Briefly describe the evolution of China's national defense, and what enlightenment have you got from it? thesis

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Studying the development of national defense economics in new China from the bibliometrics perspective can be divided into three stages, namely, discipline establishment before 1985, discipline construction from 1986 to the end of the 20th century and discipline transformation since 2 1 century. The evolution of new China's national defense economics is closely related to the evolution of international strategic situation, the change of China's national development strategy, the development of national defense strategy and military strategy, the enhancement of national strength and the academic progress of economics. The development of war forms also promoted the progress of national defense economy in New China. Generally speaking, the development of new China's national defense economics is staged, dynamic and unbalanced, which lags behind the development of mainstream economics. Further research shows that the development of national defense economics after the reform and opening up has the characteristics of jumping, stability and continuity, and there is a trend of integration with mainstream economics in the future.

[Keywords:] New China defense economics evolution characteristics

[Document ID ]A

[ArticleNo.]1005—4952 (2010) 01—0080—08

Since the founding of New China, the national defense economy has made great progress, and there are many experiences and lessons. By summarizing and studying this, we can undoubtedly observe the ideological change process of national defense economic issues such as military strategic change, military investment, military production and management, military human resources, war conflict and disarmament under the guidance of national interests for a long time. The fundamental task for the study of new China's national defense economics is to comprehensively review the evolution of national defense economics. On the basis of comprehensive collection, collation and research of literature, according to the discipline system of contemporary national defense economics, this paper sorts out different clues in stages and topics, such as military expenditure research and military economic research in different stages, establishes the basic facts of academic development itself, reveals its development context, and makes a simple evaluation in a limited range. The evaluation standard will adopt the method of restoring history and explaining history. As a scientific formula, Marxist economics reveals that economics itself is a historical science. On the basis of reviewing the basic development of national defense economics in New China, this paper analyzes the various influencing factors of discipline development and the basic characteristics of national defense economics in New China, which provides rich materials for discipline construction and academic basis for national defense strategic decision-making.

First, the development of new China's national defense economics

The new China national defense economics is becoming a subject with both theoretical significance and application value in the field of contemporary economics. It is found from the literature that the study of China's national defense economics began with the founding of New China. After the formation of ideas and the expansion of horizons in the first 17 years and the study of combat readiness mobilization in the "* * *" decade, the truly systematic discipline research began in the mid-1980s. After more than 20 years of efforts and development, a relatively complete and realistic branch discipline including the basic theory of national defense economics and many rich contents has been established. From the perspective of the evolution of national defense economics, it seems to be divided into three periods, namely, the discipline establishment period before 1985, the discipline construction period from 1986 to the end of the 20th century, and the discipline transformation period since 2 1 century.

(1) Initiation of disciplines before 1985.

This period can be divided into three stages: 1949 ~ 1966, 1966 ~ 1976, 1976 ~ 1985.

The research on national defense economics ranges from 1. 1949 to 1966.

After the founding of New China, based on the study of war economy, national defense economics comprehensively studied the national defense construction of New China by using new means in view of the new reality. At present, the main research object of national defense economics is the experience of foreign national defense economic development. From the perspective of document aggregation, this paper mainly studies the profound influence and problems of American defense economic policy, and a large number of documents have been translated and introduced. Using Marxist political economy method, academic circles have conducted in-depth research on strategic issues, military expenditure changes, military economy, military acquisition and arms trade, military manpower economics and disarmament issues in the development of American defense economy. It is believed that the United States relies on its military strength to establish military alliances and bases extensively by increasing military appropriations, with the aim of dominating the world, and the main ideological support is the "strength theory." At this stage, although the discipline of national defense economics has not been formally established, its research methods, objects and contents, as well as the basic problems to be solved, have been very different from the scope of contemporary economics.

2. 1966 ~ 1976 national defense economic research

At this stage, theoretical research tends to stagnate due to the outbreak of "* * *", and the research theme of national defense economy mainly focuses on the field of combat readiness economy. Through literature review, it is found that the research topics in recent ten years are basically aimed at the war threat of the Soviet Union, focusing on the mobilization of combat readiness and the armament construction of "combining labor with military". In the later period of "* * *", the modernization of national defense put forward the requirements of attaching importance to national defense science and technology, reducing the number of troops and improving the combat effectiveness of the army, so there was a lot of discussion on this issue. However, there are few academic achievements with long-term influence at this stage. The main works (translations) are scattered in local newspapers such as People's Daily, People's Liberation Army Daily and Red Flag magazine, such as editorials, articles by special commentators, newsletters of Xinhua News Agency, abstracts, etc. Party literature also accounts for a certain amount. These materials all represented the voice of the Central Committee and the Military Commission at that time, which was highly valued, and also reflected the evolution of academic thoughts on national defense and combat readiness at that time. At this stage, the rise of Soviet sea power received preliminary attention; The academic circles in Taiwan Province Province have made some progress in the study of China affairs and sea power. Representative works include: Essays on National Construction (Taipei National Defense Research Institute, Chunghwa Diandian Press 1966), Essays on Yang Zhen's Sea Power (Taipei National Defense Research Institute 1968) and China Affairs by Wei Rulin and Liu Zhongping.

3. 1976 ~ 1985 The development of national defense economics has promoted the establishment of the discipline of national defense economics and the emergence of a number of national defense economic research institutions. 1975, * * put forward the idea that "the army should be reorganized". After entering the new era, the general goal of national defense and army building centered on modernization has been established. Around these important ideas, academic circles pay more attention to the scientific and technological economic research in national defense construction. Several modern local wars at this stage directly promoted the academic research of national defense modernization. In view of the need of war preparation, it has become a bright spot at this stage to seriously study the main economic and technical characteristics of modern local wars and put forward the application research of countermeasures.

At present, the research method of national defense economy is still based on Marxist political economy, but under the impetus of the ideological emancipation movement, some academic achievements using modern viewpoints and methods, such as "system theory", have emerged, and new viewpoints have been put forward on this basis, which has greatly promoted the innovation of contemporary national defense economy; At the same time, the establishment of disciplines provides a scientific platform for all kinds of research institutions to make scientific use of academic resources and carry out research on problems that need to be solved urgently in modern wars, which promotes the prosperity of national defense economics in the next stage.

(B) 1986 discipline construction by the end of the 20th century

During this period, national defense economy was officially listed in the subject catalogue and became an organic part of applied economics. Qian Xuesen and Huang Xiang contributed to the unprecedented prosperity of academic research. A number of experts and scholars have emerged one after another, a number of universities and research institutions have begun to study national defense economics through textbook construction, scientific research and recruiting graduate students, a number of professional journals have been published, and a large number of academic monographs have emerged. The annual academic conference has gradually become a routine activity of academic exchange and discipline construction. The academic research in this period was comprehensively promoted on the basis of the realistic problems faced by national defense modernization after several modern local wars, the in-depth development of high-tech wars and the new military revolution thought around the 1980s. There are many works on the relationship between military strategy and economic construction, the allocation of national defense economic resources, the attributes of military products and other theoretical aspects, as well as the theory and practice of military expenditure, military economy and military procurement and military trade, sea power theory, national defense mobilization theory, military manpower economics and so on. At this stage, the research methods of national defense economics are quite different. Theoretical national defense economics based on Marxist political economy and contemporary national defense economics based on quantitative methods and attaching importance to empirical research have been developed. Moreover, the two theoretical systems have had a multi-disciplinary dialogue, and various schemes have been put forward for the research methods, objects and contents, as well as the construction of the academic system. This period can be divided into two stages: the stable development period from 1986 to 1993 and the academic active period from 1993 to the end of the 20th century, marked by the theory of socialist market economy put forward by the 14th National Congress of the Communist Party of China. In the past, national defense economics followed the framework of Marxist political economy in terms of methods, objects and contents. Later, with the introduction of contemporary economic methods,

(3) The transformation of national defense economics since the 20th century.

Strictly speaking, the transformation of national defense economics took place after 1985 officially started discipline construction, but it was clearly put forward at the beginning of 2 1 century. Academics generally believe that the theory of national defense economy within the framework of Marxist political economy has made great contributions to the development of China's national defense economy. With more and more practical problems in national defense economic construction, it is required to use quantitative analysis and other tools to directly promote the development of contemporary national defense economics. In terms of research methods, it is necessary to use more standardized research procedures such as research hypothesis, model construction, scientific calculation and empirical verification, and popularize them to the general public, that is, from emphasizing inductive research and deductive research to emphasizing deductive research mode. In the choice of research objects, contemporary national defense economics pays more attention to basic theoretical research and puts forward a new discipline system, such as studying the allocation and efficiency of military expenditure and other resources. In terms of research content, it pays more attention to the construction of modern national defense economic discipline system, with deterrence, avoiding war, the outbreak and termination of war, strategic influence, arms race and arms control as the main research contents. In this way, the once widely used research paradigm of military production and consumption began to change to the paradigm of studying strategy, war, military expenditure, military products and soldiers. In this process, a group of young and middle-aged national defense economists emerged, such as Jiang, Li, Li, Wu Xizhi, Chen, Li and Hao Wanlu. Of course, the transformation of national defense economics will not happen overnight, and it may take quite a long time.

Second, the new China defense economics evolution factors

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the development and evolution of national defense economics has been all-round, mainly in the stages of development, including the choice of research methods, objects and basic contents. The change of research paradigm (that is, a scientific habit and academic tradition of studying national defense economics) is the main clue. Because of the application of national defense economics, its development is closely related to the reality of national defense economy, including the change of international strategic situation, the evolution of national defense strategy, the development of military expenditure economy and the reform of military economy, which have had a profound impact on the national defense economics of new China and are the main factors that determine the evolution of national defense economics of new China.

After the founding of New China, it is an important task for the people of China to safeguard national independence, national sovereignty and territorial integrity. At the same time, it has become the main task of the whole nation to heal the wounds of war and build their homeland. During the period of 1949 ~ 1966, the relationship between China's national defense construction and economic construction was relatively * * *, and the military expenditure and national economic development kept growing synchronously, and a national defense industrial system adapted to the requirements of national defense strategy and national strength was initially established. The active defense strategy has effectively resisted the threat and invasion of foreign enemies and won the national defense construction. At this stage, because China and the United States are enemies in reality, the academic circles take the change of American strategy, the increase of military expenditure, the related problems of military economy and the intermittent so-called "disarmament" and military manpower problems as the research objects, and use the methods of political economy and history to conduct in-depth research. Since the 1960s, due to the bad relations between China and the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union has deployed millions of troops on the Sino-Soviet border and threatened nuclear war. China has to temporarily slow down the pace of economic construction and actively prepare for war. Under the strategic guidance of "fighting early, fighting big and fighting nuclear war", we will adopt the policy of "digging deep holes, accumulating grain extensively and not seeking hegemony", put more economic resources on national defense construction, and at the same time pay attention to "combining labor with military". At this stage, the academic focus turned to the Soviet Union's war preparation and ocean expansion, and the sea power theory entered the research field of vision; However, the research methods have hardly changed, and the research content is relatively narrow, among which there are more studies on strategic opponents. With the reform and opening up and the relaxation of Sino-Soviet relations in the late Cold War, disarmament and military conversion have become the world trend, and how to use national defense resources for civilian purposes and the economic benefits of national defense resources have become the focus of academic attention. Many scholars have discussed the issue of economic national defense, which directly promoted the birth of the discipline of national defense economics.

There is a view that contemporary national defense economics was born in the 1960s, and the theoretical history research of national defense economics holds that national defense economics was born in the early 20th century. From a disciplinary point of view, western defense economics began with the study of war in economics. Of course, the Soviet Union's national defense economics took a different path, focusing on military products and economic issues in strategy, and occasionally discussing the economic benefits of national defense, but the Soviet Union's national defense economics emphasized the main responsibilities and obligations of the state in allocating national defense resources. From the perspective of the translation and research of American and Soviet defense economic theories in different periods, it has had a far-reaching impact on China's defense economics. Before the 1990s, the Soviet defense economic theory mainly influenced the academic circles, which was manifested in the methods, objects and contents. Later, China proposed to establish a socialist market economic system. At the same time, due to the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the academic focus began to shift to the West, and more and more western economic theories were introduced to China, and more and more national defense economic papers were applied to the contemporary economic paradigm. In addition to the translation of academic works and the influence on foreign literature research, the international forum on the transfer of military power between China and foreign countries after the Cold War, as well as the academic exchanges held by western universities and relevant universities in China, have promoted the internationalization of the discipline of national defense economics, and the research on disarmament issues has also attracted the attention of the United Nations.

After the end of the cold war, the national defense strategies of various countries have been greatly adjusted, and military and national defense resources have been converted to civilian use on a large scale. The United States put forward the theory of economic security and invested national defense resources to safeguard its hegemonic position and its global economic interests; After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russia destroyed the rest of its main military and national defense resources and implemented the strategy of converting military to civilian. China preceded the transformation of the national defense strategy of the United States and the Soviet Union. * * In 1975, the army was reorganized. After 1985 decided to disarm1000,000, the military expenditure was greatly reduced, and the system and mechanism of the national defense industry were reformed. 1992 made a strategic decision to build a socialist market economic system, and the means of allocating national defense resources began to be planned. These new changes put forward new requirements for national defense economics, requiring academic circles to make in-depth research on the objectives of national defense construction, the scale, structure and benefits of military expenditure, the nature of military products, the management system and operation mechanism of military enterprises, and give answers. At this stage, the Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense funded the completion of such topics as "the development strategy of civilian products in China's national defense science and technology industry" and "the development of China's high-tech industry", and the National Natural Science Foundation funded the special study of "conversion of military to civilian and local economic development". China Association for Peaceful Use of Military Technology and the United Nations have jointly carried out research on the macro-effective mechanism and regional development of military conversion and the establishment of an international exchange and training center for military conversion.

From the late 1970s to the early 1990s, several local wars at home and abroad under modern conditions directly promoted the guiding ideology of China's national defense construction and the study of national defense economics. The cause of the war is obviously economic, which is the main reason for the evolution of national defense economics. In order to explain the economic causes of these wars and their internal relations, the academic circles began to use the input-output model and neoclassical growth model for research, which can be regarded as the beginning of the transformation of China's national defense economics. It should also be noted that due to the end of the Cold War and the transformation of national defense strategies, modern local wars have once become the main features of wars, and the issues of war economic mobilization and national economic mobilization, which were neglected in the past, have been re-emphasized and developed. Relevant foreign works were introduced into China to study the preparation for war in peacetime, the critical evaluation of the transition from peacetime to wartime, the military financing under the condition of high-tech war, and even the subsequent attention to non-war economic mobilization, which directly promoted the establishment and development of the discipline of national economic mobilization.

Around the mid-1980s, a number of national defense economics institutions were established one after another, which became the core driving force for the progress of national defense economics since the new period. First, Wuhan Institute of Military Economics has established military economic academic institutions such as the Military Economic Research Center of the whole army, published journals such as Journal of Military Economic College and Military Economic Research, and recruited and trained undergraduate and graduate students in national defense economics. Then, the National Defense University established the National Defense Economic Research Center, and published the magazine "China National Defense Economy" in 2004, which undertook a large number of high-level research topics and discipline construction tasks. At the same time, many local universities have successively established national defense economic research centers and other corresponding academic institutions, with unprecedented academic achievements. In fact, the method of national defense economics can not be separated from the innovation of economic methods, which is different from that in the west, because the research of national defense economics in the west is more carried out by general economists using economic methods, while the research of national defense economy in China started from military academies at the earliest, and it is often necessary to solve some economic problems when studying military and national defense issues. From the perspective of academic development, the methods of national defense economics often lag behind mainstream economics. For example, an earlier article on economic quantitative method was published in 1964, and it was not mentioned again until around 1987. In the ninth issue of Economic Research, a group of articles "Discussion on the Basic Theories and Methods of Macroeconomic Research in China" were published, and then the National Defense Economic Research Institute generally adopted quantitative methods and mathematical models. From the international academic point of view, "among the many contributions of national defense economics to modern economics, the contribution to the basic methods of modern economics is mainly concentrated in the field of game theory;" The contribution to the basic methods of modern economics mainly focuses on the proposition of conflict theory. In China, the contribution of national defense economics to economics may mainly lie in expanding the application scope of economics, and in methods, it is more to promote the application of economic principles in the field of national defense economic research.

After 1993, the theory of socialist market economy greatly promoted the evolution of national defense economics. No matter from the general economics journals, national defense economics journals or related research topics, the national defense economic issues discussed are broader and deeper, showing the forefront of synchronous development with economic theory. One of its important manifestations is that it has studied many problems that could not be measured in the past with quantitative methods and achieved gratifying results. For example, the study of military budget PPBS system, the balance between total supply and total demand of military economy, and the optimization of quantitative analysis model of military expenditure distribution structure all need a lot of data and economic models. These tasks can only be accomplished with high quality by scholars with contemporary economic education. With more and more doctors of economics engaged in the research of national defense economics, it has directly promoted the development of national defense economics. For example, most of the professional articles published in China National Defense Economy over the years are papers using economic models. Even the articles on the history of national defense economy adopt a standard research paradigm, showing some differences in research methods, objects and contents. Great progress has also been made in policy research. During this period, the National Social Science Foundation funded the research on topics such as Mao Zedong's thought of reclamation and its great practical significance to the economic development and social stability in the border areas, the operation and management of China's national defense economy, and the economic theory of high-tech war.

In a word, in the past 60 years, the evolution of new China's national defense economics is closely related to the evolution of international strategic situation, the change of China's national development strategy, the development of national defense strategy and military strategy, the enhancement of national strength and the academic progress of economy. The development of war forms also promoted the progress of national defense economy in New China. These developments are often immediately reflected in new China's national defense economics, which shows the characteristics of national defense economics advancing with the times, and also reflects the solid style of study in which theoretical workers of new China's national defense economics actively participate in national defense economics and closely combine theoretical research with national defense construction practice. The contribution of new China's national defense economics to the theory and practice of national defense economy is enormous.

Three, the main characteristics of the new China national defense economics

It is true that historical opportunities have made the development of new China's national defense economics more tortuous, but after the reform and opening up, academic achievements have been remarkable.

(1) On the whole, the new China national defense economics has the characteristics of stages, dynamics and unbalanced development, which lags behind the mainstream economics related disciplines.

The characteristics of new China's national defense economics are consistent with China's political and economic cycle. Its uniqueness lies in that it is closely related to the changes in the international strategic situation, especially the changes in the military strategies of major countries, which is different from other economic disciplines. However, 60 years of academic experience shows that the influence of international factors on national defense economy is obviously subordinate to the domestic political and economic situation, so local characteristics are the main factors of national defense economy. However, judging from the research objects and contents of national defense economics in different periods, academic research is often based on domestic reality and makes reasonable inferences and explanations on the influence of changes in international strategic situation on the country, thus serving the domestic political and economic requirements and the strategic requirements of this project. Judging from the dynamic development of national defense economics, major national events or changes in the domestic situation often have realistic needs for theoretical research. There are many studies on major events in a specific period. Once the influence of major events fades or new factors appear, the academic object will fundamentally turn, which will have a negative impact on normal academic development and academic accumulation. From the perspective of unbalanced development, it shows that the proportion of theoretical research and countermeasure research is unbalanced, there are too many countermeasures research, basic theoretical research is often ignored, and academic gaps are constantly appearing. For example, the research on "national defense proliferation" began in the early stage of discipline construction in the 1980s, but it was not until around 2005 that there was an academic debate, which shows that the basic issues involved in that debate were not solved at that time. The imbalance is also manifested in the uneven development of disciplines in military colleges and local colleges. Judging from foreign academic experience, researchers of national defense economics are more economists in academic institutions. However, in China, the army is an important town of national defense economy. Although the discipline construction of local universities has developed rapidly since the beginning of the new century, it will take a long time for the formation of academic echelon and the scientific expansion of academic fields. If we look at the lag of the development of the discipline of national defense economics itself, it is mainly manifested in the backwardness of research paradigm or research method, which is caused by the following reasons: the national defense economics itself appeared late in the international scope, the research of national defense economics in China was divorced from mainstream economics, the research paradigm was in a transitional period, and the influence of the old paradigm was still great, but the new paradigm did not gain * * * knowledge.

(2) After the reform and opening up, the development of national defense economy has shown the characteristics of jumping, stability and continuity.

The so-called leap-forward development of national defense economics after the reform and opening up is mainly manifested in the discipline construction. More colleges and universities have invested in the construction of national defense economics, more textbooks have been translated, introduced, compiled and published, and higher training levels have emerged. The stability and continuity of academic development come from the coherence of economic policies and the development of international strategic situation in the past 30 years of reform and opening up, which are increasingly beneficial to peace and progress in China. On the premise that both social progress and economic development pursue * * * and efficiency, the development and differentiation of academics, the continuous progress of ideas, the continuous broadening of horizons, and the continuous expansion and integration of disciplines have brought about rapid progress in new China's national defense economics.

(C) The new China national defense economics shows a trend of integration with mainstream economics.

Until the beginning of 2 1 century, the basic paradigm of China's national defense economics was still political economy, and the so-called paradigm shift problem had just been put forward. Whether the research team of national defense economics comes from economics, national defense theory, history and other fields, its research objects are inseparable from national defense issues and economic (historical) issues. The difference is nothing more than perspective or tool application, but the essence of the research objects is the same, and the opposite conclusions have not been drawn because of inconsistent expressions. The conclusions from different perspectives only have complementary meanings, so there will be fewer and fewer obstacles for different disciplines to communicate in an academic language. This is the trend of new China's national defense economics, which is reflected in many achievements. The so-called academic transformation or paradigm transformation is this truth, and it also refers to the integration with mainstream economics to form a generally accepted paradigm.

To sum up, the new China national defense economics has made great progress in the past 60 years, making great contributions to the development of national defense economic theory and providing policy suggestions for national defense construction. The development of national defense economics in new China is influenced by the changes of international strategic situation, national development strategy, national defense and military development strategy, overall social progress and academic progress, which is consistent with the development of mainstream economic theory. New China's national defense economy presents a strong stage feature. The transformation of national defense economy in the new century and its continuous integration with mainstream economics will provide greater development space for national defense economics.

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