Mummy maker

Mummies, or mummies. The ancient Egyptians buried the corpse with antiseptic spices, soaked it in salt water, spices, ointment, linen and other things to make a "mummy", and then put it in a closed grave, which can be preserved for a long time. Withered for a long time, that is, mummified.

First, apply melted turpentine to your face to protect your facial image and prevent it from drying too fast.

Second, brain pulp processing. The craftsman inserted the chisel into the left nostril, crushed the ethmoid bone, and then used tools to rotate in the brain, destroying the brain marrow. Insert a very small long-handled spoon into the brain from the nostril, dig out the brains, and finally put some drugs and spices into the empty skull. Brain marrow is generally not preserved.

Third, take out the internal organs. The stomach, intestine, liver and lung were taken out through the left incision in the abdomen. Then use palm oil as cleaning solution to clean the chest and abdomen. Sometimes these organs are neatly wrapped in turpentine balls and put into the mummy's abdomen, and sometimes they are put into a small jar with a lid and then put into the abdomen. Small pots are becoming more and more complicated from the ancient kingdom to the new kingdom.

At first, there were some simple pot covers, but in the Middle Kingdom, there were pot covers with heads. In the early18th century, the lid of the jar was guarded by the "son of Horace". However, it was forbidden to take out the heart in ancient Egypt. They regard the heart as a symbol of wisdom and try their best to keep it in the body. In the book of the dead in the New Kingdom, there are three people on duty who take turns guarding the heart.

Fourth, dehydration. This is an important drying process. The craftsman first wraps the soaked baking soda powder and other temporary fillers in cloth, then puts them into the dry soaked baking soda powder and leaves them for about 40 days.

After draining the water, take out the filler and put it in a cloth bag filled with crushed myrrh, cinnamon, alkali soaking, sawdust, etc. Finally, carefully sew up the incision and paste a piece of skin with Horace's eyes painted on it, because the ancient Egyptians thought this kind of skin had strong healing and protection.

Fifth, cosmetic surgery. In order to keep the mummy's skin soft, it was selectively coated with a mixture of milk, wine, spices, beeswax, turpentine and asphalt to beautify the skin.

Mummy's eyes are full of linen and stones, which are very vivid. The mummy was finally coated with turpentine to prevent moisture, and the makeup artist also sprinkled a layer of carmine on the mummy's cheeks, wearing a braided wig, clothes and the best jewelry.

Sixth, the bag. Egyptians thought it was dangerous to wrap the body, so prayers were accompanied during the whole wrapping process. Every time the hand that bandages the body moves, it is accompanied by solemn prayers or magic spells, and protective strips are placed between linen bandages.

They attach great importance to keeping it in their hearts. Amulets are generally made of scarab-shaped or heart-shaped green stones with the words "Preserve the heart of the deceased so that it will not produce anything harmful to its owner". Other amulets were placed near the mummy's body or wrapped in linen.

Seventh, the mummy greeted his card. The time is usually 70 days. After that, Anubis secretly returned the mummy to his family and waited for burial.

Extended data

Treatment process:

Immediately take out the most perishable internal organs. Usually, an incision is made on the left side of the corpse to remove all the internal organs such as liver, lung, stomach and intestine, and the brain marrow of the deceased is taken out from the nostril through the ethmoid bone, but the heart is not taken. Because the ancient Egyptians believed that the heart was an organ for thinking and understanding and must remain in the body.

Preserve internal organs and body cavities, first thoroughly clean and disinfect them with palm wine or date palm wine, then sprinkle a layer of mashed spices on the internal organs and put them in four jars for preservation; For the disinfected body cavity, first fill it with temporary fillers such as cloth-wrapped soaking alkali, then put it in dry soaking alkali powder for about 40 days, and finally carefully sew the incision.

Apply a layer of ointment or rosin solution to the treated corpse, and then wrap fingers, palms, feet and stems with white linen in turn. The nose of the deceased is sometimes damaged by extracting brain marrow. At this time, a wooden fake nose should be installed, and the eye socket should be stuffed with cloth to make a fake eye.

Put the dead man's hands across his chest and put them in a sarcophagus, sometimes with a coffin cover on the outside. In this way, a mummy is completed.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-mummy

How are mummies made?

To make a mummy, you must first remove the brain and internal organs, because these organs are the most difficult to preserve. The priest first smashed the sieve bone of the deceased, then put the hook into the cranial cavity from the nostril to hook out the brain tissue. The ancient Egyptians did not attach importance to the brain, so this part was dismembered and discarded.

Then make an incision in the left abdomen of the corpse, take out other internal organs except the kidney and heart, clean them, then dehydrate them with soaking alkali, then treat them with hot resin, wrap them in linen and put them in four cans respectively. There are four statues on the lids of the four jars: Imseti, the head of a human being, guarding the liver; The monkey's head is Harper, guarding the lungs; The dog's head is Adu Mutev, guarding the stomach; The eagle's head is Kebushenuev, guarding the intestines.

Four jars, from left to right, are used to hold lung, stomach, intestine and liver in turn.

The corpse is cleaned with coconut wine and spices, and the empty space inside is temporarily filled with some materials to prevent the corpse from deforming, and then it is also dehydrated in soaking alkali.

After 40 days, the completely dried body was taken out and washed with Nile water. Take out the temporary filler, fill it with hemp bag filled with sawdust or myrrh soaked in resin, sew up the incision, and make up the corpse. Then spread a mixture of turpentine, wax, alkali and resin on the body surface, sprinkle spices, plug your nostrils with stones, pad your eyes with linen, and cover your whole body with melted turpentine.

Mummy refers to the remains preserved by nature or man. Mummies may spontaneously form in many environments, such as high temperature, cold, dry and hypoxia. The earliest Egyptians buried the bodies of the dead directly in shallow pits on the edge of the desert. The yellow sand scorched by the sun quickly absorbed the water in the body and naturally became a mummy.

However, in 3400 AD, with the progress of Egyptian architectural technology, upper-class people began to lay Shi Zhuan in tombs, so the conditions of high temperature and dryness no longer existed. The Egyptians believed that after death, the elves Ba and Ka would return to the body, which required the body to be preserved. So the Egyptians invented the technique of preserving mummies artificially.

Anubis is making mummies. Anubis is regarded as the god of death, the maker of mummies and the patron saint.

Finally, wrap the body with linen strips and wrap a whole piece of linen outside. In the process of wrapping, you should also put in amulets and pray. In this way, the delicious mummy is ready.

Be sure to keep your face intact when mummifying, so that Ba and Ka can recognize their bodies when they come back. Even some Egyptians put lifelike masks on mummies or put statues of the dead in graves.

In mythology, the first person who was mummified was Osiris, who was murdered by his brother. His wife Isis found his body and mummified it with Anubis, the god of dog head. Osiris was resurrected as the king of the underworld, and Anubis became the god who made and guarded mummies.

The process of mummification

Mummification mainly uses sodium oxide produced in parts of Egypt, especially in Netron depression, to completely dry the body. The producer first sucks out the brain marrow through the nasal cavity and injects drugs to clean the brain. Then make an incision in the abdomen and take out organs such as lung, stomach and intestine, leaving only the heart and kidney in the body. Then wash the body cavity with coconut wine and mashed spices, fill it with resin, linen impregnated with resin and sawdust, and sew it as it is. The test questions should be completely buried in sodium oxide and dried. After 70 days, the producer took out the body, cleaned it, coated it with ointment and spices, wrapped it tightly with a lot of linen, and then coated it with resin. When dressing, start with fingers, toes, even limbs and the whole body. At the same time, special attention should be paid to prevent nails from falling off. The incision in the abdomen is covered with a dish, which symbolizes Horace's "perfect eyes". Mummies wrapped in this way maintain their shape before dehydration. Some mummies have a head and a special mask, which vividly shows the face of the deceased before his death. The dressing technique of mummies reached its peak in the 22nd dynasty. At that time, the internal organs of the body were put back into the body after treatment.

After drying, the internal organs taken from the corpse are also wrapped in linen, put into special jars or boxes, and stored in the tomb. Amulets and dung beetle statues are usually placed on mummies and bandages for protection. A dung beetles statue on the chest is engraved with a prayer, begging the soul not to testify against the dead on the scales of the underworld trial. The lungs, liver, stomach and intestines taken out of the body were protected by Horace's four sons. These are closely related to the religious beliefs of ancient Egyptians.

The whole mummification process lasted for 70 days, and it was expensive. In addition, there are various drugs, spices, evil spirits, amulets and so on. , only wrapped a corpse, sometimes with 1000 meters of high quality linen. Therefore, only kings, royalty, nobles and the rich can afford it, and the poor can only be simple and even sloppy. Herodotus talked about two other cheaper mummification methods. Although it is difficult to ensure physical integrity, it can give spiritual comfort to the poor. Moreover, perhaps it is because of these cheap mummification methods that the tradition of mummification can be spread and continued. It was not until the 4th century AD that Christianity ruled Egypt that the custom of mummies was abolished.

There was a group of people in ancient Egypt who made mummies as their profession. They have mastered this technology and passed it on from generation to generation. In ancient Egypt, mummification and related necessities undoubtedly formed a very important and large-scale industrial system. The existence of this industry shows that ancient Egyptians have mastered scientific knowledge in physics, chemistry and medicine. The sodium oxide they used as a desiccant was a mixture of sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, salt and sodium sulfide according to modern scientific analysis, indicating that the chemical action of these substances was known at that time.

The custom of mummifying in ancient Egypt gave them an opportunity to understand the structure of the human body. This had an important influence on the development of ancient Egyptian medicine, especially physiology and anatomy. This custom, coupled with favorable climatic conditions, has enabled hundreds of corpses to be preserved for thousands of years, many of which can be accurately dated. Today, experts can get a glimpse of people's physical condition and the prevalence of diseases through mummies. Mummification in ancient Egypt is the scene of cutting open the dead body, which is very common in society, so that Ptolemaic doctors and anatomists can successfully carry out the first systematic human anatomy in Egypt. At that time, in Greece and other parts of the world, autopsy was absolutely intolerable by religious concepts and public opinion.

What is the process of making mummies?

First, apply turpentine to the surface of the corpse, then take out the brain and internal organs, and wrap the skin with bandages after makeup, as follows:

1. Apply melted turpentine to your face to protect your facial image and prevent it from drying too fast.

2. Treat brain marrow. The craftsman inserted the chisel into the left nostril, crushed the ethmoid bone, and then used tools to rotate in the brain, destroying the brain marrow. Insert a very small long-handled spoon into the brain from the nostril, dig out the brains, and finally put some drugs and spices into the empty skull. Brain marrow is generally not preserved.

3. take out the internal organs. The stomach, intestine, liver and lung were taken out through the left incision in the abdomen. Then use palm oil as cleaning solution to clean the chest and abdomen. Sometimes these organs are neatly wrapped in turpentine balls and put into the mummy's abdomen, and sometimes they are put into a small jar with a lid and then put into the abdomen.

4. Cosmetic plastic surgery. In order to maintain its softness, the mummy's skin is selectively coated with a mixture of milk, wine, spices, beeswax, turpentine and asphalt to beautify the skin.

5. parcel. Egyptians thought it was dangerous to wrap the body, so prayers were accompanied during the whole wrapping process. Every time the hand that bandages the body moves, it is accompanied by solemn prayers or magic spells, and protective strips are placed between linen bandages.

Precautions:

1, take out the most perishable internal organs. Usually, an incision is made on the left side of the corpse to remove all the internal organs such as liver, lung, stomach and intestine, and the brain marrow of the deceased is taken out from the nostril through the ethmoid bone, but the heart is not taken. Because the ancient Egyptians believed that the heart was an organ for thinking and understanding and must remain in the body.

2. Apply a layer of ointment or rosin solution to the treated corpse, and then wrap fingers, palms, feet and stems with white linen in turn. The nose of the deceased is sometimes damaged by extracting brain marrow. At this time, a wooden fake nose should be installed, and the eye socket should be stuffed with cloth to make a fake eye.

Baidu encyclopedia-mummy

How do people often say that mummies are made?

Many people are curious about how mummies are made, especially the most famous mummies in ancient Egypt. Some people who have seen the movie "The Mummy" will be very curious. Is there any difference between the real mummy and the one in the movie? As one of the four ancient civilizations, ancient Egypt is rich in history and culture, especially mummies. In ancient Egypt, people would make corpses look like mummies, which was also the most popular funeral culture at that time in order to make them never rot.

Mummies are made in different ways, because they are also symbols of status. Different status, different production methods, the production process of people with higher status is very complicated, and the production process of people with lower status or ordinary people is very simple. But in general, the production steps are similar.

First of all, people need to find a thin and long iron hook through their nostrils, and then hook out the brain marrow and mash it. Other liquid substances in their brains will also flow out with the bone marrow and then be stuffed into their brains together with spices such as cinnamon. Secondly, people need to find a knife, cut a hole from the side of the abdomen with a knife, then take out the lungs, stomach, liver and other internal organs one by one, rinse them with clear water, dry them outside, put them in a jar after drying, and finally sprinkle spices; The third step is to fill the abdomen with wrapped medicine, then soak the whole body in the liquid medicine, take it out and dry it later, take out the contents of the abdomen, plug it with antiseptic medicine, and finally sew it up.

Finally, they can wrap all the bodies and put them in coffins. In addition to the above production steps, there are some simple methods. You can inject pine oil into the body from the anus, then block the anus, soak the whole body in the medicine for 70 days, open the anus and let the internal organs flow out. Generally speaking, mummies are hollowed out, filled with medicine, hollowed out and then filled with medicine, and finally dried.