Origins of Western Architecture Introduction (Chinese on line)

I. Ancient Aegean Region Architecture:

The 3rd century BC appeared in the Aegean islands, the Greek Peninsula and the west coast of Asia Minor region, centered on the island of Crete and the Greek Peninsula Mysini, also known as Cretan - Mysinian culture.

Crete, Crete's architecture is all secular, the famous Minoan palace of Knossos. The space is high and low. Built on the mountain, a large scale; architectural style delicate and slender, open houses, colorful. Northwest of the palace there is the world's first amphitheater.

Mycenae. Its culture is slightly later than that of Crete, and is dominated by the acropolis in the center of the city. Acropolis of Mycenae and the Acropolis of Tyrone. The style is rugged and defensive. The gate of the acropolis of Mycenae was named "Lion's Gate" because of its carvings.

Ancient Greek architecture:

Ancient Greece is the birthplace of European culture, ancient Greek architecture is the precursor to European architecture, including the southern Balkan Peninsula, the Aegean islands, the west coast of Asia Minor, as well as the East to the Black Sea, the west of Sicily's vast area.

Historical staging

Ancient Style Period: 8 BC ~ 6 BC century, monumental architecture formation.

Classical period: 5th century B.C., monumental architecture matured, and the native architecture of ancient Greece flourished.

Hellenistic period: 4th to 1st century BC, Greek culture spread to West Asia and North Africa, and combined with local traditions

Evolution of stone beam and column structural system and temple type

Early buildings were wooden frame structure, later used stone instead of columns, gables, and transitioned from wooden to stone beam and column structure. The type of system is derived from the main hall of the palace of the nobles with a narrow front and formed a triangular mountain wall. In order to protect the wall and form a colonnade.

The temple has only one hall, rectangular in plan, with its narrow end as the front. Layout patterns include end-wall columns, end-pillars, and perimeter pillars (including double perimeter pillars and false perimeter pillars).

Ancient Greek column

Ancient Greek temples in addition to the roof frame are all built with stone. The artistic treatment of columns, frontal square and eaves basically determined the external appearance of the temple. Greek architecture in a long time to improve the stabilization of a set of practices that formed a different column (Order)

The two major columns in the heyday, each with their own strong characteristics.

Doric.

Originated in Italy, around Sicily, and later used in temples throughout Greece. Characterized by its proportion is thicker, smaller openings, the head of the simple inverted conical platform, the body of the column has a sharp angular groove, the body of the column to close the points, the volume of the kill is more pronounced, there is no column base, standing directly on the pedestal, the cornice is thicker, fewer line feet, more straight-sided. Overall, it strives to be strong, simple and powerful, harmonious, with a male character.

Ionic (Ionic) column

Produced in Asia Minor, characterized by the proportion of slender, wider openings, the head of the column has a delicate, such as the round scroll, the column body with a small circular groove, the base of the column for a complex combination of elasticity, the body of the column is not obvious, the cornice of the thinner, the use of a variety of composite footings. Overall the style is beautiful and ornate, with a female body and character.

Late mature Corinthian (Corinthian) column

Column head composed of buttercup leaves, like a basket of flowers, its column body, column base and the overall proportion of the Ionic column similar.

Aesthetic Ideology and Stylistic Characteristics

Responds to the humanistic worldview of the poor. It is believed that "beauty is composed of measure and order", and the beauty of the human body is governed by the principle of harmonious number, so the human body is the most beautiful. When the harmony of the object and the harmony of the human body, the object is beautiful.

The architectural style is characterized by solemnity, elegance, refinement, character and vigor. "Expression of bright and pleasant emotions ...... like a brilliant, sunlit day, ......".

Classical Examples

Representatives of the Classical period in its prime, the Acropolis and its main buildings. The Mountain Gate, the Temple of Victory, the Parthenon, the Temple of Erechtheion, and the statue of Athena. Group layout reflects the principle of unity of opposites composition, according to the route of the ritual activities, the layout is free and lively, the building arrangement conforms to the terrain, take care of the mountain, the mountain ornamental, comprehensive application of the Doric and Ionic two types of columns.

The synagogue and semicircular amphitheater. Such as Mecca Lobos Theater and Tabernacle.

Late Greek centralized monumental buildings. Such as the Trophy Pavilion in Athens and the Mausoleum of Mosolem in Halicnassu. A new technique of multi-layered compositions with centralized upward progression appeared.

The altar developed into a separate building, such as the Altar of Zeus on the Acropolis of Pagma.

Plazas were commonly provided with open porches.

Ancient Roman architecture

Architectural achievements:

Ancient Roman architecture directly inherited and greatly advanced the achievements of ancient Greek architecture, opened up new areas of construction, rich in architectural art techniques, in the building type, art and technology, a wide range of achievements, reached the highest peak of the building of the age of slavery.

Two, building technology:

Building materials in addition to brick, wood, stone, the use of volcanic ash system of natural concrete, and invented the corresponding support mold, concrete pouring and marble finishing techniques.

Structural aspects of the Etruscan and Greek based on the development of beams and columns and arch structure technology. Arch structure is one of the greatest achievements of Rome. The types are: barrel arch, cross arch, cross arch, dome (hemisphere). A whole set of complex vaulting system was created. Roman architectural layout, spatial combination, art form are inseparable from the arch structure technology, complex vault system.

Three, the art of architecture:

(a) inherited the ancient Greek columns and developed into five types of columns: Taschkan columns, Roman Doric columns, Roman Ionic columns, Corinthian columns, mixed columns.

(ii) solved the arched coupon structure of the bulky piers and the contradiction between the artistic style of columns, the creation of coupon columns.

(3) solved the contradiction between columnar and multi-storey buildings, developed the stacked columnar style, and created the horizontal elevation to divide the composition form.

(4) adapted to the composition of tall building volume, created a vertical form of giant column composition.

(5) The combination of arch coupons and column columns was created, and the foot of the coupon was erected on the continuous coupon on the column eaves.

(vi) solved the contradiction between columnar lineal footing and huge building volume by replacing simple lineal footing with a set of lineal footing or composite lineal footing.

Fourth, the creation of architectural space

The use of barrel arches, cross arches, cross arches, domes and arches and coupons balancing technology, to create a single space covered by arches and coupons, unidirectional longitudinal space, sequential combination of space and other architectural forms