What track and field events are there in sports?

Short for sprint. Running is an innate basic ability of human beings, and it has been a form of competition since ancient times. There are descriptions of track and field in almost every country's literature. According to historical records, sprint was the only competitive event in the ancient Greek Olympic Games in 776 BC, with a distance of 192.27 meters. Modern sprint originated in Europe. 1850 was first included in the official competition at the Oxford University Sports Meeting. At that time, there were 100 yard, 330 yard and 440 yard races. At the end of 19, in order to standardize the project setting, the running distance was changed from code system to metric system. At first, it was an exhibition event for professional athletes, and then it gradually expanded to amateur athletes. Athletes must use the starting device during the competition, follow the signal and start uniformly, and must run on their own track from beginning to end. Both men's and women's events in the Olympic Games are 100 m, 200 m and 400 m, of which 1896 is for men, 100 m and 1964 is for women.

middle-distance race

Short for running. The original events were the 880-yard run and the 1 mile run. From the middle of 1 9th century, 880-yard running and1mile running were gradually replaced by 800-meter running and1500m running. Some scholars believe that the earliest official middle and long-distance race was held in London, England on June 1847+065438+ 10/day, and John Leland of England won the 800-yard race with a score of 2 minutes 0 1 second. Originally an exhibition event for professional athletes, it gradually expanded to amateur athletes. Athletes do not use the starting device in the competition, but listen to the signal to start uniformly. In the Olympic Games, both men and women run 800 meters and 1500 meters, including the men's event1896; 1938 includes women's 800-meter running, and 1972 includes women's 800-meter running.

long-distance run

(Long-distance running or race) is short for long-distance running. The original events were the 3-mile race and the 6-mile race, which were gradually replaced by the 5000-meter race and the 10000-meter race from the middle of the 9th century. According to Track and Field, the earliest official long-distance race in modern times was/kloc-0, a professional race held in London, England on April 5, 847. Jackson of Britain won the 6-mile race in 32 minutes and 35.0 seconds. At the Olympic Games, both men and women run 5000m and10000m. Men's events 19 12 included; The women's 5000m run is included in 1996, and10000m run is included in 1988.

hurdle race

Originated in England. It evolved from the game of shepherds crossing the sheepfold fence. The earliest hurdle used in hurdle race was a wooden support or fence buried in the ground. In 1900, a movable inverted T-shaped hurdle appeared. 1935 Someone changed the T-shaped hurdle frame into an L-shaped hurdle frame, and the other end of the leg of the L-shaped hurdle frame faces the running direction of the runner, so it can be turned forward with a little resistance, which reduces the fear of the runner when hurdling. Olympic events are divided into men's 1 10 meter hurdles and 400 meter hurdles (included in 1896); Women's 100 meter hurdles (included in 1932, the last 80 meter hurdles were changed to 100 meter hurdles in 1972) and 400 meter hurdles (included in 1984). Men's 1 100 meter hurdle height is 106 cm, and 400 meter hurdle height is 9 1.4 cm. The height of women's 100 meter hurdle is 84 cm, and the height of 400 meter hurdle is 76.2 cm. During the competition, athletes must cross 10 hurdles. Pushing down a hurdle with other parts of your body is not a foul, except for deliberately pushing or kicking it with your hands.

Relay run

The only team event in track and field. Take a team as a unit, each team has 4 people, and each person runs the same distance. There are different opinions about its origin. Some people think that it originated from the torch relay in the sacrificial ceremony of the ancient Olympic Games, some people think that it is related to the popular game of "carrying wood" or "carrying water tanks" in Africa, and others think that it evolved from the post office that delivered letters and documents. Olympic events are divided into men's and women's 4× 100 meter relay and 4×400 meter relay. 1908 relay events were first set up in the 4th Olympic Games, but the four athletes ran different distances. 19 12 The 5th Olympic Games was changed to 4× 100 m relay race and 4×400 m relay race. The women's 4×100m relay race and 4× 400m relay race were included in the Olympic Games in 1928 and 1972 respectively. Relay athletes must run their respective prescribed distances with sticks, and they must pass the sticks in the 20-meter relay area.

steeplechase

19th century English roses. At first, it was carried out in the wild, and the obstacles crossing were branches and rivers, and the distances between obstacles were different. Hurdling began on the runway in the middle of19th century. According to a research report, the distance of obstacle course in19th century is not uniform, and it is very random, ranging from 440 yards short to 3 miles long. 1900 the second Olympic games set up the obstacle course for the first time, which was divided into two events: 2500m and 4000m. Starting from the 3rd Olympic Games in 1904, the distance of obstacle course was set at 3000m, which has been used ever since. The women's steeplechase started very late, and it didn't become popular until IAAF 1997. The whole journey must cross 35 obstacles, including 7 pools. The height of the barrier frame is 91.1~ 91.7cm, the width is 3.96m, and the weight is 80 ~ 100kg. Five obstacle racks can be placed on the 400-meter runway, and the spacing between each obstacle rack is 80 meters. Athletes can jump over the obstacle course, step on the obstacle course and jump off, or cross their hands. The IAAF did not begin to recognize its own world record until 1954.

marathon

Marathon was originally a place name in Greece. In 490 BC, the Greek army repelled the invasion of the Persian army in the Marathon Plain. The messenger Fedipides ran from marathon to Athens. After reporting the news of victory, he fell to the ground and died of exhaustion. 1896 In the first Olympic Games, Coubertin adopted the construction of the competition event set up by the historian Michel Breal and named it "Marathon". The race follows the route run by Ferdinand Peters, with a distance of about 40 kilometers. After more than ten years, the distance of the marathon has been kept at about 40 kilometers. 1908 when the 4th Olympic Games was held in London, in order to facilitate the British royal family to watch the marathon, the starting point was set under the balcony of Windsor Palace and the ending point was set at the Olympic Stadium. The distance from the starting point to the finishing point is measured as 26 miles and 385 yards, which is converted into 42. 195 kilometers. IAAF later determined this distance as the standard distance for marathon running. The women's marathon started late, and 1984 was included in the 23rd Olympic Games. 1896 After the first Olympic Games, marathons were widely held all over the world. The United States began to hold the Boston Marathon from 1897, and in 2000 it held 104, making it the oldest marathon in the world. Marathon is held on the expressway, which can be a round-trip route with the same starting point and ending point, or a one-way route with different starting points and ending points. During the competition, a kilometer sign marked with the distance traveled must be placed along the way, and a beverage station should be set up every 5 kilometers to provide drinks, and a water station should be set up between two beverage stations to provide drinking water or water. Only those who pass the pre-competition physical examination can sign up for the competition. Due to the great differences in competition routes and conditions, IAAF does not set a world record, but only announces the best results in the world.

race-walk

Originated in England. /kloc-at the beginning of the 0 th and 9 th centuries, there was a race walking competition in Britain. At the end of 19, race walking from one city to another is very popular in some European countries. 1866 British amateur sports club held the championship for the first time, 7 miles away. There are two kinds of race walking: field race walking and road race walking. Set a world record for field walking; Due to many uncontrollable factors such as road undulation, the results of road race walking are not comparable, so only the best results in the world are determined. When an athlete walks, his feet must keep uninterrupted contact with the ground, and it is not allowed to fly at the same time. The knee joint of the support leg touching the ground should be straight for an instant and cannot be bent. During the competition, athletes will be severely warned if they fly or bend their knees. Those who have been given three serious warnings will be disqualified. 1908 entered the Olympic Games for the first time at a distance of 3,500m, 10 mile. After that, the distance of several Olympic Games was different, such as 3000m,10km and so on. Starting from 1956 Olympic Games, it is set to 20km (included in 1956) and 50km (included in 1932). The women's race walking was only included in the Olympic Games in 1992, with a distance of 10 km, which will be changed to 20 km in the 2000 Olympic Games.

high jump

Originated from the activities of ancient human beings crossing vertical obstacles in life and labor. The modern high jump started in Europe. /kloc-There was a high jump competition in Scotland at the end of 0/8, which was popular in Europe and America in the 1960s. 1827 On September 26th, in the first professional track and field competition held in St. Laurent Boarder Club, England, Adam Wilson jumped1.575m on one knee, which was the first recorded high jump in the world. There are several kinds of high jump techniques, such as jumping, scissors, prone and fosbury flop. Now most athletes adopt fosbury flop. The high jump crossbar can be made of fiberglass, metal or other suitable materials, with a length of 3.98~4.02 meters and a maximum weight of 2 kg. During the competition, athletes must take off on one foot and try to jump at any specified jumping height, but there are only three attempts at the first height. The men's and women's high jump were listed as Olympic events in 1896 and 1928 respectively.

vault

Originated from ancient human activities of supporting obstacles with wooden sticks and spears. According to records, there was a game of crossing the river in Ireland in 554 AD. Pole vault was originally a gymnastics event and was popular in German schools. 1789, Germany's Busch jumped1.83m, which is the earliest recorded achievement in the world. As a track and field event, it was first developed in Britain. April 1843, British professional player Roper crossed 2.44 meters in Penris. /kloc-became popular in European countries at the end of 0/9. The earliest wooden poles were used as poles, with a maximum score of 3.30 meters. 1905 uses a light and elastic bamboo pole, with a maximum score of 4.77 meters; 1930 has a relatively strong metal pole, so athletes don't have to worry about breaking the pole, which can improve the grip point and speed up the run-up, with the best result reaching 4.80 meters; 1948, the United States designed and manufactured a glass fiber rod with lighter weight and stronger elasticity. At present, the height of this pole has exceeded 6 meters. The crossbar of pole vault can be made of glass fiber, metal or other suitable materials, with a length of 4.48~4.52 meters and a maximum weight of 2.25 kilograms. The length and diameter of the rod are not limited, but the surface must be smooth. Athletes usually bring their own poles to participate in the competition. During the competition, athletes must insert the pole into the bucket to take off; After taking off from the ground, the hand holding the pole must not move upward; You can try to jump at any designated jumping height, but there are only 3 attempts at each height. Men's and women's pole vault were listed as Olympic events in 1896 and 2000 respectively.

long jump

It originated from human activities such as crossing rivers and ditches when hunting or fleeing wild animals, and later became a means of military training. It was one of the five triple jump events in the ancient Olympic Games in 708 BC. The modern long jump began in England. 1827 In the first professional track and field competition held at Saint Laurent Boarder Club in England on September 26th, Wilson crossed the distance of 5.4 1 m, which was the first recorded world long jump performance. There are squats, stands and walks in the long jump. The forward somersault long jump appeared in the 1970s and was banned by IAAF because of its great danger. At first, the athletes took off on the ground, and 1886 adopted the springboard. The springboard is white, buried underground, flush with the ground, with a length of 1.22m and a width of 20cm, and is not less than 1m from the near end of the bunker. There is a jump shot in front of the springboard, and there is a plasticine display board or sand table in front of the jump shot, which is used to judge whether the athlete commits a foul when taking off. Athletes must take off after taking off. During the competition, if there are less than 8 athletes, each person can try to jump 6 times. If there are more than eight athletes, try to jump three times first, and the eight athletes with the best performance try to jump three times again. Ranked according to the best results of athletes' six attempts. The men's and women's long jump were listed as Olympic events in 1896 and 1948 respectively.

hop skip and jump

Originated in Scotland and Ireland in the middle of18th century, they jumped in different ways. Scotland uses jump, jump and jump, while Ireland uses jump, jump and jump. Now it's stipulated that you must jump in Scotland. The earliest official competition can be traced back to the Scottish Regional Games held for the first time on March 1826. Andre Betty set the first record of 12.95 meters. In the competition, athletes should jump three times in a row in different forms after the run-up. The first jump is one-legged jump, landing with the take-off leg; The second jump is a step jump, and the swinging leg touches the ground; The third jump is a jump, and you must land on your feet and fall into the bunker. The men's triple jump was listed as an event in the first Olympic Games in 1896, and the women's triple jump was gradually widely developed in the early 1980s, and was listed as an Olympic event in 1992.

shot put

Originated from ancient human activities of hunting animals or defending attacks with stones. Modern shot put started from 65438 to 2004, when European artillery pushed and threw shells in their leisure time in the 1940s, and gradually became a sport. The production of shot put has experienced the process of using iron, lead and lead in external iron. In the official competition, the weight of men's shot put is 7.26 kg, and the diameter is 1 1~ 13 cm. The women's shot put weighs 4 kg and has a diameter of 9.5 ~ 1 1 cm. There is no fixed way to put the shot in the early stage, and it can be put in place or run-up; Can be pushed with one hand or both hands; There are also competitions classified by weight. At first, the shot put technique was used in situ, and then it gradually developed to lateral push and upper push. In 1950s, American athlete O 'Brien invented the back sliding shot put technique, which was called "a revolution in the history of shot put". In 1970s, the Soviet athlete Barry Sinkov invented the spinning shot put technique, but it was difficult to control the body balance after spinning, so far only a few athletes have used it. During the competition, the athlete should use one hand to push the ball from the shoulder and make a circle with a diameter of 2. 135 meters. The shot put must fall within the angle line of the landing area to be effective. Men's and women's shot put were listed as Olympic events in 1896 and 1948 respectively.

Discus throwing

It originated from the Greek stone-throwing activities from 12 BC to the eighth century BC and the third century BC. In 708 BC, 18 the third generation Olympic Games was listed as one of the pentathlon javelin events. Discus was originally a disc-shaped stone, and later it was gradually made of metals such as copper and iron. In the history of the modern Olympic Games, there is an event of throwing discus with both hands (left hand and right hand). Discus throwing technology has experienced several development processes, such as in-situ throwing, lateral in-situ throwing, lateral rotary throwing and reverse rotary throwing. Discus can be made of wood or other suitable materials. Men's discus weighs 2 kg and has a diameter of 22 cm. Women's discus weighs kg, and its diameter is 18. 1 cm. During the competition, athletes should throw the cake into a circle with a diameter of 2.50 meters, and the discus must fall within the 40-degree angle line to be effective. Men's and women's discus were listed as Olympic events in 1896 and 1928 respectively.

Hammer throwing

Originated in the Middle Ages, Scottish miners used a wooden handle hammer to throw at a long distance after work, and then gradually became popular in Britain. Hammer is the English word for hammer. /kloc-In the late 20th century, it became the competition item of the sports meeting of Oxford University and Cambridge University. The instrument used at that time was an iron ball with a wooden handle. Later, in order to facilitate throwing, the wooden handle was changed into a steel chain, from which the hammer ball came. At first, the hammer throw was in situ, and then it was gradually improved into side throw, spin throw, two throw and three throw. At present, athletes mostly use four-turn throwing. Men's hammer weighs 7.26kg, with total length117.5 ~121.5cm, while women's hammer weighs 4kg, with total length116.0 ~19.5. During the competition, the athlete must throw the ball into a circle with a diameter of 2. 135 meters with both hands, and the hammer must fall within the 40-degree angle line to be effective. There is a U-shaped cage outside the circle to ensure the throwing safety. Men's hammer throw was listed as an Olympic event on 1900, and women's hammer throw will be listed in 2000.

javelin

Originated from ancient human activities of hunting wild animals with spears, and later spears developed into combat weapons. In 708 BC, it was listed as one of the five events of 18 ancient track and field Olympic Games. Modern javelin movement began in Europe countries such as Sweden, Greece, Hungary and Finland in the19th century. 1792 Javelin competition started in Fallon, Sweden. At first, the wooden javelin used by athletes was as thick as before and after. In the early 1950s, American javelin thrower Franklin Held developed a wooden javelin with thin ends and thick middle, which extended the time of javelin flying in the air, so it was called "gliding javelin". In 1960s, Sweden made the metal javelin, which made the javelin slide better and greatly improved the sports performance. 1984, Uwe Horn, a GDR athlete, broke the world record with a score of104.80m. In order to ensure the safety of spectators in the stands, the IAAF moved the center of gravity of men's javelin forward by 4cm in 1986 to reduce the flying performance, and moved the center of gravity of women's javelin forward by 3cm in 1999. Javelin can be made of metal or other suitable similar materials. Men's javelin weighs 800g and is 260 ~ 270cm long. Women's javelin weighs 600 grams and is 220~230 cm long. In the competition, the athlete must throw the javelin from the shoulder with one hand, and the gun tip must fall within the angle line of the throwing area to be effective. Men's javelin and women's javelin were listed as Olympic events in 1908 and 1932 respectively.

all-pervasive

Pentathlon originated in Greece and was established at the 18 ancient Olympic Games in 708 BC. It consists of running, long jump, discus, javelin and wrestling. The modern all-around movement began in Europe. /kloc-At the beginning of the 8th century, some countries launched all-around sports, but the events were not unified. The decathlon was established in the 3rd Olympic Games in 1904, including 100 yard run, 800 yard walk and 120 yard hurdle. 19 12 The 5th Olympic Games was changed to the popular decathlon in Sweden, which continues to this day. In addition, five events were established in 19 12, 1920 and 1924 Olympic Games. The women's all-around movement began in the Soviet Union in 1923 and was recognized by the IAAF in 1948. Five events were listed as Olympic events in 1964, and seven events must be held in 1984 Olympic Games. The competition is divided into two days according to the prescribed project order. The first day of men's decathlon is 100 meters, long jump, shot put, high jump, 400 meters, and the second day is 1 10 meters hurdles, discus, pole vault, javelin and 1500 meters. The first day of women's heptathlon is 100 meter hurdle, high jump, shot put and 200 meter race, and the second day is long-distance running, javelin throw and 800 meter race. According to each individual achievement, check the all-around scoring table made by IAAF, and calculate the ranking by accumulating the total score, and the one with the highest total score ranks first. Athletes must participate in all events. If an event is abstained and cannot participate in subsequent events, the total score will not be calculated. However, if an item fails to score because of low score or failure, the total score can still be calculated.