The order of musical genres in European music~

The main genres of foreign music

Western European music flourished in ancient Greece, but in the Middle Ages, music was monopolized by the church and the feudal ruling class, becoming a tool for them to propagate their religions, paralyze the people, and consolidate feudal rule, and most of the professional works were chants for the church. To the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries with the rise of capitalism, instrumental music, opera appeared one after another, music began to enter the theater, turning to the public. To the eighteenth century, music gradually get rid of the religious boundaries, composers by the Renaissance thought, works gradually focus on the embodiment of human nature and people's lives, the creative techniques are increasingly rich and sophisticated, and then began the golden age of classical music in Western Europe. With the development of capitalist industry, musical instruments were gradually improved and perfected, and the general public became the target of performance. Coupled with the influence of bourgeois revolutionary ideas, music and art gained great development. From the 18th century to the present day of the 20th century, in a short period of two to three hundred years, there have been many great musicians with far-reaching influence on world music, and a large number of world-famous outstanding musical works (masterpieces) have been produced. In terms of the successive changes in creative ideas and musical styles, different schools were formed. There are the "classical school" (18th century), the romantic school (19th century), the folk school (second half of the 19th century), and the modern school from the 20th century up to the present (including the impressionist school at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, and the expressionist, primitivist, neo-classical, dodecaphonic, sequential, and specific genres of the 20th century). Historically, famous musicians have belonged to various genres, but there are also those who have combined the characteristics of different genres or have composed music of different genres successively. Even for composers belonging to the same genre, their works are characterized by their own national and personal musical styles.

(I) Classical School

The Classical School emerged in the early 18th century and the 1920s. The main composers were Handel, Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and the opera composer Gruger. Influenced by the bourgeois Enlightenment and bourgeois revolutionary ideas, their musical creations sought to get rid of the constraints of the church and the feudal court, and tended to be liberal, democratic and artificial. Their works emphasized the spiritual outlook of the emerging civic class. The method of composition emphasized the rigorous structure of the music, the perfection of the form, the harmony of the sound and the logic of the music. Most of the compositions were simple, serious and steady, advocating rationality, while the expression of emotion was more implicit and internal, and the instrumental music was mostly untitled music. Fugues, sonatas, symphonies, chamber music, and operas laid the perfect foundation for this period. Among them, Bach mainly wrote polyphonic music; Handel used the main key and polyphony; Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven focused on the writing of main key music, of which Beethoven emphasized the expression of subjective passions and the title of instrumental music, and he was the forerunner of the development of the classical school to the romantic school of music. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven are known as the "Viennese Classical School".

(2) Romantic School

The word "Romance" is a translation of the word "Romance", which originated from the literature of the Middle Ages depicting myths, heroes and beauties. In the eighteenth century, German literature was often based on this theme. When the French bourgeois revolution failed in the 18th century and the feudal monarchs were restored, musicians were dissatisfied with the reality and could not find a clear way out, so they were spiritually depressed, and so, under the influence of literature, the composers of the 19th century also moved towards Romanticism. The works tended to be based on ancient legends and myths, fantasy stories, or focused on the depiction of life phenomena, the detailed embodiment of personal life feelings. Music emphasized the expression of feelings and psychological delineation, unlike the classical emphasis on rationality. They believe that literature and art have **** sex, gallery to promote poetry, drama and music and the combination of music title, focusing on the poetry of music, while the structure of the song is more flexible. Romantic musicians, according to the content of the performance of the need to create a lot of scale genre forms, such as: speechless song, nocturne, narrative, miniatures suite, concert overture, symphonic poems, lyrical songs, vocal suites and so on. In terms of compositional techniques, they emphasized the use of national and folk tones, and the rhythm of music was more complex and detailed than that of classicism, and the harmonic techniques were more abundant, and the orchestral preparation and orchestration method was more developed in the hands of Berlioz and Wagner. Representatives of the Romantic school of music, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Schumann, Chopin and opera composers such as Weber, Rossini, Verdi, etc.; the same period and the mid-career of the composer Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, Brahms, etc., Russia's Tchaikovsky also belongs to the Romantic school of music; in the near and modern (the end of the nineteenth century, a twentieth-century) of the modern school of music, as well as Mahler, Richard Strauss, Mahler, Richard Strauss, and Rachmaninoff, who can be considered the last representatives of the Romantic School. Other famous composers of the Romantic School include De Novo, Bizet, Johann Strauss, Saint-Sa?ns and others.

4 The main genres of foreign music[Transferred from ZhangTeng.com]

(3) National Music School

In the mid-nineteenth century, composers from Eastern Europe, Northern Europe and Russia, while absorbing the experience of Romanticism in Western Europe, focused on the establishment and development of national music. They endeavored to create musical works that were both characteristic of their own national music and expressive of the character, aspirations and life of their people. The composers of these national music schools mainly included the Russian Glinka and "Power Group" (a group of composers whose main theme was the development of Russian national music, including: Batikhilev, Güey, Borodin, Rimsky, Korsakov, Mussorgsky, and other five) and the Czech Smetana, Dvorak; the Norwegian Grieg5; and the Finnish Sibelius. Sibelius of Finland, etc. Chopin of Poland and Liszt of Hungary belonged to both the Romantic and National Schools.

(4) Modern School

The name "Modern School" is a general term for various schools of music and art from the nineteenth century to the present. In addition to composers who continued to compose in the classical-romantic musical tradition (including "socialist realism"), many new anti-romantic genres emerged. "XXism" and "XX music", with their many names, have a general tendency to move from polytonality to atonality, to the point of denying musical notes and scales, using only natural sounds, and departing completely from the classical aesthetic tradition. If they are categorized according to the order of their appearance and genres, they can be divided into three historical periods. The main genres of each period and the representative composers of each genre are listed below, so as to understand the general situation of European and American music in the twentieth century:

1. From the end of the nineteenth century before and after the First World War (which can be called the "modern music" period)

(1) Late Romanticism. The main writers were: Richard Strauss (Germany), Mahler (Austria), Rachmaninoff (Russia).

(2) Impressionism (advocating the use of music to depict transient impressions from the outside world, and emphasizing harmonic color). Major writers include Debussy (France), Ravel (France), Duca (France), Respighi (Italy).

(3) Expressionism (advocating the use of music to express people's inner subconscious impulses or desires, hallucinations, nightmares, etc.). The main writers are: Schoenberg (Austrian), Berg (Austrian), Webern (Austrian), Bartók (Hungarian), Scriabin (Russian). (Schoenberg and Webern are also the founders of atonal music, and together with Berg they are known as the "New Viennese School").

2. From the First World War to the Second World War (the period of "New Music")

(1) Primitivism (the emphasis on folk music, the pursuit of primitive mysticism and savagery, and modern harmonies). Major writers include: Bartok (Hungary), Stravinsky (Russia).

(2) Neo-Immanentism (emphasizing that "music is music", and that music can be used to express objective things, but opposing the use of music to express subjective thoughts and feelings). The main writers are: Mieux (France), Hindemith (Germany).

(3) Neoclassicism (opposed to Romanticism, which emphasizes the expression of feelings, and advocated a return to Right Canonism, which focuses on the beauty of the form of the music itself, with simple structures, clear content, novel harmonies and polyphony, and rich objectivity of the music). The main writers are: Stravinsky (Russia), Hindemith (Germany).

(4) The Six (French Young Innovators, Anti-Impressionism and Anti-Romanticism). The writers were Satie (French), Onegue (French), Mieux (French), Franck (French), Auric (French), and Taillefer (French).

(5) twelve-tone doctrine (also known as "twelve-tone system", twelve tones are equally important. It does not matter "mode", "tonality" and "main tone", the twelve tones are arranged in any order, but shall not be repeated. When they appear again, there is a strict order principle. (The harmonic tones also follow the same sequence, and there is no such thing as a "triad"). Writers: Schoenberg (O), Berg (O).

(6) Socialist Realism (basically inherited the classical music tradition with innovations, advocating the use of music to reflect socialism). The main writers are: Prolfiev (Su), Shostakovich (Su).

Recommended works:

Tchaikovsky's three major dance dramas: I. , II. II. The Nutcracker

Mozart's three major symphonies: I. . (Symphony No. 39) (E flat major)

2. Symphony No. 40 (in G minor)

Three. Symphony No. 41 (C major)

Mozart's three major operas: I. The Marriage of Figaro (C minor)

Mozart's three major operas: II. (The Marriage of Figaro)〈Figaro's Wedding〉 II. The Magic Flute〉 III.

Puccini's three major operas: I. II. II. Madame Butterfly〉 III. (Lancelot) II. Aida> III. The Lady of the Camellias>.

The four major violin concertos:

I. Beethoven's two. Mendelssohn's 〈Violin Concerto in E minor〉

Tchaikovsky's 〈Violin Concerto in D major）

The four major violin concertos. Tchaikovsky's four. Brahms's 〈Violin Concerto in D major〉

Five major piano concertos

I. Beethoven's "Emperor" Piano Concerto (in E-flat major)

Tchaikovsky's "Piano Concerto in B-flat" (in E-flat major)

The five major piano concertos

I. Tchaikovsky's Piano Concerto No. 1 in B-flat minor

III. Rachmaninoff's Piano Concerto No. 2 in C major

IV. Schumann's Piano Concerto in E minor

V. Liszt's Piano Concerto No. 1

Six major symphonies:

I. Beethoven's Symphony of Fate (Symphony No. 5)

II. Beethoven's Symphony of Fields (Symphony No. 6)

III. Schubert's Unfinished Symphony (Symphony in B Minor)

IV. Dvorak's Symphony of the New World (Symphony No. 9)

V, Tchaikovsky's Pathétique Symphony (Symphony No. 6)

VI, Berlioz's Symphonie fantastique

Vienna

Moonlight

Blue Danube

Santalucia

Wilhelmshund Overture

The swan

Radetsky March

For Alice

Fate

Brandenburg Concerto

Piano Pieces in Mean Time

Romance No. 1

Santa Maria

Romance of Love