipment or some key equipment such as 20 million tons open pit mine, 600,000 kilowatts large thermal power unit, 500,000 volts AC power transmission and transformation, large ethylene, large fertilizer and Baosteel Phase II. Major scientific projects such as electron-positron collider, synchrotron radiation device, heavy ion accelerator, nuclear fusion device and large astronomical telescope have been built, and gratifying achievements have been made.

All social undertakings have made overall progress.

Reform and opening up have injected new vitality into cultural construction. At the end of 1997, there were 2,690 public libraries in China, which was five times higher than 1978. Radio stations 1244, an increase of 12.4 times; There were 880 TV stations, an increase of 26.5 times. The scale and types of publications have leapt to the forefront of the world. 1997 published national and provincial newspapers19.3 billion copies, an increase of 6.52 billion copies over 1978; 2.5 billion copies of various magazines, an increase of 65.438+74 billion copies; There were 765,438+billion books, an increase of 3.33 billion. A new situation has emerged in the development of health undertakings, and the cause of Chinese medicine has been inherited and developed. By the end of 1997, the total number of hospital beds in China had reached 2 160000, an increase of 1978. Remarkable achievements have been made in disease prevention and control. The incidence of notifiable infectious diseases dropped from 706 1/65438+ million in 1970s to 20 1.66/65438+ million in 1.97, and the health care situation of women and children was obviously improved. The people's health level has been continuously improved. Sports have entered a new period of all-round development, and mass sports have begun to be popularized under the impetus of the national fitness plan. Remarkable achievements were made in competitive sports. 1997, China athletes won 1097 world championships, setting and exceeding 720 world records. Reform and opening up have greatly promoted the development of tourism in China. Tourism foreign exchange income reached1207.4 billion dollars from 1997, and its ranking in the world tourism industry rose from 4 1 to 9.

Remarkable results have been achieved in implementing the strategy of sustainable development. The momentum of excessive population growth has been effectively controlled. The national birth rate and natural growth rate decreased from 1978 19.28‰ and 12.00‰ to 16.57‰ and 10.06‰ respectively. The urban and rural composition of the population has also undergone significant changes, and the process of urbanization has obviously accelerated. The urbanization level rose from 1978 17.92% to 1997/29.92%. The scale of labor and employment has expanded rapidly. 1997, the number of employees in China reached 696 million, an increase of 294.48 million compared with 1978, with an average annual increase of15.5 million. Great achievements have been made in social security work. By the end of 1997, 87.7 million employees of urban enterprises had participated in the basic old-age insurance, accounting for 84% of the total number of employees of all urban enterprises, and130,000 employees had participated in the social pooling of medical expenses for serious illness, and103,000 retirees had participated in the pooling of medical expenses. More than 330 cities and 204 counties have established and implemented the minimum living security system for residents. Progress has been made in environmental protection, initially curbing the rapid growth of major industrial pollutants. Significant progress has been made in the modernization of national defense. National defense scientific research and weapons and equipment have reached a new level. New achievements have been made in building socialist spiritual civilization.

The development of reform and opening up in the past 20 years has accumulated a lot of valuable experience, which deserves our careful summary. There are five points in the preliminary summary: First, hold high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory, persist in emancipating the mind and seeking truth from facts; Second, adhere to the party's basic line, seize the opportunity and accelerate development; Third, adhere to market-oriented reform and strengthen and improve macro-control; Fourth, adhere to the development of an open economy and actively use international and domestic resources and markets; Fifth, upholding the leadership of the party is the fundamental guarantee for the achievements of reform, opening up and modernization.

Looking forward to the next century, our goal is to double the gross national product by 20 10 compared with 2000, so as to make people's lives more comfortable and form a relatively perfect socialist market economic system; By the middle of next century, we will basically realize modernization and build a prosperous, strong, democratic and civilized socialist country. There are many opportunities and favorable conditions for the development of China, but there are also severe challenges and problems. We should seize the opportunity, accelerate development and strive to achieve the third-step strategic goal.