The custom of Tengzhou

Drinking water appliance

During the Republic of China, there were copper pots, tin pots and tin pots for boiling water. Generally, large porcelain pots, red pottery pots or black sand pots are used to make tea, with small tea bowls. Ordinary people don't have a thermos bottle, so they usually pour boiling water in a porcelain pot and wrap it with a cotton cover or grass to keep warm.

After 1950s, copper pots and tin pots became scarce, while galvanized iron pots and steel kettles were widely used by ordinary families. After the 1960s, hot water bottles have become a necessary hot water appliance for families. Farmers often use thick-walled coarse porcelain to make thermos bottles, teapots and tea bowls, including bamboo shells, plastic shells and iron shells. In recent years, people have prepared more plastic buckets to carry water in the fields. Urban families like to spray iron-clad thermos bottles, and tea sets are mostly small fine porcelain sets. Now most people have bought barometric water bottles and cold water bottle sets.

Wine utensils, such as wine bottles, wine cups, wine jugs, etc., are very common. In the past, pots were mostly made of copper or tin, but now they are mostly made of porcelain. Tapered porcelain kettles are still widely used. Most newly-married families in towns have goblets. In recent years, most people in cities sell beer in plastic barrels, and a few people have beer sets.

Electronic tableware

Tableware mainly includes bowls, chopsticks, plates, dishes, pots and spoons. Many copies are placed at the beginning of the new family, or added on New Year's Eve. During the Republic of China, except for wealthy families, there were generally no complete sets of tableware, and coarse porcelain bowls and black porcelain bowls were mostly used. There are wooden spoons, copper spoons and iron spoons. There are two kinds of spoons: copper and porcelain, and bamboo chopsticks. Bamboo chopsticks are the most common. The soup pots are mainly black porcelain pots and red tile pots.

Since 1950s, especially since 1980s, people have paid more and more attention to the use of tableware. Soup spoon, aluminum spoon and iron spoon are the most common, and white porcelain bowls with plain bottom and thin wall are mostly used, especially the small bowls painted with gold and baked flowers. Generally equipped with a small number of plates, dishes, dishes basin. Spoons are made of aluminum, porcelain and stainless steel, while chopsticks are mainly made of bamboo. People who eat in the canteen of the unit often use enamel lunch boxes, small pots, big teapots and so on. In recent years, most newly married families in cities and towns have bought complete sets of exquisite porcelain tableware. Although the western-style tableware was sold, it was bought by the buyer.

Sange cooker

Cooking utensils mainly include pots, plates, knives, shovels, cages, reeds and so on. Kitchen knives, spatulas, scrubbers, grates and console tables are essential appliances for home cooking, and generally will not change much. Household distilled food used to be made of bamboo, but now most families use double-layer steel cauldrons. A few years ago, when scouring for food and washing vegetables, straw bent rods and wicker baskets were often used, but now they are replaced by bamboo woven and colored plastic baskets. There are two kinds of sugar, big pancakes and small pancakes.

There is a big difference between a pot and a stove. Before 1960, the average family had at least two sharp-bottomed cast iron pots, one for cooking in a large pot and the other for cooking in a small pot. The stoves are mostly brick or mud-kneaded wood-burning pot racks, which are blown by bellows to support combustion. At present, urban families mostly use gas-holding stoves or honeycomb briquette spontaneous combustion stoves, and workers' families in individual industries begin to use liquefied gas stoves. In cities and towns, rice cookers are mainly steel cookers, and a few families have flat cookers and pressure cookers. In rural areas, old stoves are still used. The fuel is half wood and half coal, and the gas-holding furnace is often used in winter.

Four-bedroom furniture

During the Republic of China, most families used carved beds, wealthy families used carved top beds, and some used drawers such as brown drawers, leather drawers and hemp drawers. Usually, reeds cover mats. Another kind of wheat straw sleeping bag, Yuanbao, is a traditional bedding for children. In the 1970 s, bedding changed little and people didn't pay much attention to it. After 1978, ordinary families generally bought bamboo or steel pipe nylon loungers. Steel double beds and sofas are very popular in towns. In the 1980s, more and more urban and rural families bought sofas, and three-person sofas were the most popular. Newly married families, villagers still give priority to with carved face beds, while towns give priority to with plate-type double beds, which are generally equipped with sofas. Simmons high-end bedding has also appeared in a few small families.

Wu Jia furniture

During the Republic of China, slightly wealthy families were equipped with square tables, plush chairs, horse rafters, suitcases, wardrobes, washstands, triple tables, horse rafters and round-backed chairs. The materials are mainly elm, locust, tung and willow, and the paint color is mainly bordeaux and chestnut.

From 1949 to 1970, the furniture has not changed much. After that, cement prefabricated furniture came into being. After 1978, ordinary families generally buy large pieces of furniture, among which large wardrobes with mirrors, high and low cabinets, vegetable cabinets and bookcases are the most. In 1980s, there was an upsurge of buying furniture in urban and rural areas. With the arrival of a large number of southern carpenters and the introduction of foreign production technology, furniture has changed its rich, solemn and simple style, showing the characteristics of fine workmanship, elegant style and bright colors. Czech-style and frame-style furniture are popular at first, and the beige painted wood grain is very beautiful. Subsequently, the appearance of wax-shell-plate combined furniture made urban youth fall for it. Electroplated folding chairs, sofas, rattan chairs and bamboo chairs are sold in both urban and rural areas.

Six kinds of daily necessities

At the beginning of the Republic of China, residents used plant oil lamps for lighting, and later they mainly used kerosene lamps. Urban residents mostly use glass cover lamps, lanterns and earth twist lamps, while rural families mostly use earth twist lamps. After liberation, most residents began to use electric lights, and there were still oil lamps or candles in the countryside in case of power failure. Buckets, cans, hooks, well ropes and other things are usually used to draw water. Most of them have large water tanks at home. At the end of 1970s, groundwater declined. Some people use deep pumps to lift water. More water towers will be built in rural areas in the south of the city to supply water. Villagers in the plain often use large oil drums to pull water, and special buckets are installed in the eastern mountainous areas to push water with wheelbarrows.

The sundries container has a fork, a basket, a carrying basket and a fork basket head. Generally speaking, baskets are essential items for rural people, mainly used to hold food or other sundries, and also commonly used for holding gifts on festive occasions.

Pancake basket, a must for every family, has two kinds of weaving: Vitex negundo and wheat straw. In recent years, people often use straws to stack pancakes through pots. In addition, there is a kind of wheat straw woven hoard, which is also used to store dry food.

Rural residents are used to storing grain in vats. Indigo vat seems to be a sign to measure whether a family is rich or not. After 1950s, peasant women often changed to clay pots, and then cement pots appeared. Most urban families don't have big containers, door bags for grain and packing boxes for sundries.

Before the founding of New China, red pottery pots were mainly used for household washing, and then they were gradually replaced by porcelain pots, cast iron pots and enamel pots. Nowadays, urban residents mostly use enamel pots and plastic pots.