Humanistic version of the 7th grade history review syllabus. Urgent ！！！！ Speed Answer!

I. Basic Knowledge

1. The Yuanmou people of Yunnan are the earliest known human beings in China, about one million seven hundred thousand years ago.

2. The fundamental difference between humans and animals is whether they can make tools.

3. The Peking Man, who lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago in a cave in the Dragon Bone Mountains in Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing, used percussion stone tools, used natural fire, and lived in groups, which was an early primitive human society.

4. China is the country with the largest number of ancient human sites discovered in the world.

5. The Shandingdongs, who lived about 30,000 years ago in the area where the Peking Man was active, still used percussion stone tools, but had mastered the technology of grinding and drilling, and could artificially make fire, and relied on gathering and hunting to make a living. They lived in the collective also entered the matrilineal clan communal period.

6. Clan: It is a group of people who are united by blood ties, who live together and work together and live together without any difference between the rich and the poor, from a single ****same ancestor.

7. What is the progress of the life of the caveman compared with that of the Pekingese?

Representative cultures Time before present Physical form Tool making Productive activities Ideas Social organization

Peking Man about 700,000-200,000 years Retained some features of apes Made stone tools Gathered, hunted Primitive people

Shan Dingdong Man about 18,000 years Basically the same as modern man Began to master the technology of polishing and drilling: bone needles Gathered, hunted. Understanding of beauty Clans

8. China was the first country in the world to grow rice and corn.

9. The primitive inhabitants of Hemudu (about 7,000 years ago), who lived in the Yangtze River Basin, and the primitive inhabitants of Humbu (about 5,000 or 6,000 years ago), who lived in the Yellow River Basin, used ground stone tools and began a sedentary life of primitive farming. The Hemudu people lived in dry bar houses for ventilation and damp-proofing, while the Hemipo people lived in semi-cave houses.

10. Yandi and Huangdi are the famous tribal leaders in the Yellow River basin in our country, and the two tribes united in the Battle of Zhuo Deer, defeated Chi You, and then formed an alliance, and after a long period of time, formed the Huaxia tribe.

11. Tribe refers to the primitive society in many close relatives of the clan **** with the composition of the tribe, a number of tribes and tribal alliances.

12. Huangdi was honored as the "First Ancestor of Humanity" by later generations.

13. Yao, Shun, and Yu used the method of "Zen Transition" to select the leader of the tribal alliance.

14. Around 2070 BC, Yu established the Xia Dynasty, which was the first dynasty in China's history. From then on, China's long primitive society came to an end, and the slave society began, with Qi inheriting his father's throne, and the system of hereditary inheritance replacing the system of cededom. ".

15. Around 1600 BC, Tang, the ruler of the Shang tribe in the lower reaches of the Yellow River, defeated Jie and established the Shang Dynasty.

16. Pan Geng, the king of Shang, moved his capital to Yin, so later people also called the Shang Dynasty the Yin Dynasty.

17. King Wen of Zhou appointed the sage Jiang Shang and emphasized on agricultural production, which gradually made the country powerful. In 1046 B.C., King Wen's son, King Wu of Zhou, conquered the Zhou Dynasty and established the Western Zhou Dynasty by the Battle of Makino, and set his capital at Haojing.

18. In 771 BC, the Western Zhou Dynasty fell. In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved the capital to Luoyi and the Eastern Zhou began.

19. The largest surviving bronze vessel in the world is the Simuwu Ding of the Shang Dynasty.

20. The world-famous "Sanxingdui" culture is a unique bronze culture that flourished in the Chengdu Plain of China during the same period of the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and is famous for its bronze masks, bronze statues, and bronze sacred trees, etc.

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21. China was the first country in the world to invent porcelain. Primitive celadon began to be fired in the early Shang Dynasty.

22. The Eastern Zhou was divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Spring and Autumn period lasted from 770 BC to 476 BC; the Warring States period lasted from 475 BC to 221 BC.

23. The Five Hegemons of Spring and Autumn refers to Duke Huan of Qi, Duke Wen of Jin, King Zhuang of Chu, King Helu of Wu, and King Goujian of Yue, who were the hegemons of the Spring and Autumn Period.

24. In the late 7th century B.C., Jin and Chu fought in the Chengpu Battle, in which the Jin army defeated the Chu army, and the Duke of Jin became the hegemon of the Central Plains.

25. The seven warring states were Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin.

26. In 260 BC, after the Battle of Changping between Qin and Zhao, the six eastern states were no longer able to defend themselves against the strong Qin.

27. The emergence of iron agricultural tools and the use of oxen for plowing in China began in the Spring and Autumn Period;

28. During the Warring States Period, Li Bing, the governor of Shu in Qin, built Dujiangyan on the Minjiang River, which made Chengdu Plain the "Heavenly Capital".

29. The oracle bone is the writing carved on tortoise shell or animal bone by the Shang Dynasty. The present Chinese characters were developed from the oracle bone inscriptions.

30. The age of writing in China began in the Shang Dynasty.

31. The first solar eclipse with an exact date in China's history was the solar eclipse on September 6, 776 BC.

32. In 613 BC, astronomers from the state of Lu left the world's earliest record of Halley's Comet with an exact period.

33. The 24 solar terms of the year began in the Warring States period.

34. Bian Magpie, a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, summarized the Four Precious Methods of Looking, Smelling, Asking and Cutting, which have been used in traditional Chinese medicine.

35. Qu Yuan, a famous patriotic poet in ancient China, had his masterpiece "Li Sao" translated into many languages; the World Peace Council designated Qu Yuan as a world cultural celebrity.

36. A precious complete set of chimes from the Warring States period was unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei.

37. Confucius' words were recorded in the book The Analects of Confucius.

38. Laozi, a famous thinker in the late Spring and Autumn Period, was the founder of the Taoist school, and his teachings were recorded in the Tao Te Ching.

39. From 230 B.C. to 221 B.C., King Winzheng of Qin unified the six states and established the Qin Dynasty, with its capital at Xianyang. The Qin Dynasty was the first unified, centralized feudal state in the history of China.

40. The Qin Great Wall, stretching from Lin in the west to Liaodong in the east, is a symbol of the wisdom and ingenuity of the ancient laborers of China.

41. The Qin Dynasty's territory extended from the East China Sea in the east to Longxi in the west, and from the area around the Great Wall in the north to the South China Sea in the south, making it a great power in the world at that time.

42. In 209 B.C., Chen Sheng and Wu Guang led the Da Ze Xiang Uprising, and the late Qin Peasants' Revolt broke out. The Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Uprising was the first large-scale peasant uprising in Chinese history. Their revolutionary pioneering spirit inspired millions of working people in later times to fight against brutal rule.

43. In the Battle of Julu in 207 B.C., Xiang Yu defeated the main force of the Qin army, laying the foundation for the destruction of the Qin Dynasty. Subsequently, Liu Bang led his troops to push into Xianyang, and the Qin Dynasty fell.

44. In 202 BC, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu in the Chu-Han War and established the Han Dynasty, with its capital Chang'an.

45. During the reign of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty, policies of light labor and agricultural development were implemented, resulting in the "Rule of Wen and Jing".

46. A list of the representatives of Confucianism, Mohism, Taoism, Law and Warfare during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Period Name Title Writings Main Ideas

Late Spring and Autumn Period Confucius, a great thinker and educator; the founder of Confucianism The Analects of Confucius put forward the doctrine of benevolence and advocated the principle of "governance by virtue". The Analects of Confucius, a great thinker and educator; founder of the Confucian school of thought, puts forward the doctrine of "benevolence" and advocates "governance by virtue". He advocates "teaching according to the ability of the student", humility and good learning, and "learning from the past to understand the new". He opposed all wars; demanded that rulers govern with benevolence; advocated following the seasons and utilizing natural resources wisely

Warring States period Mozi Thinker, founder of the Mohist school of thought Advocated the principles of "concurrent love" and "non-attack"

Warring States period Mencius, a thinker and representative of Confucianism during the Warring States period "

Late Spring and Autumn Period Lao Tzu, thinker and founder of Taoism Tao Te Ching (道德经) believes that all things have opposites and that opposites can be transformed into each other. He advocated the use of softness to overcome hardness

Warring States period Zhuang Zi Thinker, representative of the Taoist school of thought during the Warring States period, advocated the rule of law, and the establishment of a monarchical centralized system of power

Warring States Sun Wu Military man, originator of the military school of thought, and the founder of the military school of thought. Sun Wu (孙武), the originator of the art of war (Sun Tzu's The Art of War), said, "If you know yourself and your enemy, you will not be in danger in a hundred battles."

47. Dong Zhongshu (董仲舒) suggested to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, "Dismiss all the schools of thought, and revere only the Confucians", to make Confucianism the feudal orthodoxy.

48. The Imperial College of Science in Chang'an, organized by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, was the highest educational institution in ancient China.

49. In 25 A.D., Liu Xiu founded the Eastern Han Dynasty and made Luoyang the capital, Liu Xiu was the Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty, and during his reign, the society was stable and the economy improved, which was called "Guangwu Zhongxing".

50. The plows of the Western Han were equipped with plow walls, more than a thousand years earlier than in Europe. Cattle plowing commonly used two oxen to lift the bar method; the new sowing tool columbarium also appeared in the Western Han Dynasty.

51. Wang Jing, an expert in water conservancy, ruled the Yellow River at the time of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty, so that the Yellow River was not diverted for the next 800 years.

52. China's iron smelting technology in the Han Dynasty was at the forefront of the world. Du Shi, a governor of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, invented the water row, which utilized water power to drum up wind to smelt iron.

53. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, the outstanding leader of the Xiongnu, Zhaodun Shan Yu, unified the Mongolian steppe for the first time.

54. In 119 B.C., Emperor Wu of Han sent his generals Wei Qing and Huo Zaiwei to attack the Xiongnu, and defeated them in the northern part of the desert.

55. When Emperor Yuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhaojun went out to the border and married Hohanxie, which stabilized the Han-Hungarian border for a long time. Wang Zhaojun and Hohanxie made great contributions to the friendship and cultural exchanges between Han and Hungary.

56. In 138 B.C. and 119 B.C., Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian on two expeditions to the Western Regions to open the Silk Road.

57. In 60 B.C., the Western Han government set up the Western Regions Capital Protector in the Western Regions to oversee the affairs of the Western Regions, marking the beginning of the Xinjiang region coming under the jurisdiction of the central government and becoming an inseparable part of China.

58. The Silk Road refers to the famous Silk Road, which is a major land route connecting the East and the West, where Chinese silk and silk fabrics were transported from Chang'an to West Asia via the Hexi Corridor and the present-day Xinjiang region, and then transshipped to Europe.

59. In 73 A.D., the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Ban Chao on a mission to the Western Regions, who operated the Western Regions for 30 years and further strengthened the ties between the Western Regions and the mainland.

60. In 166, Qin sent an envoy, Andun, to visit the Eastern Han, which was the first direct interaction between a European country and China.

61. The earliest known paper in the world is the early Western Han Dynasty paper made of hemp unearthed in Tianshui, Gansu Province, China, which is 1,200 years older than Europe.

62. In Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved the art of papermaking. The invention of papermaking is a great contribution of our people to the world's culture.

63. The Nine Chapters of the Mathematical Art, written during the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the earliest surviving ancient mathematical monograph in China, which systematically summarizes the mathematical achievements from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the early Eastern Han Dynasty. Some of the contents of the book were at that time at the world's advanced level.]

64. Zhang Heng invented and manufactured the first scientific instrument for observing earthquakes in history, the geophone, which is recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world.

65. Hua Tuo, a famous Eastern Han Dynasty physician who specialized in surgery, made the general anesthesia medicine "Ma Bo San", which is the first of its kind in the history of medicine in the world.

66. Zhang Zhongjing's "Treatise on Miscellaneous Diseases of Typhoid Fever" comprehensively elaborated the theories and principles of Chinese medicine, and he was honored as the "Saint of Medicine" because of his excellent medical skills and noble medical ethics.

67. The three major religions in the world today are Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.

68. Buddhism was introduced to the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty; Taoism emerged in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty.

69. Wang Chong was an outstanding materialist thinker in the Eastern Han Dynasty, who wrote the book "Lun Heng" (论衡), which clarified that there are no ghosts or gods in the world.

70. Sima Qian was a great historian in ancient China, who wrote The Records of the Grand Historian (史记), which is the first chronicle of China's history from the Yellow Emperor to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty.

71. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses of the Qin Shi Huang Tomb is an outstanding representative of the sculpture art of the Qin and Han Dynasties, and is a bright pearl in the world's art treasury.

72. In the Battle of Guandi, which took place in 200, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and laid the foundation for the unification of the north.

73. The Battle of Chibi In 208, the allied forces of Sun and Liu defeated Cao Cao with a fire attack, and the Three Kingdoms came into being.

74. Table of the Three Kingdoms

Name of the State Founders Time of Establishment Capital City Economic Characteristics Demise

Wei Cao Pi 220 Luoyang Building water conservancy, agricultural production 266 years, replaced by the Western Jin Dynasty

Shu Liu Bei 221 Chengdu Silk weaving industry was developed, the silk brocade marketed in the three kingdoms 263 years, was destroyed by the Wei Dynasty

Wu Sun Quan 222 years, Jian Shipbuilding industry was developed; Zeng Shipbuilding industry was developed; Sun Quan's shipbuilding industry was developed. Sun Quan 222 years Jianye shipbuilding industry developed; Zeng Weiwen arrived in Yizhou (present-day Taiwan) 280 years Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu, the end of the Three Kingdoms era

75. 266 years, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty, the capital of Luoyang. 316 years was destroyed by the Xiongnu people who had migrated inward, which lasted for 50 years.

76. During the Western Jin Dynasty, the northern minorities that moved inward mainly included the Xiongnu, Xianbei, Capricorn, dizi, and Qiang, etc., who had long been intermingling with the Han Chinese and promoted the integration of ethnic groups in China.

77. In 317, Sima Rui founded the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with its capital at Jiankang; in 420, Liu Yu, a general of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, made himself emperor, ending the Eastern Jin Dynasty and beginning the Southern Dynasty.

78. In the late 4th century, the tribesmen established the pre-Qin regime, and the pre-Qin Fu Jian unified the Yellow River Valley.

79. In 383, the Eastern Jin army defeated Fu Jian with fewer troops and won the Battle of the Interstate War.

80. The Northern Wei Dynasty was founded by the Xian race, and in 439 the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the Yellow River Valley again.

81. The Southern Dynasties included the Song, Qi, Liang, and Chen dynasties, while the Northern Dynasties included the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Zhou **** dynasties.

82. Wang Xizhi, a master of calligraphy, sublimated Chinese calligraphy into a high art form. His masterpiece, the Lanting Preface, has the reputation of "the world's first running script"; Wang Xizhi is known as the "Sage of Calligraphy".

83. Gu Kai Zhi was a famous painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, whose masterpieces include "Lady's History" and "Luoshen Fu".

84. Fan Ching-chi, a thinker of the Southern Dynasties, wrote "The Theory of God's Destruction", which systematically expounded the atheistic ideas and exposed the fact that the ruling class was using Buddhism to cheat the people.

85. The Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi and the Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province are the two most famous grottoes excavated during the Northern Dynasties.

86. Table of Scientific Achievements in the Wei, Jin and Nan Dynasties

People Dynasty Titles Main Writings Main Scientific and Technological Achievements

Zu Chongzhi (祖冲之) South China Famous Mathematician and Astronomer, "Suffixed Art" ("缀术"), which was a great achievement in mathematics, astronomy, and mechanical engineering, and the most prominent of which was the accurate projection of pi to seven decimal places, nearly a thousand years earlier than that of overseas countries

Jia Siqi (贾思勰) North China (北朝) was the most famous mathematician in China. p>Jia Si-fo North Dynasty (Northern Wei and Eastern Wei) Famous agronomist "Qimin Yaojutsu" Summarize the production experience of China's working people in the north, advocate the reform of production technology and tools, compiled China's first surviving complete work of agricultural science, in the history of world agronomy occupies an important position

Li Daoyuan North Wei Distinguished geographer "Shui Jingji" Wrote a comprehensive geography of the monograph. To the waterway system as an outline, a detailed description of the rivers flowing through the region of mountains and towns, topography, products, customs, historical monuments

87. Feudal dynasties in the third unit of the establishment of a unified state

Dynasty Founding time Founding Emperor Capital name

Qin Dynasty 221 BC Qin King Winning Qin Shi Huang Xianyang

Western Han Dynasty 20 BC, the first time the Qin Dynasty was established, the first time the Qin Dynasty was established.

Western Han Dynasty 202 B.C. Liu Bang - Emperor Gaozu Chang'an

Eastern Han Dynasty 25 B.C. Liu Xiu - Emperor Guangwu Luoyang

Three Kingdoms Wei 220 B.C. Cao Pi Luoyang

Shu 221 B.C. Liu Bei Chengdu

Wu 222 B.C. Sun Quan Jianye

Western Jin Dynasty 266 B.C. Sima Yan Luoyang

Western Jin Dynasty 266 B.C. Sima Yan Luoyang

Eastern Jin 317 Sima Rui Jiankang

II. Questions and Answers

88. What are some of the several worldwide contributions of China's primitive farming era?

① China was the first country in the world to grow rice;

② China was the first country in the world to grow corn;

③ China was a very early cultivator of vegetables in the world.

89. How did the primitive inhabitants of Hemudu make progress in production and life compared with the Peking Man and the Shanding Cave Man?

A: The primitive inhabitants of Hemudu already used ground stone tools, plowed the land with Lei and plow, planted rice, and they lived in dry-fence houses, leading a sedentary life. Have dug wells, drinking water is more convenient. They also raised domestic animals, made pottery, and were able to make simple jade and primitive musical instruments.

90.What was the division of labor among the inhabitants of China's primitive farming era?

A: Women were mainly engaged in farming and weaving; men were mainly engaged in fishing and hunting as well as heavy handicrafts such as making tools and pottery; and the elderly were engaged in housework and taking care of and educating children.

91. Why is the Yellow Emperor honored as the "First Ancestor of Humanity" of the Chinese nation?

Answer: Because: (1) he built palaces, made clothes, taught people to dig wells, and invented the boat, laying the foundation of food, clothing, housing and transportation for future generations. (2) His wife, Rayon, invented silk-reeling, his subordinate, Cangjie, invented writing, and Linglun compiled musical scores.

92. Why did the Western Zhou Dynasty practise the feudal system? How was it done? What was the purpose?

Answer: The Western Zhou practiced the feudal system in order to consolidate its rule.

Main content: The feudal system meant that the Zhou Emperor divided the land and people among his relatives and meritorious officials and made them vassals. The vassals were required to obey the orders of the Son of Heaven of the Zhou, pay tribute to the Son of Heaven, guard the territory in normal times, and lead troops to fight with the Son of Heaven in times of war.

Effect: Through the feudal system, the Western Zhou developed remote areas, strengthened its rule, and became a strong state.

93.Why was Duke Huan of Qi the first to claim hegemony?

Answer: ①Qi was a great power in the east with its good geographic location, abundant fish and salt, and affluent economy; ②Qi Huan Gong appointed Guanzhong as his minister, and actively reformed the internal affairs and developed production; ③Reformed the military system, formed a strong army, and expanded its borders; ④Politically, he put forward the slogan of "honoring the king and hustling the barbarians".

94. What were the main contents and effects of the Shang Yang Reform?

A: In 356 BC, with the support of Duke Xiaodong of Qin, Shang Yang began to change the law.

The main contents of the change of law were: (1) the state recognized the private ownership of land and allowed the free sale and purchase of land; (2) rewarding cultivation and war, and exempting those who produced more food and cloth from the corvée service; granting titles and farms according to the size of the military service, and abolishing the privileges of the old aristocrats who did not have any military service. (3) The county system was established, whereby the ruler of the state directly assigned officials to govern.

The main effects of the Reform Law were: it enabled Qin to develop economically, strengthen its army, develop into the richest and strongest state in the late Warring States period, and lay the foundation for Qin's unification of the six states.

95. List the contents of Confucius' thought

A: Confucius was a famous great thinker and educator in the Spring and Autumn Period. He was the founder of the Confucian school.

Confucius's ideological ideas are: put forward the doctrine of "benevolence", advocating "love of man", requiring the ruler to understand the people's feelings, love and cherish the people's strength; opposed to tyrannical government and arbitrary punishment and killing.

96. Confucius's educational achievements include: (1) he founded private schools and enrolled a wide range of students, expanding the target audience; (2) he paid attention to "teaching according to ability" and was good at inspiring students to think about problems; (3) he educated his students to have an honest attitude toward learning and to be humble and studious; (4) he asked his students to review their studies from time to time in order to "learn from the past and understand the new"; and (5) he asked his students to learn from the past. "learn from the past".

97. What were the measures taken by Qin Shi Huang to consolidate unification?

A: ① A centralized system of feudal absolutism was established. (The supreme ruler, called the emperor, had total control over all military and political power in the country; the central government set up a prime minister, a lieutenant, and an imperial historian, who were in charge of administration, military affairs, and supervision; and the county system was introduced at the local level.)

②Unify writing, currency, weights and measures. (The Small Seal Script was adopted as the standardized script for the whole country; round, square-holed copper coins were adopted as the unified currency for the whole country; and neat and uniform regulations were made on size, liters and buckets, and catties and weights.)

3) "Burning books and burying scholars" to strengthen ideological control.

④Sent general Meng Ten to launch a massive counterattack against the Xiong Nu, and also built the Great Wall to resist it.

5 Qin Shi Huang also sent troops to unify the South Vietnamese ministries and built the Lingqu River to develop the southern border.

98. What important role did the Qin Dynasty play in China's history?

1) It put an end to the situation of war between the feudal lords since the Spring and Autumn Period and created a new situation of unification. Since the unification of Qin, China's more than 2,000 years of feudal society, although there were periods of fragmentation, but unification has always been the mainstream of history.

②The Qin Dynasty was the first unified, multi-ethnic and centralized state in Chinese history, and its authoritarian and centralized system of rule, which has been inherited in China for more than two thousand years, has had a very far-reaching impact.

③The unification of writing, currency, weights and measures had an extremely important impact on the development of China's economy and culture and the maintenance of national unity in the future.

④The famous Great Wall of China and ancient projects such as the Spiritual Canal were built.

99. Tell us about the historical role of Qin Shi Huang? What kind of person was Qin Shi Huang in your original impression? Is there any difference between the Qin Shi Huang you know from movies and TV dramas and the historical Qin Shi Huang?

Qin Shi Huang followed the trend of history and unified China by destroying the six kingdoms, ending the long period of fragmentation and chaos among the vassals, which was in line with the wishes of the general people; he established a monarchical and authoritarian centralized system, unified writing, currency, weights and measures, etc., consolidated the unification, and facilitated economic and cultural exchanges among various regions and ethnic groups, which had a profound impact on the later generations; he expanded the boundaries through the wars of unification, which made the Qin Dynasty became the first unified and centralized feudal state in the history of China. The above shows that Qin Shi Huang was an emperor who had made great contributions to the history of China and had great influence. But he was also a feudal emperor who ruled brutally. He built extensive palaces and tombs, wasting a lot of human, material and financial resources, affecting the normal production and life of the people; he also enacted cruel criminal law, making the people live in deep water; he burned books and pitted scholars, clamping down on ideas and destroying culture.

The Qin Shi Huang in the TV series is an artistic image, with "drama" or even fictional components. The historical Qin Shi Huang is the historical reality, and the two are very different.

100. What was the reason for the outbreak of the Peasant War at the end of Qin Dynasty?

A: The reasons for the outbreak of the Peasants' War at the end of the Qin Dynasty were:

①The root cause was the tyranny of Qin. ② Heavy labor; ③ Heavy taxation; ④ Cruelty of the criminal law and the excessive brutality of Qin II's rule.

101. In what ways was the great unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty manifested?

Answer: Han Wu Di's great unification, manifested in: (1) in the political implementation of the feudalism, strengthen the centralization of power; (2) in the economy of the local minting and salt and iron right to the central government, the implementation of the policy of suppression of business; (3) in the military counterattack on the Xiong Nu, and further development and consolidation of the unity of the country; (4) in the ideological implementation of the "Dismissal of a hundred schools of thought, the sole respect for Confucianism (4) Ideologically, the government implemented the policy of "Dismissing All Schools and Honoring Only the Confucians", taking Confucianism as the feudal orthodoxy. ⑤ In diplomacy, Zhang Qian was sent to the Western Regions to open the Silk Road.

102. Why was the Jiangnan area developed during the Wei, Jin, and North and South Dynasties? What was the impact?

Answer: First, the Jiangnan region has superior natural conditions for economic development; second, a large number of northern population moved to Jiangnan, the development of Jiangnan provides labor and technology; third, Jiangnan region of war is less, the social order is more stable. Fourth, the hard work of the laboring people in the north and south.

Impact: The economic development of Jiangnan laid the foundation for the gradual southward shift of China's economic center of gravity.

103. What were the reforms of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty? What were its effects?

A: After Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved his capital from Pingcheng to Luoyang, he carried out political and economic reforms.

The main elements of Emperor Xiaowen's reforms were: ① Speaking Chinese: Chinese must be used in the court, forbidden to use the Xianbei language; ② Wearing Chinese clothes: officials and their families must wear Han Chinese clothes; ③ Changing to Han Chinese surnames: Changing Xianbei surnames to Han Chinese surnames, and changing the royal family from Tuoba to Yuan; ④ Encouraging the marriage of Xianbei nobility and Han Chinese nobility; ⑤ Adopting the Han Han system of officialdom, laws and decrees; ⑥ Studying Han Chinese etiquette and law, honoring Confucius, ruling by filial piety, and advocating the respect for the Emperor's rule of law.

The role of Emperor Xiaowen's reforms: promoted national integration, accelerated the feudalization of the northern minorities, and objectively adapted to the trend of historical development.