Traditional Cultural Common Sense and Text Translation

First of all, "model" is divided into "front model" and "back model".

1, the former mode

Origin: Three Kingdoms Period. Zhuge Liang's Biography of the Three Kingdoms Volume 35.

Original text:

Before the first emperor started his business, the middle road collapsed. Today he scored three points, and Yizhou was exhausted. This is a crucial autumn. But the guards worked tirelessly at home, and those who were loyal to their ambitions forgot to be outside, covering up the special experience of the former emperor and wanting to report to your majesty. Sincerely, it is advisable to open a holy court, with the honor of the late emperor and the spirit of the people. It is not advisable to belittle yourself, quote wrong words, and block the way of advice from loyal ministers.

In the palace, everything is one; It is not appropriate to judge whether it is the same or different. If there are criminals, they should be rewarded by the Ministry for their loyalty and kindness to show your understanding; Selfishness is not desirable, so there is a difference between inside and outside.

Shi Zhong, Assistant Minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun, etc. , are kind and upright, are loyal and pure. They are based on the advice of the former emperor: I think that everything in the palace, big or small, should be managed, and then implemented, which will certainly make up for the gaps and omissions and benefit a wide range.

Xiang Chong, a general, has a good personality and fluent military style. He tried it in the past. The first emperor called it "neng", which was discussed based on the approval of many people. Foolish people think that knowing what is going on in the camp and consulting it will make the front line harmonious, and both advantages and disadvantages will be found.

Pro-sages, far villains, this first Han is so prosperous; You little people, far from being wise ministers, have been so depressed in the Han Dynasty ever since. When the late Emperor was around, every time I talked to the minister about it, I always sighed and hated Yu Huan and Ling. Shi Zhong, Shang Shu, Chang Shi, joined the army. I know that I am a virtuous and dying minister. I hope your majesty will be close to me, and the prosperity of the Han dynasty can be counted.

I was dressed in cloth and devoted myself to Nanyang. I risked my life in troubled times and didn't ask Wen Da to be a vassal. The first emperor didn't treat his ministers with meanness, and his accusation was self-defeating. He took care of his ministers in the thatched cottage and was grateful for what had happened in this world, so he promised the first emperor to drive him away. After the boat capsized, I was appointed as the defeated army and was ordered to face danger. I have been here for twenty years.

The first emperor knew that I was cautious, so he sent me to be a minister in case of collapse. Since taking office, he has been sighing all night, fearing that the entrustment will not work, which will hurt the understanding of the first emperor; So crossing the Luzhou River in May, nothing grows. Now that the south is settled, there is enough armor. Authorized by the three armies, the north settled in the central plains, the arrogance was completely destroyed, the traitors were completely eliminated, and the Han Dynasty was revived, still in the old capital. The minister was therefore loyal to His Majesty and the first emperor. As for profit and loss, if you keep your word, you will be willing to do so.

May your majesty entrust the effect of bringing the dead back to life to the minister, and if it doesn't work, punish the minister severely and tell the spirit of the first emperor. If there are no words to promote virtue, blame you for being slow to show its blame; Your majesty also requires himself, seeks advice from others, treats others with courtesy, and pursues the posthumous edict of the first emperor. I am very grateful.

Stay away from it today, crying, I don't know what to say.

Translation:

The great cause initiated by the first emperor was not abandoned halfway, but abandoned halfway. Now the world is divided into three countries, and Yizhou people are scarce. This is indeed a critical period for the country. However, the court attendants, guards and other officials did not slack off at all. The loyal and ambitious soldiers on the battlefield were desperate, probably because they remembered the special kindness of the first emperor to them (the reason for the war) and wanted to repay you.

(Your Majesty) You should really broaden the hearing of saints, carry forward the virtues left by the former emperor, and inspire the aspirations of people with lofty ideals. Don't underestimate your enemy, saying inappropriate words will block people's loyal persuasion. ?

Palace ministers and the imperial court are a whole, and there should be no distinction between rewards and punishments, good and bad. If there are people who do evil, violate the law and discipline, and do good faithfully, they should be handed over to the competent officials to judge whether they are punished or rewarded, so as to show your majesty's fair and strict governance, and there should be no favoritism and selfishness, so that the reward and punishment methods in the palace and the court are different.

Shi Zhong, assistant minister Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others, all of whom are kind and upright people, have loyal aspirations and hearts, so the first emperor chose them to assist your majesty. I think everything in the palace, big or small, should be discussed with them, so that if it is implemented in the future, it will certainly make up for the shortcomings and omissions and get many benefits.

General Xiang Chong is kind, fair and proficient in military affairs. When he was appointed, the first emperor praised his talent, so everyone talked about it and recommended him as the central governor. I think that if everything in the army is discussed with him, it will definitely make the army unite as one, and the good guys and bad guys will find their own positions.

Being close to virtuous officials and alienating villains are the reasons for the prosperity of the Western Han Dynasty. Being close to villains and alienating virtuous officials are the reasons for the decline of the Eastern Han Dynasty. When the first emperor was alive, whenever he talked to me about these things, there was never a time when he didn't sigh, grieve and regret for what Huan and Ling had done. Shi Zhong, Shang Shu, Chang Shi and joining the army are loyal ministers who can serve the country with their lives. I hope your majesty will get close to them and trust them, then the prosperity of the Han dynasty will be just around the corner.

I was originally a civilian. I worked as a farmer in Nanyang. Living in troubled times, I didn't expect to become famous among princes. The first emperor didn't wronged himself because of my humble position and short knowledge. He visited me in my cabin three times and asked me for advice on major events in the current situation. I was so emotional that I promised to help the first emperor.

I have encountered failure, accepted the task when I failed, and pursued my mission between crisis and hardship. It has been 21 years since then.

My late emperor knew that I was cautious and entrusted the affairs of state to me before he died. Since I accepted death, I have been sad and sighing in the morning and evening. I'm afraid that the great task entrusted to me by my late emperor can't be realized, which will damage my late emperor's understanding of people. So I crossed the Green River in May and went deep into sparsely populated places.

Now that the south has been pacified and the troops and equipment are sufficient, we should encourage and lead the whole army to the north to pacify the Central Plains, hoping to exhaust my mediocre talents, eradicate the enemy of all evils, restore the inheritance of the Han family and return to my old capital. This is my duty to repay my late emperor and serve your majesty. As for handling affairs, it is the responsibility of Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others to consider the reasons, make some changes and make loyal suggestions without reservation.

I hope your majesty can entrust me with the task of punishing Cao Wei and restoring the Han Dynasty. If I don't succeed, I will punish my sins, which will be used to comfort the spirit of my late emperor. If there is no proposal to revitalize Shengde, punish Guo Youzhi, Fei Yi, Dong Yun and others for neglecting to expose them; Your majesty should also plan for himself, solicit and inquire about the good truth of governing the country, adopt correct remarks and deeply remember the teachings left by the late emperor. I can't thank you enough

Today (I) will bid farewell to your majesty's long journey. I can't help crying in the face of this performance, and I don't know what I said.

2. "Post-mode"

Source: Wu Guo Zhang Yan's Silent Record when it was published in the Three Kingdoms.

Original text:

The late emperor deeply felt that Han thieves were not at peace and were not partial, so he asked me to invite thieves. With the knowledge of the first emperor, we can measure the talents of ministers and know that ministers can cut thieves, so that the enemy can defeat the strong with the weak. If we don't kill the thief, Wang Ye will die. But sitting still, which one is it? That's why I became suspicious.

On the day I was ordered, I was restless and unwilling to eat. Reflections on the northern expedition. It is advisable to enter the south first. Therefore, when crossing the river in May, nothing grows and you eat it every day. I had to feel sorry for myself, but I couldn't be partial to the capital of Shu, so I took the risk of following the wishes of my late emperor, which negotiators called a non-plan. Today, thieves hate the west and serve the east, and the art of war benefits from labor. This is also the time to move forward. I sincerely wish Chen Qi:

High above the sun and the moon, the adviser is deep, but the danger will hit, and the danger will be safe. Today, your majesty is not as good as Gaudi, and your adviser is not as good as Taiping, but you want to win in the long run and settle the world. The minister didn't solve one thing.

Liu You and Wang Lang, according to the counties, talked about the plan, moved the saints, and the ministers were suspicious. It is difficult for all people to fill their chests. They don't fight at this age, and they won't levy next year. Let Sun Ce sit on the ground and arise and merge into Jiangdong. The minister didn't solve the second problem.

Cao Cao's ingenuity is unique to others, and he uses soldiers like Sun and Wu. However, he was trapped in Nanyang, dangerous in Wuchao, dangerous in Qilian, and forced to Liyang. He was defeated in the mountains several times and almost died in Tongguan. Later, he falsely accused his ears for a while. Kuang Chen is weak, but he must be determined not to be in danger. The minister failed to solve three problems.

Cao Cao couldn't conquer Changba five times, but he couldn't cross Chaohu Lake four times. He appointed Li Fu, and Li Fu figured it out. He appointed Xiahou, and Xiahou turned defeat into victory. Every time the late emperor called Cao Cao a capable person, he still lost. How can he win? The minister's four unsolved problems.

Since I arrived in Hanzhong, I have lost more than 70 people, including Zhao Yun, Yang Qun, Ma Yu, Yan Zhi, Li Ding, Baishou, Liu He, Deng Tong, Chang Qu and Tunjiang, and more than a thousand people. These are all four elites who have been rectified in decades, not from one country; If the number of years is a complex number, two-thirds of the losses will occur. How can we make enemies? The minister has five unresolved problems.

Today, the people are poor and tired, and they are in Fukashi; If things can't stop, then life and work will wait. Not as good as today's picture, I want to stay in a state with thieves. The minister has not solved six problems yet.

It is difficult for a husband to make peace, and things are also. Yesterday, the first emperor was defeated in Chu. At this time, Cao Cao clapped his hands and said that the world was settled. Then the first emperor joined wuyue in the east, Bashu in the west, soldiers in the north, and Xiahou beheaded. This is a mistake, and the Korean incident will be a success. Then Wu Lian violated the alliance, Guan Yu was defeated, Zigui fell, and Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor. Everything is like this, and it is hard to see irreversibility. I will do my best until I die. As for failure and outspoken, the minister doesn't know.

Translation:

Considering that cao thief could not coexist, the emperor could not live in the same place, so he appointed a minister to crusade against Cao Wei. In the past, the emperor's knowledge knew that his lieutenants were weak in conquering the enemy and the enemy was strong. However, if we don't crusade against the enemy, Wang Ye will also perish; Do you want to do nothing, or take the initiative to conquer the enemy? So there is no hesitation in appointing liegeman.

When I accepted the appointment, I couldn't sleep well and had no taste in food. If you want to go to the northern expedition, you should go to the south first. Therefore, crossing the green river in May and going deep into the barren land, you can only eat one meal for two days; It's not that I don't cherish myself, but that I saw that the business of the imperial court could not be preserved in Shu, so I risked my life to carry out the last wish of my late emperor, but people who argued said it was not the best policy.

The enemy is just struggling to cope with the rebellion in the border counties in the west, and the east is trying to cope with Sun Wu's attack. Sun Tzu's Art of War requires attacking when the enemy is tired. Now is the time to move forward quickly! Now I want to state these things as follows:

The wisdom of Emperor Gaozu can be compared with that of the sun and the moon. His advisers are knowledgeable and influential, but they still have to go through hardships, injuries and dangers before they can settle down. Now, your majesty is inferior to Emperor Gaozu, and his ministers are inferior to Sean and Chen Ping. On the contrary, he wants to win with a long-term stalemate strategy and settle the world safely. This is the first point I can't understand.

Liu You and Wang Lang each occupy a county; When discussing security strategy, we often quote the words of ancient sages, and everyone is full of doubts and fears; Don't go to war this year, don't go to conquest next year, make Sun Ce safe and strong, and finally annex Jiangdong, which is the second point that liegeman can't understand.

Cao Cao's ingenuity is far superior to others. He fought like Sun Wu and Wuqi, but he was embarrassed in Nanyang, dangerous in Wu Chao, trapped by the enemy in Qishan and Liyang, almost defeated in Beishan, almost died in Tongguan, and then he wanted to usurp the title for a period of time. Besides, I can't understand the third point I can't understand.

Cao Cao attacked Changba five times, but he couldn't attack it. The fourth crossing of Chaohu Lake failed, Lifu was appointed and Lifu rebelled. Xia was appointed, but Xia was defeated. The first emperor often praised Cao Cao's ability, but there were still some setbacks, not to mention the inferior talents of his lieutenant. How can he guarantee victory? This is the fourth point I can't understand.

Since the liegeman entered Hanzhong, just one year later, he lost more than 70 generals such as Zhao Yun, Yang Qun, Ma Yu, Yan Zhi, Li Ding, Bai Shou, Liu He and Deng Tong, as well as general officers of the Music Department and the station troops. Foot soldiers/kloc-more than 0/000 people, such as, Wuxian, Ruo, Qingqiang, Wuqi, etc.

These are elite forces accumulated from all over the world for decades, which cannot be owned by a state or county; If in a few years, two-thirds of the original troops will be lost, what will be used against the enemy? This is the fifth point I can't understand.

Now the people are poor and the soldiers are tired, but the war cannot stop; If the war can't stop, the human cost of waiting for the enemy to attack there is exactly the same as that of going out to fight the enemy. At this time, I don't want to attack the enemy, just want to take Yizhou as a long-term stalemate with the enemy. This is the sixth point that my lieutenants cannot understand.

The hardest thing to judge is war. When the first emperor was defeated by Chu, Cao Cao clapped his hands and cheered, thinking that the world was settled. But then the first emperor made peace with Sun Wu in the east, made Bashu land in the west and sent troops to the Northern Expedition, and Xiahou Yuan lost his head. This is Cao Cao's estimation error. It seems that the great cause of reviving the Han Dynasty is almost successful. But Sun Wu broke the contract again, Guan Yu was defeated and killed, the first emperor was defeated in Zigui, and Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor.

Everything is like this, it's hard to predict. I will try my best to rest until I die. As for the success or failure of the conquest of Wei Xinghan, whether it is smooth or difficult, it is unpredictable with the intelligence of the liegeman.

Second, the life of Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang (181-23410-8), a native of Wolong, Xuzhou, was the prime minister of Shu during the Three Kingdoms period, an outstanding politician, strategist, diplomat, writer, calligrapher and inventor.

In his early years, he went to Jingzhou with his uncle Zhuge Xuan. After Zhuge Xuan's death, Zhuge Liang lived in seclusion in Longzhong, Xiangyang. After Liu Bei arrived at the thatched cottage, Zhuge Liang was invited to come out, but Sun Lian resisted Cao and was defeated by Battle of Red Cliffs. Formed the trend of the Three Kingdoms and captured Jingzhou. Jian 'an sixteen years, captured Yizhou. Then he defeated Cao Jun and won Hanzhong.

In the first year of Shu Zhangwu (22 1), Liu Bei established the Shu-Han regime in Chengdu, and Zhuge Liang was appointed as the prime minister to preside over state affairs. Liu Chan, the ruler in the last years of Shu and Han Dynasties, succeeded to the throne, and Zhuge Liang was made the marquis of Wuxiang, leading Yizhou as a shepherd. Diligent and prudent, big and small political affairs must be personally done, and rewards and punishments are strict; Make an alliance with Wu Dong to improve relations with all ethnic groups in southwest China; Carry out the reclamation policy and strengthen combat readiness. Most of the six northern expeditions to the Central Plains were based on grain.

Eventually, due to overwork, he died in Wuzhangyuan (now Qishan, Baoji, Shaanxi) in the twelfth year of Jianxing in Shu at the age of 54. Liu Chan made him a loyal minister, and later generations often called him Zhuge Liang by Wuhou. Because of his military ability, the Eastern Jin regime named him King Wuxing.

Extended data:

Appreciation of Examples

With sincere words and in view of the situation at that time, "Example" repeatedly advised Liu Chan to carry on the legacy of his late master Liu Bei, open a shrine, reward and punish strictly, and stay away from his relatives, so as to complete the great cause of "revitalizing the Han Dynasty", which showed Zhuge Liang's strong will to "set the Central Plains in the north" and his unswerving character of loyalty to Shu Han.

The first part analyzes the political situation that can't be slackened at that time, and expounds the necessity and urgency of opening a temple, practicing both inside and outside, and approaching the sages, hoping that the latter will do its best to quickly change the passive situation confined to the southwest corner; In the second half, reviewing the life experience and remembering the ancestors' "three visits to the thatched cottage" shows that the Northern Expedition is determined to win.

Because this article is a memorial, the content is that Zhuge Liang stated his opinions and put forward the idea of improving politics before attacking Wei, so the full text is mainly discussed. Because Zhuge Liang wanted Liu Chan to know the difficulty of starting a business and inspire him to finish the unfinished business of his late emperor, this paper also described his own life experience, the reasons for following his late emperor and the process of making his country successful.

And because Zhuge Liang is infinitely loyal to Liu and his son, treating each other with kindness and courage, his words are full of ardent expectations. The full text is both emotional and emotional. Specifically, the first part focuses on understanding and reasoning, and the second part focuses on emotion. Generally speaking, it is mainly about discussion, and narrative and lyric blend. The whole article comes from the author's heart, with profound analysis, full of true feelings and touching feelings.

The most striking feature of the language of this article is frankness and simplicity, showing sincere and loyal feelings. The predecessors especially pointed out that in the space of more than 600 words, "the late emperor" was mentioned thirteen times and "Your Majesty" seven times. The thoughts of "reporting to the late emperor" and "being loyal to your majesty" run through the whole paper, always remembering the late emperor's "legacy" and "testamentary edict", thinking of the late emperor everywhere, expecting him to complete the unfinished great cause of "reviving the Han Dynasty".

The full text does not rely on flowery rhetoric or ancient allusions, and every sentence does not lose the status of a courtier, which is also very suitable for the tone of the elders. Qiu Weiping of the Qing Dynasty said, "When the marquis of Wu was in China, he witnessed the ancestors listening to the little people, who were either difficult to speak or delirious. When you leave school, urge him to speak bitter words. "

Qu Yuan wrote Li Sao when he was slandered and exiled, so he adopted a subtle and illusory expression. Zhuge Liang's situation is just the opposite of Qu Yuan's, but the emotional characteristics of the model are consistent with the patriotic feelings expressed, and the straightforward and simple language form is consistent with the ideological content of the article.

Baidu Encyclopedia-Zhuge Liang (Prime Minister of Shu and Han in the Three Kingdoms Period)

Baidu Encyclopedia-Model (Works of Zhuge Liang)

Baidu Encyclopedia-Post Model (Post Model)