The significance of linguistic research

Question 1: What is the main research purpose of cognitive linguistics 5 points Its purpose is to play the intellectual role of the learner in language teaching and learning, through conscious learning of phonetics, vocabulary, grammatical knowledge, understanding, discovery, mastery of the rules of the language, and to be able to listen, read, write, and comprehensively and creatively use the language.

I. Introduction to the discipline

Cognitive linguistics is a sub-discipline of linguistics, which was born on the basis of opposing mainstream linguistic transformational generative grammar with the theoretical background of 2nd generation cognitive science and experiential philosophy, and began to take shape from the late 1980s to the 1990s. Cognitive linguistics involves a variety of disciplines such as artificial intelligence, linguistics, psychology, and systems theory. It addresses the generative linguistic view of giftedness by proposing that the creation, learning, and use of language must essentially be able to be explained through human cognition, since cognitive ability is fundamental to human knowledge.

Second, the main schools

Cognitive linguistics is not a single theory of language, but represents a research paradigm, and is a collective term for a variety of cognitive theories of language, which is characterized by the view of people's daily experience as the basis of language use, and focuses on the interpretation of the inextricable link between language and general cognitive ability. Although these theories of language are not the same, the basic assumptions they hold about language are similar, and they all recognize the basic ideas mentioned in the previous section to varying degrees, but they differ only in the specific linguistic phenomena they discuss and focus on. The main theoretical approaches in cognitive linguistics are:

1. Fillmore, Goldberg and others' "Construction Grammar" (Construction Grammar);

2. Langacker's "Cognitive Grammar" (Cognitive Grammar). "Cognitive Grammar of Langacker;

3. Cognitive Semantics of Lakoff, Talmy, and others;

4. Neurocognitive Linguistics of S. Lamb. S. Lamb's Neurocognitive Linguistics, etc.

3.

III. Founders

(1) Foreign Founders

The founders of Cognitive Linguistics are generally regarded as the following three:

1. George Lakoff (George Lakoff) specializes in the study of metaphor in language and its relationship with human cognition; one of the founders of cognitive linguistics, advocating that metaphor is a necessary cognitive ability in human daily language activities.

2. Mark Johnson, who is also the founder of cognitive linguistics, advocated metaphor as a necessary cognitive ability in human daily language activities. Mark Johnson also advocated metaphor as a necessary cognitive ability in everyday human language activities

3. Ronald Nu? Rangaike. He specializes in cognitive grammar

(2) Chinese Leaders

1. Dai Hao-yi: Professor at the Institute of Linguistics, National Chung Cheng University, Taiwan, and one of the few Chinese specializing in cognitive linguistics.

2. Wang Shiyuan, a member of the Department of Modern Linguistics at the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Academia Sinica, is one of the few Chinese specializing in cognitive linguistics.

3. Wang Yin: Professor at the Center for Foreign Languages, Sichuan Institute of Foreign Languages, and doctoral supervisor at Sichuan University, is a leading figure in cognitive linguistics in China in recent years. He has published several related monographs, and his Research on Constructive Grammar is the first work on constructive grammar in China; he has also published dozens of related papers.

IV. Principles

1. Conceptual Semantics

Meaning is equivalent to conceptualization, i.e., the various structures or processes of mental experience, rather than the truth-value conditions in the possible world: the meaning of an expression is the concept activated in the speaker's or listener's brain,] and, more concretely, the meaning exists in human interpretations of the world, which are subjective and reflect the idea of taking the human-centeredness of the universe, reflecting dominant cultural connotations, culture-specific ways of interacting, and the character of the world. This principle suggests that the portrayal of meaning involves a relationship between the word and the brain rather than a direct relationship between the word and the world.

2. Encyclopedic Semantics

Words and larger linguistic units are the gateway to an infinite network of knowledge. A comprehensive interpretation of the meaning of a linguistic expression usually requires consideration of imagery (visual and non-visual), metaphors, mental gengrams, and a plain understanding of the world. Thus, an isolated dictionary-like definition of a word's meaning is generally unsatisfactory and must rely on encyclopedic knowledge to achieve its purpose.

3. Typical categories

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Question 2: What is linguistics, and what is its main study? Linguistics is the study of human language. The scope of exploration includes the structure of language, the use of language, the social functions and historical development of language, and other issues related to language. Traditional linguistics, called philology, focuses on the study of ancient texts and the written word. Modern linguistics, on the other hand, focuses on contemporary and spoken languages and has greatly broadened the scope of its study. Philology is in the service of other disciplines. Modern linguistics is an independent discipline. Linguistics in a broad sense includes philology. The study of language at one time is called ****temporal linguistics; the study of the changes that language undergoes at different times is called ephemeral linguistics or historical linguistics. The comprehensive study of many languages in an attempt to find out the ****same pattern is called general linguistics. The application of linguistic knowledge to practical work is called applied linguistics. To trace the kinship of certain languages through comparisons of speech sounds and word forms is called historical comparative linguistics. The discovery of certain ****similar phenomena in various human languages by means of comparative methods is called typological linguistics. In order to solve the problem of teaching or translation to compare the similarities and differences between two languages, called comparative linguistics.

The disciplines of phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, and script, which are all focused on the structure of language itself, are the center of linguistics, and are called micro-linguistics by some. Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of speech, how humans pronounce words, and the physiological processes of speech perception; phonology or phonemic phonology is the study of how many different sounds there are in a language, and how they are distinguished from and related to each other. The study of how words are formed and inflected is morphology, also called lexicography; the study of how words are formed into phrases or sentences is syntax, also called syntax. By traditional grammar, morphology and sentence building together are syntax. The study of lexical items, lexical meanings, and the evolution of words is lexicography; the tracing of the origin and history of words is etymology; and the collection of many lexical items, classifying, comparing, and annotating them is lexicography. It is semantics to study the relationship between lexical items and concepts and objects, to speculate on the similarities and differences, positive and negative, upper and lower, and intersection of the meanings of words, and to analyze the meaning of the whole sentence or some of its constituents. The study of the shape, system, origin, evolution and development of the written word is philology.

In fact, language is part of the ecosystem. Like many species in nature, it decreases in variety from the equator to the poles. Languages are less diverse the higher the latitude. For example, New Guinea: about 860 languages. Indonesia: about 670 languages. India: about 380 species. Europe about 230 species. China: about 80 languages. Japan 2 species. Korea 1 species.

Language teaching is the driving force behind language research and the place where language theory comes into play. Language teaching is divided into first language teaching, second language teaching and foreign language teaching. In first language teaching, what is taught is the mother tongue. Second language teaching takes place in bilingual societies, where both the mother tongue and another language are taught. In foreign language instruction, students are taught a foreign language. Translation requires that the content of a work originally written in one language be expressed in another. Using the same national language, the phonetics, vocabulary, and grammatical format vary from region to region, from the social status of the speakers, and also from occasion to occasion and purpose of use. The study of these issues is sociolinguistics. Closely related to sociolinguistics is dialectology. The study of regional dialects is called dialect geography. Stylistics is close to sociolinguistics and studies stylistic differences in language use under different conditions. Stylistics studies how different styles of writing are created. A traditional discipline that approximates this is rhetoric, including eloquence and composition. Stylistics can be described as modern rhetoric. Psycholinguistics studies the psyche in terms of language, mapping the relationship between language and the psychological effects of perception, attention, memory, and learning. Neurolinguistics explores the neurological basis of people's learning and use of language and tries to make a simulation of the human brain's control of speech and hearing. The study of the phenomena that accompany language communication is called paralinguistics, or concomitant linguistics. Anthropological linguistics studies the influence of social institutions, religious beliefs, occupations, kinship, etc., on linguistic habits and the influence of language on these things to a greater or lesser extent. Ethnolinguistics studies only the relationship between ethnic types, ethnic behavioral programs, and the language of the people. Mathematical linguistics is the study of the nature of mathematics in language. The study of language using mathematical methods began with the counting of items such as phonemes, morphemes, and vocabulary, and later people applied quantitative calculus and used a variety of models to deal with linguistic material. Mathematical linguistics now includes algebraic linguistics, statistical linguistics, and applied mathematical linguistics. Computational linguistics illustrates how computers can be used to conduct linguistic research with items such as statistics, retrieving information, studying lexicon and syntax, recognizing words, synthesizing speech, and developing machine-assisted instructional programs. ...... >>

Question 3: How many days does it usually take for a student to go to Beijing, and roughly how much does it cost! Do not have to be too corrupt four or five days it (Beijing is too hot, stay a long time is not good)

Accommodation 40 yuan of the hotel (usually underground or half-underground, a bed only taking into account that is the student well) or a little bit more expensive about 200 yuan

200 × 5 = 1000

Eat a day (including water) 30 yuan

30 × 5 = 150

The first time I saw a man in the car, I saw a man in the car, I saw a man in the car, I saw a man in the car, I saw a man in the car, I saw a man in the car.

Transportation costs in Beijing for about five days to choose the general transportation 200 enough

Tickets can be considered to go to the Forbidden City and such attractions, tentatively counted as 300

Add up to *** count about 1680

ps, not very detailed, I can only do these. You can find students and so on to solve the problem of accommodation, I listed these costs are basically the maximum of the normal situation, of course, if you have the money then I will not say anything. Oh, I wish you fun

ps, Yu brother, little brother is shallow, more forgive me

Question 4: Linguistics exam what is the study of the meaning of the language of the science of human beings is to perceive the beauty of the animal and the creation of beauty. In a sense, the course of human development is a continuous process of perceiving beauty

and creating beauty. As early as prehistory, our ancestors developed the earliest sense of beauty, which they projected into the nature they encountered and the social life they engaged in.

Language is the most important element in the development of human beings.

Language is the most important communication tool, thinking tool and cognitive tool for human beings, and it was created in the late Paleolithic

era, which is 40 to 50 thousand years ago. Like a huge sail, language has encouraged the ship of mankind to break the waves, from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age, and then

to the age of civilization today and in the future.

For the language that human beings can never leave, for the language that is full of magic and strange features, human beings who have the instinct to perceive beauty and create beauty can't possibly not project their aesthetic consciousness into the language, perceive beauty

and create beauty in the language, and use the principle of beauty to evaluate the language and use the language.

The beauty of language has been discussed in literature and poetry for generations, and has been pursued by literati throughout the ages.

The beauty of language has been discussed in the literature and poetry of many generations, and has been pursued by literary figures throughout the centuries. Language should be one of the main objects of aesthetic research, but the aesthetic world seems

to be more interested in verbal works, and seldom put their energy in the language and language use itself, so for the real meaning of

the beauty of language is never revealed. Rhetoric touches on many issues of linguistic beauty, such as the symmetry of couples, the beauty of prose, the beauty of metaphor, the beauty of association, the beauty of humor, and so on, but it is not comprehensive, systematic, and in-depth. In the first few years as a civilization construction

The beauty of the language advocated, only involves the scope of language courtesy, rather than the academic meaning of language beauty.

Question 5: What is the practical significance of studying linguistics? Language is a unique way of communication for human beings, reflecting the highly evolved mental ability of human beings at the biological or psychological level, and reflecting the progress of human civilization at the socio-cultural level. Linguistics is the study of the core instinctive language ability of human beings, through the analysis and study of spoken, written and even sign language, in order to understand the nature of human beings.

In addition to recognizing the nature of human language, linguistic research has a variety of applications. In the field of language education, the understanding of the language itself leads to the development of dictionaries, grammar books, and textbooks for language learning, and improves the ability to cope with the difficulties and errors encountered in the process of language learning. In terms of translation from one language to another, linguistic theories provide more specific guidance on translation and interpreting, as well as helping to utilize technology for machine translation.

Question 6: The current situation and development trend of linguistics in China, what is the significance of learning and a study of linguistics The discipline of linguistic definition involves general linguistics, that is, there are more parts of the intersection with Western linguistics, which originated in philosophy, such as thinking about the relationship between thinking and language, and so on, about the significance, where do you think the significance of philosophy is? Knowledge is knowledge, and learning it makes sense when you understand to recognize it.

The status quo is not very optimistic, and the subjects under it, in addition to Chinese as a foreign language are relatively hot, such as Chinese and foreign comparisons, language standardization, phonetics, and so on, seem to be relatively boring, specialized, phonetics involves complex calculations such as sound spectra. It's hard for liberal arts students to learn.

In the future, the development of linguistics may not have much change, after all, the influence of pragmatism is relatively large, learn a modern Chinese language, ancient Chinese language, modern and contemporary literature or something can be taught in secondary schools. However, linguistics is actually quite interesting.

Question 7: The research field of applied linguistics The research scope of applied linguistics is determined by the needs of practice, usually divided into general applied linguistics and machine applied linguistics. According to its field of application, it is divided into the following areas. ① Language teaching. This is applied linguistics in the traditional sense. Editing high-quality teaching materials and reference books and researching practical teaching methods have always been the major topics in the research of language teaching. In addition to general language teaching, there are also second language teaching, scientific and technological foreign language teaching, bilingual teaching, deaf, dumb and blind teaching for different purposes and different targets. (ii) Establishment and standardization of standard language, creation and reform of script. It is important to establish a standardized language common to all dialect areas. The problem to be solved by applied linguistics is how to select the basic dialect and standardized sounds of such a standard language. The base dialect and standardized sounds are even more important when creating a script for an unwritten language. Script reform includes partial improvement and complete replacement of the writing system (alphabet, orthography and punctuation). The establishment of the standard language was only the beginning of language standardization. In order to determine phonetic, grammatical, and lexical norms, it was necessary to compile corresponding orthographic dictionaries, normative grammars, and dictionaries of various types. (iii) Dictionary compilation. Vocabulary is the fastest-changing part of the language, and new words and meanings are constantly emerging. Timely and accurate fixing of these new words and meanings in dictionaries to guide people on how to use them is the most effective influence of dictionaries on language standardization. ④ Translation. It is a comprehensive creative activity between two languages. There are many issues to be explored on how to deal with the communication of meaning and the conversion of form. In addition to these above topics, general applied linguistics deals with speech correction, the study of stage language, the creation of international aids, and the development of shorthand systems. The study of how natural language can be processed using advanced tools such as electronic computers. There are the following major topics. (1) Experimental Phonetics. After the use of electronic computers, speech experiments have been expanded from phoneme-syllable analysis to sentence-chapter analysis, and at the same time, the characteristics of suprasegmental segments have become an important object of study. In addition to speech analysis, there is also work to be done on speech synthesis. ② Machine translation. The earliest combination of electronic computers and language began with machine translation. It opened up the field of non-numerical applications of computers, and at the same time provided a broad testing ground for many linguistic theories and methods and many technical achievements. However, judging from the achievements, the translation quality of machine translation system is still far from the ultimate goal; and the quality of machine translation is the key to the success or failure of machine translation system. Professor Zhou Haizhong, a Chinese mathematician and linguist, pointed out in his paper "Fifty Years of Machine Translation" that in order to improve the quality of machine translation, the first thing to be solved is the problem of the language itself rather than the problem of program design; relying on a number of programs to do machine translation system alone is certainly unable to improve the quality of machine translation. In addition, in the case that human beings have not yet understood how the human brain carries out fuzzy language recognition and logical judgment, it is impossible for machine translation to reach the level of "trust, reach and elegance". These are the bottlenecks that restrict the improvement of the quality of machine translation. Intelligence retrieval. The key to intelligence retrieval is the establishment of intelligence retrieval language. This language should be able to accurately express the vocabulary and grammar needed for the subject of literature and questioning, should not produce ambiguity, and is easy to retrieve by means of program operations. ④ Chinese character information processing. Chinese characters have complicated glyphs and a large number of characters, and there are a large number of one-syllable and one-syllable phenomena. This brings a lot of trouble to the coding input. In order to make the coding easy to learn, easy to operate and quick to input, it is necessary to study Chinese characters in many aspects. Machine Applied Linguistics deals with natural language understanding, speech statistics and information processing in minority languages in addition to these topics.