Inner Mongolia is very rich in cultural relics. What do you think of using it to develop cultural relic tourism?

Inner Mongolia has rich and dense historical and cultural tourism resources, and its folk cultural resources are unique and of high development value. According to scientific census and statistics, there are currently 19,621 cultural relics protection units in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, including 79 national-level key cultural relics protection units [as of the sixth batch of State Council approval in 2006], 313 autonomous region-level cultural relics protection units, and county and city-level cultural relics protection units. There are 496 national-level key cultural relics protection units [as of 2007]. There are also a large number of collections and private collections of cultural relics, archives, etc. The Mongolian ethnic group, the main ethnic group in the autonomous region, has a long history, unique folk culture and profound cultural connotations. In addition, there are the cultures of the three ethnic groups of Daur, Ewenki and Oroqen, as well as the culture and regional culture of other ethnic groups (such as Han, Manchu, Hui, Xian, etc.), all of which are unique. Not only that, Inner Mongolia's economy and society are developing rapidly, and modern towns, industrial culture and new rural and pastoral cultural resources all have high tourism development value. After decades of development, Inner Mongolia’s historical and cultural tourism has made great achievements. Of course, there are also many problems faced during the development process.

Summarizing experiences and lessons and pushing Inner Mongolia’s historical and cultural tourism to a higher level is not only very necessary, but also a very urgent practical issue. This article uses some cases encountered during the investigation of the current tourism development status of Simeng City in western Inner Mongolia (i.e., Ordos City, Wuhai City, Bayannur City, and Alxa League. Hereafter referred to as West Simeng City.), and analyzes the history of Inner Mongolia. We briefly analyze the current status of cultural tourism development and put forward our opinions and suggestions.

1. Resources and Development Value Assessment

Xisimeng City has relatively rich and dense historical and cultural resources. In particular, the cultural resources of the Mongolian ethnic group and its different tribes and clans, which are the most representative of the living ethnic culture in the region, are particularly rich and colorful. There are 1,133 immovable cultural relics with historical, artistic and scientific value - ancient ruins, ancient tombs, ancient buildings, cave temples, stone carvings, murals, important modern and modern historical sites and representative buildings, etc., which are national key There are 14 cultural relics protection units, and there are 181 key cultural relics protection units at the autonomous region, county, and city levels [as of the second census of cultural relics]. Among them, those with high tourism development value or those that have been developed include the following: Genghis Khan Mausoleum, Sarawusu Site, Aerzhai Grottoes, Zhukaigou Site, Qinzhidao Site, Twelve Liancheng City Sites, Chengchuan City Site, "Duguilong" "Old site of the movement [the above are in Ordos City]; Zhuizishan Rock Paintings, Manbala Monk Temple [in Wuhai City]; Yinshan Rock Paintings, Qin Great Wall, Sandingzhangfang Ancient City Ruins, Jilucai Stone City, Shajintaohai Ancient Tombs, Agui Temple, Sanshenggong Catholic Church [the above are within the territory of Bayannur City]; Juyan Site, Dingyuan Camp, South Temple, North Temple [the above are within the territory of Alxa League] and other cultural relics resources. In addition, the number of important movable cultural relics such as artworks, documents, manuscripts, books and materials and physical objects from past dynasties is too numerous to mention.

Xisimeng City is an area where the Mongolian Ordos, Urad, Heshuote, Turgut and other tribes gather. Each of these tribes has its own unique tribal culture, and its living culture still retains the long and excellent cultural traditions of the Mongolian people. Its production, life, entertainment and cultural customs are all unique. The Mongolian people in Ordos and Bayannur areas mainly adopt a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral production method, while the Mongolian people in Alxa area mainly adopt a nomadic production method. There are considerable differences in the details of catering, wedding customs, singing and dancing, games and sports activities between different tribes. Especially in the Mongolian culture of Ordos, the tradition of Mongolian sacrificial culture is still relatively completely inherited and preserved. Such as offering sacrifices to the sky, fire, Aobao and Solu ingots (black, white, flower), ancestor worship (Genghis Khan sacrifice, Wokuotai sacrifice, Tuo Lei sacrifice, Mao Hulai sacrifice), etc.; Urad culture has always inherited and The traditional handicrafts of the Mongolian people are preserved; while the Heshuote and Torgut Mongols have basically retained their traditional nomadic production methods and cultural traditions of camel sacrifice.

As of the end of June 2010, Ordos City has 5 intangible cultural heritage items selected into the national intangible cultural heritage protection list, 54 items selected into the autonomous region level intangible cultural heritage protection list, and 86 items selected into the autonomous region level intangible cultural heritage protection list. Municipal intangible cultural heritage protection list. There were 31 representative inheritors of autonomous region-level intangible cultural heritage and 84 representative inheritors of municipal-level intangible cultural heritage; Bayannaoer City was selected into 1 national-level intangible cultural heritage list and 10 autonomous region-level intangible cultural heritage lists. There are 15 items on the municipal intangible cultural heritage list; Alxa League has 6 items on the national intangible cultural heritage list, 16 items on the autonomous region level intangible cultural heritage list, and 54 items on the municipal intangible cultural heritage list. Two inheritors of Mongolian folk songs, a representative project of national intangible cultural heritage, were produced.

These rich and colorful historical and cultural heritages are another most advantageous tourism resource support point besides the Yellow River, desert and other natural landscapes. They have both social value and high economic development value. . Tourism is not only an economic category, but also a social category of cultural exchanges. Through scientific and reasonable development, on the one hand, it can promote the protection of historical and cultural heritage, on the other hand, it can also develop its economic and social value, and it can also promote its excellent cultural connotation to be carried forward faster and better.

2. Development status and problems faced by it

Limited by space, this article does not discuss the development status and problems faced by each scenic spot one by one. It only discusses the following aspects as a whole. opinions.

(1) It can be said that the historical and cultural tourism in Xisimeng City is growing from scratch, from small to large, and gradually developing. However, it still shows obvious lag or incompatibility with its historical and cultural resource advantages. At present, the development of historical and cultural tourist attractions in Xisimeng City is in its initial stage, both in terms of quantity and scale.

According to our field investigation, the development of historical and cultural tourism in Xisimeng City is nothing more than the following aspects: tourism development based on historical and cultural monuments or cultural and entertainment activities, agricultural and pastoral entertainment tourism in rural pastoral areas Development and combination of natural landscapes and local human resources. To put it simply: first of all, in this area, the development of historical and cultural tourism started late, is small in scale, and does not yet have a large tourism environment. Xisimeng City has 83 tourist attractions that have been developed or are under development, of which 32 are themed on historical and cultural tourism, accounting for 38.5% of the total. In terms of scale, in addition to the Genghis Khan Mausoleum Tourist Area in Ordos City, the Helan Mountain Guangzong Temple (South Temple) Ecotourism Area and Gospel Temple (North Temple) Tourist Area in Alxa League, and the Weixin International Golf Resort in Bayannaoer City, Except for tourist attractions rated 3A or above, most of the rest are small-scale or under development. The tourism reception facilities and services, product structure, and related industrial chains of various scenic spots are very immature. For example: the most basic infrastructure conditions of many scenic spots (including transportation, accommodation, catering, shopping, entertainment projects, tourist routes, etc.) are not perfect. At the same time, so-called large-scale and relatively mature 3A-level and above scenic spots, including the above-mentioned Genghis Khan Mausoleum Tourist Area, Helan Mountain Guangzong Temple (South Temple) Eco-tourism Area and Gospel Temple (North Temple) Tourist Area in Alxa League, have not been able to It is necessary to well straighten out or solve many problems in its management system and mechanism (which will be analyzed in detail later); secondly, the development of agricultural, animal husbandry and entertainment tourism in various banner counties in Xisimeng City is also constantly expanding. According to statistics, there are hundreds of farming and animal husbandry restaurants in Ordos City, 129 farming and animal husbandry restaurants in Alxa League, and there are also quite a few scattered farming and animal husbandry restaurants in Bayannur City. Except for a few larger comprehensive agricultural (herding) restaurants, most of the so-called agricultural (animal husbandry) restaurants are actually just small spontaneous catering reception points; also, Xisimeng City naturally Landscape tourist attractions all adopt a development model that bundles natural landscapes with human resources. In the construction of scenic spots, whether it is visual image or entertainment projects, they all follow the idea of ????combining with human resources-from the more famous The Xiangshawan tourist attraction and other natural landscape development zones of different sizes are no exception. However, in the specific excavation and development process, there are some unsatisfactory problems such as similarities, insufficient cultural connotation, or intentional or unintentional distortion of historical facts.

(2) Xisimeng City has been exploring and gradually improving the development model of religious culture and sacrificial cultural resources or the management system and mechanism of scenic spots. However, our investigation found that whether there are many religious and cultural scenic spots that have been developed or are being developed, there are problems in which their development models are not suitable or their operation and management systems and mechanisms are not sound. First of all, because temple religious and cultural resources and sacrificial cultural resources are directly packaged into tourism products and developed entirely in a commercial model, this has led to dissatisfaction among believers, religious figures, sacrificial activity organizers and even the majority of the people; secondly, developers Conflicts often arise on the distribution of interests with temple religious figures or hosts of folk sacrificial activities: On the one hand, the two parties are prone to disputes over the commission ratio of ticket revenue; on the other hand, with the decrease in worshipers, the income of sacrificial venues has Conflicts caused by influence. Similar problems not only exist in the operation and management of Chengling Tourist Area, Jungar Banner Pinus King Tourist Area, Alxa Zuo Banner Nanbei Temple Tourist Area and other developed and operated scenic spots, but also in Zhungarzhao Tourist Area, Wushen Tourist Area They exist to a greater or lesser extent in the Zhao tourist area and other Zhaomiao cultural tourism development scenic spots. For example, the integrated development problem between the newly developed scenic spots in the Chengling tourist area and the sacrificial cultural cemetery area has not yet been reasonably resolved. The developers, the sacrificial office, the Chengling Tourism Development Zone Management Committee, Dalhut and the worshipers all held their own opinions and conflicted with each other, and they were never able to straighten out the existing problems in the development model and operation and management system and mechanism. However, in the tourism development of the Nanbei Temple, Wushenzhao and Zhungeerzhao in Alxa Left Banner, relatively mature rules and regulations and standardized management systems and mechanisms have not yet been introduced or formed.

(3) In terms of protection and development of historical and cultural resources, Xisimeng City has done a lot of meaningful work and achieved some achievements, but there are still problems in understanding and coordination. First of all, there is a lack of complete planning and feasibility plans for the protection and development of historical and cultural relics resources. For example, the tourism development of cultural relics and historic resources such as the Aerzhai Grottoes ruins in Etuoke Banner and the Xixia Black City ruins in Ejina Banner of Alxa League still faces insurmountable obstacles due to the lack of scientific and reasonable planning and implementation plans. bottleneck. The damage to the murals of the Aerzhai Grottoes is getting more and more serious, and the Heicheng ruins are increasingly being swallowed up by wind and sand. None of these can be effectively protected.

At the same time, its tourism development does not know where to start, and it has never been able to explore a reasonable development channel that can not only protect but also exert its social and economic benefits; secondly, there is a lack of sustainable development in terms of cultural ecological environmental protection and cultural resource development. Sustainable development strategies. Especially in the protection and development of living cultural ecological environment, we are faced with many new and old problems. In recent years, people have realized the importance of protecting the natural ecological environment and have taken many specific measures, which have achieved certain results. However, due to the habits formed over the years, people have not paid enough attention to the protection of humanistic and ecological environment. As a result, many traditional cultural heritages have gradually faded or been lost. At present, here we have gradually realized or recognized the necessity and urgency of ecological environment protection. Through different methods such as intangible cultural heritage protection or cultural ecological protection, we have been working hard to explore reasonable and feasible protection and development measures from top to bottom. However, in the specific implementation and implementation, due to insufficient understanding or improper measures, there are still many problems in cultural ecological protection and cultural resource development. Its specific manifestation is that it is outstanding in the protection of traditional folk cultural ecological environment and the development of folk cultural tourism resources. This investigation found that during the development process of grassland folk culture tourism in Xisimeng City, the following phenomena occurred: First, the local herdsmen or farmers were completely separated from the traditional primary industry of the past - agriculture and animal husbandry economy and lifestyle. , transition to the new tertiary industry (tourism development and management); first, introduce development funds to enclose a large area of ??land and pasture resources in a certain area of ??rural pastoral areas, completely relocate the original residents or use them in different ways It breaks away from traditional production and lifestyle in order to develop tourism projects. In fact, tourist attractions developed in a similar way are, at best, just artificially built folk performance reception areas (spots) that resemble ancient film and television cities, and are by no means true folk culture tourist areas (spots). The most important support point of the folk culture tourism area should be based on the living folk cultural resources of the living indigenous residents. Only by developing folk culture tourism on the premise of protecting the living cultural ecological environment can it be possible to ensure the survival and sustainable development of folk culture tourism areas. Otherwise, it will not be conducive to the protection of cultural resources, nor is it conducive to the sustainable development of the cultural tourism industry, and will ultimately lead to a bleak ending where both parties cannot survive.

As for the cultural and ecological protection of the Genghis Khan Mausoleum, we are currently facing at least the following problems. First, there is a lack of correct understanding of the connotation and significance of Genghis Khan's sacrificial culture. Many people confuse this culture with superstitious activities. Some people simply equate this sacrificial culture with the sacrificial customs of imperial tombs in the Central Plains. Others regard this cultural phenomenon as an old custom that is behind the times. Others treat sacrificial culture as just a performance project or a completely commercial tourism product. What is particularly worrying is that such an ancient and excellent cultural tradition is gradually fading away, and its sacred connotation is shrinking. Second, due to historical and practical reasons, with the shrinking of the spatial area of ??Chengling Reserve and the penetration of foreign cultures, the ecological environment of Genghis Khan's sacrificial culture is gradually disappearing. Due to the small space, many projects of sacrificial culture are difficult to further restore and expand. Similarly, as the Dalhut population is increasingly dispersed in different places, the Dalhut residents near Chengling are gradually forced to break away from their traditional production methods and living environment. There are many problems in the continuation and cultural inheritance of the Dalhut successors. If reasonable rescue measures are not taken in time, the significance of the sacrificial cultural and ecological reserve will be completely lost in the near future. Third, in the context of the new era of multi-cultural collision, issues such as how to protect and inherit the tradition of Genghis Khan's sacrificial culture and further develop and utilize this cultural resource in a reasonable way are clearly before people, and reasonable and feasible measures need to be urgently introduced. plan for implementation.

In addition, the investigation found that in the process of continuous development of grassland tourism or ethnic cultural tourism areas, it is common to not pay enough attention to the protection of cultural ecological environment. During the grazing ban, industrial transfer or urbanization process in many areas of pastoral areas, the cultural ecological environment has been damaged due to improper implementation of specific measures, and it has also made it difficult to reliably guarantee the sustainable development of cultural tourism. In some places, in order to "protect" the natural ecological environment, comprehensive grazing ban measures have been blindly adopted, thus violating the local landform ecology and biological chain laws, seriously damaging the cultural ecological environment, not only failing to achieve the purpose of protecting and restoring the natural ecology, but causing Many social problems have had extremely negative impacts on the protection, development and utilization of cultural resources.

(4) Xisimeng City has accumulated more experience in the development of historical and cultural tourism than other regions, and its development progress should be at the forefront of the autonomous region. However, there are still some deficiencies in the excavation and integrated development of historical and cultural resources. In recent years, due to insufficient integrated development measures, there have been many repetitive constructions, products lacking characteristics, single types, and low grades, making it difficult to break through the narrow bottleneck of the market.

The investigation found that, first of all, many scenic spots among league cities and even banner counties generally emphasize the unique characteristics of the Mongolian history and culture as a whole, while ignoring the differential characteristics of the history and culture of their respective regions, thus leading to Repeated construction methods that are basically similar to each other will eventually fall into the dilemma of difficulty in building a brand or expanding the market; secondly, from larger historical tourist attractions (or grassland folk culture tourism areas) to smaller agricultural, animal husbandry, and entertainment tourism Most of the tourist spots are mainly for sightseeing or catering, while there are only a few leisure, entertainment, shopping or experiential projects.

3. Countermeasures and Suggestions

(1) Strengthen the development of historical and cultural resources. It is especially necessary to focus on the excavation and integration of regional or tribal historical and cultural resources to avoid duplication of construction and highlight characteristics. , create high-quality products, and jointly expand the market. As we all know, the biggest advantage of Xisimeng City's tourism resources is that in addition to the natural landscape resources of the desert and the Yellow River, the other is the long and colorful historical and cultural resources. From the ancient Sarawusu Paleolithic ancient human cultural sites to the historical and cultural heritage of Han, Xiongnu, Xixia and other dynasties and later Mongolian tribes, they are extremely rich in distribution in Xisimeng City, and each has its own characteristics, which is very convenient. Unified integration and in-depth development. Ordos City should develop based on the Sarawusu ancient human cultural relics, Ordos bronze cultural relics, sacrificial cultural heritage, and various historical and modern living cultural resources of Ordos; Wuhai City should combine the historical and cultural traditions of the area where it lives with contemporary Industrial development should organically combine fashion culture and modern calligraphy with ancient rock painting art and culture, focusing on building a multi-functional comprehensive modern urban and rural tourism distribution center with a rich cultural atmosphere; Bayannur City should rely on the historical culture of the Hetao and the Urad Mongolian tribe's folk cultural heritage resources , focusing on highlighting the regional multicultural characteristics; the Alxa League should focus on developing the historical and cultural heritage of the Xixia, the cultural heritage of the Silk Road and ancient inns, the cultural heritage of religious temples, and the historical and cultural resources of the Mongolian Heshuote and Turgut tribes. .

(2) Special cultural resources such as religious beliefs and folk sacrifices should not be developed entirely through privatization or commercialization. Because activities such as religious ceremonies and folk sacrifices are matters within the scope of the people’s freedom of belief and democratic rights protected by the constitution. In the process of tourism development, whether intentionally or unintentionally, once they more or less affect the freedom of belief of the general public, If any adverse impact occurs, it should be regarded as an inappropriate development method and should be corrected immediately. For example, placing all religious and sacrificial activity venues within the ticket control area of ??scenic spots will undoubtedly have a negative impact on worshipers' worship or sacrificial activities. Therefore, religious activity venues or folk sacrificial activity venues and tourism project activity areas should be managed by branches. The former is not suitable for ticket system management and should still be under the overall management of the civil affairs, ethnic and religious affairs department, religious industry association or sacrificial office and other departments to avoid The above series of problems arise.

(3) The concept of protecting and developing historical and cultural resources seems to be familiar to everyone. However, many people still fail to correctly understand and grasp issues such as how to protect and develop them during actual operation. This at least involves issues such as what to protect, how to protect and develop. In other words, the protection of historical and cultural heritage cannot just stop at the level of protecting a single heritage, but more importantly, protect its overall ecological environment. The country currently has relatively complete policies and regulations for the protection and development of historical relics and heritage. However, there are currently no complete regulations and specific implementation plans for the protection of intangible cultural heritage, especially living culture. In this way, under the banner of developing grassland historical and cultural tourism, a large number of grasslands are occupied in pastoral areas, all indigenous herdsmen are relocated from development zones, artificial landscape facilities are rebuilt, and artificial landscape facilities are renamed as grassland cultural tourism areas, which is completely contrary to protection and development purposes. Therefore, in the process of historical and cultural tourism development, we must pay attention to the protection of cultural heritage and its ecological environment. Only in this way can it be possible to achieve the true purpose of supporting the sustainable development of tourism with culture and promoting cultural protection with tourism development.