Why did the most cruel punishment "torture" in ancient times make death row people shudder?

In the novel The Condor Heroes in the Ming Dynasty, Bo Yikao, the eldest son of Hou Jichang of Xibe nationality, went to Chao Ge to save his father from returning to China. Because he didn't come from da ji, he was slandered and assassinated, so da ji crucified Boycott's hands and feet and chopped them into paste. His name is Hai. Then, in order to test Ji Chang, Zhou Wang and da ji ordered people to make the meat sauce baked by Boyi into patties for Ji Chang to eat.

Every time I see this place, I think of it in the book? Shelling, basin? Such cruel means are chilling, which shows the cruelty of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. However, many people think that Xu's description is just the words used by novelists to construct characters. However, under the system of real slavery society in Shang Dynasty, how to kill people cruelly is a skill that rulers must master.

Above _ The stills of da ji in the list of gods.

Dissatisfied with people? Hey? His "Lv Chunqiu? Online "record:? In the past, I was ignorant. I killed Mabel and drowned him. I killed the ghost and preserved it for the princes in the temple. . It is said that Zhou Wang had no choice, because Mabel dared to tell the truth and denounced Zhou Wang for being dissolute and heartless, so Zhou Wang killed him and chopped him into pieces. Ghost Hou (what else to do? Jiuhou? ) Because I married my daughter, but her daughter didn't like sex, which angered her, so she ordered Ghost Hou to cook it and make it into bacon. And made it out of Mabel? Hey? , made of ghosts? Breasts? Give it to other governors in the court.

These sounds chilling, just like novels. But as far as these two things are concerned, Qu Yuan's Chu Ci? The Book of Rites Ge? Historical Records of Tang Ming? Books such as Yin Benji and Fan Lu in the Spring and Autumn Period recorded these things respectively.

Meanwhile, The Book of Rites? Tan Gong record:? Confucius cried in the atrium, someone hanged him, but Confucius worshipped him. I went to the messenger crying to ask questions. The messenger said, It's gone. ? Life is over? . That is, Luz, the seventy-two sage of Confucius, was regarded as a disorderly minister and chopped into a paste because he participated in the coup to defend the country. After hearing this, Confucius was very sad, so he poured out the meat sauce at home and stopped eating it.

Treat sinners except? Hey? Related to this is that. Cooking? . In the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal family declined, and the princes did not come to pilgrimage, so they slandered Zhou and framed Qi Aigong. So? To the princes, cook Gong Yuding? .

Above _ Jin Wengong (67 BC1or 697 BC-628 BC), her surname is Zhong Er.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, the son of the State of Jin was exiled to the State of Zheng. At that time, the minister wanted to suggest killing him for the peace of the State of Zheng. When he became an official, he led an army to intimidate Zheng and handed over those who had enemies with him. Finally, before being put into the pot, he was caught by Ding Er and shouted at the soldiers of the State of Jin. Since ancient times, people loyal to the monarch can't cook. . When he heard about this, he sent people back to Zheng to save his reputation and stabilize his army.

Will. Sinners? Not only in the pre-Qin dynasty, but also in the dispute between Chu and Han, Xiang Yu tried to cook Liu Bang's father. In the eleventh year of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang? Peng Yue, the king of Liang, was killed, and his death was presented to the princes? . Moreover, in the chronicle of the criminal law of the Han Dynasty, it was stipulated that anyone who was sentenced? Zu Yi San? People who commit crimes must be stabbed in the face, cut off their noses and beheaded before? Kill your own flesh and blood in the city? . That's it.

Above _ Xiang Yu (232 BC-202 BC), whose name is Yu.

? Hey? Zhou Wang, the remains of human sacrifice in slave society, had such cruel punishment during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period when there was no just war. Why did the enlightened Han Dynasty still use it? Hey? What about this barbaric behavior? From the analysis of historical data, I personally think it should be the remains of the human sacrifice system in ancient slave society.

Confucius said? What about the initiator? Academic circles have different opinions on its true meaning, but it is undeniable that this sentence reflects the system of human sacrifice before and after the Spring and Autumn Period. In slave society, people are things, especially slaves and criminals have no human rights. Because there is still controversy in the history of Xia Dynasty, we only discuss how the slave society of Shang Dynasty made people into food and sacrificed people.

1999, a bronze swallow with two skulls was unearthed from the ruins of Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan Province. The initial state of these two skulls is in bronze swallow. Bronze ware is an important ritual vessel for offering sacrifices to gods. Putting the head in a cooker with cooking function should be dedicated to the tomb owner or the gods.

Above _ Bronze King of Warring States Period

In 1974, Hu Houxuan's Martyrdom and Human Sacrifice in Slave Society of China made statistics. Only in the tombs excavated at that time, there were about 4000 martyrs (because some bodies were broken, it was impossible to piece together the specific figures). During the Shang Dynasty, when Wu Ding was a good wife and husband, 500 people were offered as sacrifices to ancestors and gods for divination. Sacrificing living people was the whole social atmosphere at that time, not only for sacrificial activities, but also for housing construction.

Archaeologists excavated a group of Shang architectural sites and found that before laying the cornerstone, a pit should be dug there, in which a dog or a child was buried. How many cornerstones there are in a building, there are several such people who die in the pit. Cattle, sheep, pigs and human beings should be used as sacrifices in the ceremony of laying the pillars, and they should be dug and buried. When placing the gate, dig holes inside and outside the gate to bury people and animals. When the building is completed, more sacrifices are needed. It is the completion of such a group of buildings that 889 celebrities are always sacrificed.

Above _ Pottery dogs in the Eastern Han Dynasty, objects for burial.

Such a huge demand for human sacrifice, with the population and productivity at that time, is difficult to meet only by slaves as sacrifices. Therefore, the people who served as sacrifices in the slave society of Shang Dynasty can be roughly divided into three categories.

The first one is around the dynasty? Yi people? It was obtained by prisoners of war, offerings from neighboring countries and hunting by civilians, most of whom were Qiang people.

"Shuo Wen Jie Zi" says: Qiang and Xirong also shepherd sheep, from people to sheep. However, judging from the extensive use of sacrificial rites by Qiang people in Shang Dynasty, can we boldly guess that Qiang people refer to a two-legged person who can sacrifice like a sheep?

Are you online? Qiang people? Besides, the second kind is the inherent slave of the slave owner. These slaves, whether born at home or bought and sold, are also important sources of sacrifice. In addition, criminals who were hated and arrested by the rulers for violating the laws at that time were also an important source of sacrifice.

In the book Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Sacrifice to Yin Merchants, there are many ways of human sacrifice: burying the soil, drowning, insolating, cooking and so on. This can also be compared with the death of Mei Bo and the death of Ghost Houfu recorded in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In addition, cooking techniques are used even through branding. In the age of obscurantism, the cruel methods used in sacrifice spread to the eyes of later slave owners? Sinners? Ordinary is natural.

Above _ Di Xin (about BC 1 105- BC 1045), namely Shang Zhouwang.

Gradually disappear after the Han dynasty? Hey? During the transition from slave society to feudal society, especially after the Han Dynasty, this kind of punishment with traces of primitive savage sacrifices rarely appeared again, but this does not mean extinction, because this kind of barbaric punishment has a powerful deterrent force.

As mentioned above, who was sentenced in the Western Han Dynasty? Zu Yi San? Anyone here? Boss? Will you suffer in the future? Hey? Such barbaric treatment. It was also the time of the Jin Dynasty. Hey? Although it is not written in the national code, but in the book of Jin? A new article has been added to the Criminal Law Yearbook, namely? Isn't it the law to rebel against the great rebellion, temporarily arrest or kill the owl and destroy its three clans? . Indicate this time? Hey? It has become a hidden reserved punishment, which is only used when dealing with heinous crimes, and it has become a threat of state power to criminals.

Above _ Du Qi (1005? 1050) was born in Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu).

Savage punishment, applicable to? Barbarians? People, even in the Song Dynasty, known as the peak of civilization, can catch a glimpse of cruel corporal punishment in remote corners. During the Qing Dynasty of the Northern Song Dynasty, Ou Xifan and others in Sien County, Zhou Huan rebelled and occupied Zhou Huan. In the second year, Du Qi led the troops to destroy it. Later, he recruited Ou Xifan's accomplices, and Du Qi planted Datura flowers in the wine for the rebels, taking the opportunity to win these rebels in one fell swoop. Three days later, 56 people including Ou Xifan were arrested.

So Du Qi ordered these 56 people to have a laparotomy, draw their internal organs into five zang-organs maps, and then take them all down? Hey? , sent to the nearby stockade and other ethnic minority areas, as an example. When this happened, it was cruel for the minister of the DPRK to impeach Du Qi, but Du Qi was only reprimanded by the emperor and did not do more punishment. The officers and men who fought side by side with Du Qi still received corresponding rewards, which shows that the high-level officials acquiesced in this practice.

Above _ Yuan Chonghuan (1584? 1630)

As for the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there is no such record in the official history. Sure, Yuan Chonghuan is? Hey? And then people are scrambling to eat it, don't they belong? Hey? Or? Cooking? Like punishment. Treating people cruelly by cooking food can be regarded as the threat and shock of absolutism to the people and all forces under centralized rule. In the American drama House of Cards, the President once famously said: If you don't get the support of the people, you will make them feel threatened and scared. It may be one of the reasons for these cruel punishments.

Text: Wei Siwei

References:

1 "Examination of Criminal Law in Past Dynasties" Shen Jiaben

2 "Historical Records" Sima Qian

3 "Martyrdom and Human Sacrifice in Slave Society of China", Hu Houxuan's first and second parts.

4. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Sacrifice of Yin Merchants Wang Ping and Gu Bin

The text was created by the team of History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the Internet and belonged to the original author.