Please tell me about the four major official kilns and the four major folk kilns that fired ceramics in Chinese history and some of their related detailed knowledge?

The Ding Kiln is divided into north and south, and the kiln was first set up in Quyang County, Hebei Province, which belonged to Dingzhou in ancient times, and was later moved to Jingdezhen, which is commonly referred to as Dingzhou for the North Ding, and Jingdezhen for the South Ding. South Ding, the tire is very fine, color sleeve white, its sleeve for the white glass glaze. Ding kiln porcelain, thin glaze with light, to color white and moist for the best, since it looks like powder so it is also known as powder set, also known as white set. Where the powder set of the real ones, its sleeve light and moist, and the old ivory color is similar. Sleeve more than willow pattern open piece, pseudo glaze or mixed, or too dry, or too translucent, or too dark talk. Powder fixed different types, quality glaze and slightly yellow, commonly known as soil fixed, fixed ware are covered with fire. Characterized by the upper edge of the mouth without sleeves, the production of the foot is smaller. Decorative patterns are: light vegetarian, convex flowers, painting flowers, printing, carving, stacking flowers, embroidery, scratching, dark flowers and so on. The main features of the pattern are strict layout, clear hierarchy, clear lines, and complexity. Roughly, there are more flowers, fewer without flowers, to scratch flowers is better. Scratching lines are thin, relatively concise, free and bold. Patterns include: antique copper pattern, peony, double fish and so on. Modeling: plates, bowls, bottles, stoves, pots, pillows and so on. Official kilns in Kaifeng, Henan Province, used to be called Muddy King, Song Dynasty "official kilns" known as the "five famous kilns" one of the phoenix has a "new official", "old official "of the former for the Southern Song official kilns, the latter for the Northern Song official kilns. Tire and glaze are as thin as paper, there are moon white, pink, pinkish green, green, grey and other colors, when the moon white for the top, pinkish green second, and later become pinkish green for the top, moon white second, the ware is mostly open flake pattern, to ice crack pattern for the top, plum blossom pattern for the second, the fine grain for the next, the open flake pattern with the yellow and black lines for the top grade. Glaze spots are eel blood on top, followed by ink lines. The kilns were located in the former Junzhou, now Yuxian County, in Henan Province. The colors of the kilns are too numerous to mention, with the most famous ones being azure, rose purple, begonia red, eggplant purple, sky blue, carmine red, and vermilion red. Some of them are also mixed with red, purple, or dark or light, or patchy, or radial changes, which can be said to be complex and subtle, difficult to describe. Our country in the past, someone had a "sunset purple green suddenly into the Lan" poem to describe its beauty. The tire bone is gray and white, and the glaze is fine and moist with tear marks. Another characteristic of Jun kiln porcelain is the irregular flow of fine lines that often appear on the porcelain, the shape of which resembles an "earthworm walks on the mud pattern", which often becomes a criterion for identifying the authenticity of Jun kiln porcelains for posterity. Firing, is hanging burning method (support nail burning) foot with engraved figures, singular for good, generally only in the delicate Zun, pots and pots and other artifacts at the bottom of the paddling yin digital, ranging from one to ten. In the past, there have been various speculations about this kind of Jun porcelain. For example: 1. In the book "Notes on the Southern Kiln" by the Qing dynasty's John Doe, it was mentioned that "...... In the book "Notes on the Southern Kiln", a Qing man named John Doe mentioned that "there are one or two numbers of characters between the feet, and the cover is matched with the mark of the vice". 2. Some people think that the single numbers on the bottom of the wares are the marks of reddish-purple wares, while the double numbers are the marks of greenish-orange wares. 3, some people think that the number of the bottom of the ware is to distinguish the real class. The recent excavation of the Juntai kiln has basically solved this mystery for many years. According to the analysis of the rows of unearthed wares, a law was drawn up: the larger the number of characters, the smaller the caliber of the wares, or the lower the body of the wares. One of the five famous kilns of the Song Dynasty, the kiln site is in Yuxian County, Henan Province, which belonged to Junzhou in ancient times, hence the name Jun kiln. It was founded in the Northern Song Dynasty and flourished in the late Northern Song Dynasty. The kiln belongs to the northern celadon system, and its unique feature is the use of kiln-variable color glaze, which produces a greenish-reddish glaze. The zigzag lines in the glaze are also one of the characteristics of Jun glaze. The bottom of the pots, trays, and zuns used at the court are engraved with a number from one to ten. Jun kiln used a kind of milky glaze, and the coloring agent of the glaze was mainly copper. The firing technique was relatively skillful at that time. However, the copper-red glaze on the temperature and firing kiln atmosphere is very sensitive to a slight deviation from the normal red, this "kiln change" but often bring unexpected magical colors, so there is "into the kiln a color, out of the kiln ten thousand colors" said. As the glaze layer dries or cracks in the early stage of firing, the glaze flows to fill in the gaps at a high temperature, forming a pattern like "earthworms walking in the mud", and this flawed beauty is also an important basis for identification. The heirloom products of Jun porcelain are mostly Zun, stoves, bottles, washes, flowerpots and pots. The Ru Kiln is in Henan Province, which used to be called Ruzhou and is now called Linru County. It is an important porcelain production site in the north of China since the Tang and Song dynasties. Ru kiln celadon, diverse shapes, rich in decoration, not only in the folk enjoys a high reputation, at the same time, also doubly appreciated by the royal family. Palace extension of the Imperial Ru porcelain, the tire is delicate, fragrant gray, glaze bright, glistening as jasper. Ru kiln glaze colors are: sky blue, egg green, sea green, bean green, shrimp green, powder green and tea leaves and other colors. Sleeve material in the upper part of the object, its shape is similar to the wax tears trace of the pile of fat. The unglazed place is similar to the color of sheep's liver, the bottom of the sesame flower tiny nails is a good product. Tire bone hard, using the support nail firing method

Folk kilns

Folk kilns that folk porcelain kilns, relative to the court (court) run by the official kilns (imperial kilns), is a non-official business, to the commercial production of porcelain kilns, production of porcelain to meet the domestic and foreign markets in general need of daily-use ceramics and furnishing ceramics, the sale of the region is extremely wide. Here the kiln is also specifically referred to porcelain kilns, rather than tile kilns, brick kilns. Time is also specifically referred to before the Republic of China, which is the most prosperous Ming and Qing dynasties. The products of the kilns called the guest goods, style and official kilns are very different, excluding some restrictions on the production of patterns and shapes, it can be said that the shape of the kiln porcelain and decorative themes more rich and free. Ming dynasty Jingdezhen has a large number of folk kilns, is the main body of China's ceramic kilns, its products coarse and fine, not much inferior than the official kilns. More famous are Cui Gong kiln, Zhou Gong kiln, pot Gong kiln, small South kiln.

Folk kiln characteristics

The vast majority of the successive porcelain kilns are folk kilns. Five Dynasties period appeared government-run porcelain, Song Dynasty, there are Bianjing official kiln phase Xiu Nei Si official kiln named. Such as the Song Dynasty famous folk kilns are magnetic state kilns, brother kilns, Longquan kilns, Yaozhou kilns. Ming and Qing dynasties in Jingdezhen set up the Imperial Kiln Factory, but the folk kilns still exist in large quantities. Porcelain produced by the private kilns, also known as the "guest goods", modeling decoration is not subject to official constraints of style and official kilns cater to a different style of porcelain, rich in subject matter, the brush is free and freewheeling. Qing Kangxi blue and white, five-color porcelain on the historical story painting appeared in large quantities, Wu Zixu tripod, Zhou Zhou chopped auger, the empty city plan, the west wing, and so on. Blue color, black color, the use of gold color, make the color porcelain more brilliant, five-color varieties thus get a new development.

History of folk kilns

The history of folk kilns is much earlier than the official kilns, ceramics are produced in the folk, to the Tang Dynasty, porcelain became one of the most important export commodities, exported to India, Egypt and Persia. According to the evidence, in these areas are excavated in the Tang three colors, Yue kiln celadon and Xing kiln white porcelain. Civilian kilns in this has been a large development, and with the nature of commodity production.　After the Tang Dynasty, all over the folk kilns, competing with each other, often in short supply. One of the famous, Song Dynasty, Jun kiln, Ru kiln, Ding kiln. Zhang Sheng a brother kiln "grain piece of porcelain) and Zhang Sheng two brother kiln (Longquan celadon) and so on.　Song and Yuan, the development of kilns faster, only Jingdezhen kilns increased to more than three hundred. At this time the folk kilns belong to the nature of commodity production, the proportion of folk kilns in the production than the official kilns accounted for a much larger proportion of the quality of the kiln has also had some development. By the Qing Dynasty, the folk kilns prevailed, the official kiln porcelain also for the folk kilns out.

The development of folk kilns in the Song Dynasty

It is exactly the Yangtze River as the boundary, four in the north and four in the south. The north is the magnetic state kiln, Yaozhou kiln, Jun kiln, Ding kiln, four kiln system; the south is Raozhou kiln, that is, Jingdezhen kiln, as well as Longquan kiln, Jian kiln, Jizhou kiln, four kiln system.　In fact, there are many kilns in the north, but there is no academic division. People on the north of all the kilns in the vast land firing folk porcelain, collectively known as the magnetic state kiln. There are a lot of decorative techniques in the magnetism kiln. The writing decoration is very rare in other kilns. This written text is related to the political environment of the time, reflecting the philosophy of the Song people: praying for the eternal peace of the family and the country, willing to live a stable life.　Song dynasty porcelain pillow more, the earliest people think porcelain pillow is for the dead to sleep, because porcelain pillow is very hard. But later found that it is not so. The reason is that many pillows have words, such as "few words in the crowd, nothing early return." Another example is: "You must dismount from your horse when you cross a bridge, and don't travel by boat when there is a road. Before it's too late, you should put up for the night, and watch the sky as the rooster crows." These words of reminder were written on the pillow to give a reminder.　Today we feel that the porcelain pillow hard, can not pillow. In fact, the ancient people pillow hard pillow is a tradition, history books recorded Sima Guang sleep a "police pillow": cut off a piece of round wood, pillow in the head under the head, above also fell a bell. When the bell moves, you wake up. The reason why Sima Guang can write "Ziji Tongjian", because of sleeping on this pillow, cherish the time ah!　Song pillow has the richest shape, there are animal-shaped, such as lion pillow, tiger pillow; human-shaped, such as children pillow, ladies pillow; geometric, such as rectangular, octagonal, cloud head, and other kinds of random shape. Porcelain pillows painted on the content is also rich, there are painted bears, and reflect the folk life at that time, such as fishing, cuju (kicking).

Jingdezhen kilns

The southern folk kilns of the Song Dynasty also had four major systems, the first of which was the Raozhou kiln, known as the Jingdezhen kiln; the second was the Longquan kiln, a celadon kiln; the third was the Jianyang kiln, or Jianyao kiln, which was famous for its black marigolds; and the fourth was the Jizhou kiln, which was a bit similar to the northern Magnetic kiln.　Raozhou kilns, now called Jingdezhen kilns. Jingdezhen began to burn porcelain as early as the Han Dynasty, but it was very crude. The town of Jingdezhen was officially established during the reign of Emperor Jingde of Song Zhenzong, as recorded in the history books. Jingdezhen was blessed with a unique condition of having kaolin clay, which was dug out to be snow-white and very beautiful. Kaolin was later recognized by the world as the best raw material for porcelain.　Jingdezhen original always in the stage of imitation, either celadon, or white porcelain, but after the Northern Song Dynasty, began to embark on the road of innovation, created a kind of celadon and white porcelain, between celadon and white porcelain, blue color. This played a key role in the later development of Jingdezhen.

The blue and white porcelain a united kingdom, the king of the world

"Guigu down the mountain" July 12, 2005, London, England, the auction of a "Guigu down the mountain" Yuan blue and white porcelain cans, the price of 230 million yuan, with the day of the international Brand price can buy two tons of gold, creating the highest price of a single piece of crafts.　Why is Yuan Qinghua worth a lot of money? First, it is the subject matter of the decision. During the Warring States period, the military wizard Wang Yiyi, known as "Guigu Zi", the famous Sun Bin (Sun Zi) is his disciple. At that time, Yan and Qi were at war and Sun Bin, a member of Qi, was captured by Yan. Qi begged his master, Ghost Valley, to come down to save his disciple. This blue and white pot is painted with the scene of Gigu Zi's descent from the mountain; secondly, the Yuan blue and white flower is a pioneer in Chinese ceramic decoration. The colors, painting techniques, and quality of the Guigu Lower Mountain jar are all at the highest level today; third, the legend of this jar. During the Republic of China period, a Dutch officer in Beijing accidentally bought this jar. Afterwards, he brought it back to China and put it in the attic for nearly a hundred years, and in 2005, experts discovered that it was a Yuan blue and white before it was put up for auction. Before the sale, this jar has been in their home CD.

Mystery of blue and white porcelain

Because of the Jingdezhen Song Dynasty blue and white porcelain firing maturity, for the birth of the Yuan blue and white flowers to provide a foundation. The creation of blue and white porcelain is said to have been created in the Song Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty, but the location is not Jingdezhen, and so far, almost no complete ware, and the remaining fragments of the tire quality is completely different from that of Jingdezhen. Therefore, it cannot be assumed that the so-called Tang Qinghua and Song Qinghua are directly related to Yuan Qinghua.　There are many mysteries about Yuan blue flower: why is it blue? It has no initial stage, no budding stage, why is it a big tree as soon as it comes out? Why are there so many subjects: flowers, animals, dramatic stories, figures and so on? Why is the Yuan blue and white particularly large vessels? Some people speculate that these are related to Mongolian customs, the Mongolians advocate blue, and close contact with Persia; Mongolians rough character, a good weapon ...... Yuan Qinghua is the crystallization of Han culture, Western Persian culture, Mongolian culture. Because there is a market demand, Yuan Qinghua is rapidly expanding. Later, during the Ming and Qing dynasties, porcelain was dominated by blue and white. Blue and white porcelain has many advantages: before the Yuan blue and white, ceramics are not so beautiful and pleasing; blue and white flower color is stable, high rate of completion, a breakthrough in the process. At the same time, the blue and white texture is excellent, very competitive in the market. Yuan blue and white contrary to the Song Dynasty that kind of subtle beauty, bold and unrestrained, opened up a new way of ceramics. After the appearance of yuan blue and white, a dominant, established the porcelain capital of jingdezhen status, 700 years can not be shaken.

Judging the value of the folk kiln standard Since the 1980s, the domestic collection of the late Ming and early Qing dynasty folk kiln blue and white porcelain, to the early 1990s, its price appeared the first peak, and then fell back. In the past year or two, the late Ming and early Qing dynasty folk kiln blue and white market prices began a new round of climbing, and for many ceramic collectors favor. At present, the people's kiln porcelain still have a certain appreciation of space, and now the price is low, it is the majority of low investor collection of good opportunities. But the kiln is also divided into three, six, nine, investors should be treated differently when buying kiln porcelain.　　Judge the value of folk kiln porcelain high and low standards: a look at the pattern. Look at the folk kiln porcelain painting pattern is exquisite, can be roughly divided into figures, landscapes, animals, birds and flowers, simple patterns of four grades. In a variety of patterns in the word than no word worth money, poetry and literature title is more expensive. Some folk kiln blue and white porcelain on the book has a special text paragraph, its price is relatively high.　　Second look at the type. Porcelain furnishings, faceted ware prices higher than daily-use porcelain, round mouth. In the past two years, the market collection of the most popular is the study in the mud box, pen holder, pen holder and other small square room furnishings, including the fastest rise in the price of pen holder. Buy some Kangxi period painting level is relatively high incense burner, pen holder, etc., more appreciation potential.　　Three look at the process. In the purchase of folk kiln porcelain, from its craftsmanship, decoration, kiln fire 3 aspects to consider its price. 2003 spring auction, tianjin cultural relics company on the auction of a kangxi blue and white dark cylinder, in the kangxi period is a relatively common type of ware, due to its painting work is relatively fine, the color burns well, but along the mouth of the injuries, the valuation of the time in the 50,000 yuan, and ultimately sold for 220,000 yuan, indicating the auction! The market for this type of fine folk kilns recognized. Such as the Jiaqing to Daoguang period of blue and white glazed red landscape figures Tianqiu bottle, can be estimated at 80,000 to 120,000 yuan. In choosing this type of collection, we must choose the literati flavor is relatively strong, fine painting, ware integrity of the porcelain.　　Four look at the variety. Currently investing in late qing dynasty, folk pastel porcelain, especially pastel display porcelain has appreciation potential. The late qing dynasty, republican pastel than the same period of folk kiln blue and white high price, existing "a pastel top three blue and white" said. In particular, the Qing dynasty tongzhi, guangxu, xuantong and the early republic of jingdezhen, jiangxi province "bead mountain" production department "tongzhi nianzhi", "guangxu nianzhi", "official kilns within the making" or "official kilns within the making" or "official kilns within the making". Official kilns within the manufacture of "or accurate chronology of various types of pastel porcelain, especially the most potential for appreciation of the furnishings.

China's history, there are five famous kilns, rather than the four, the most brilliant period in the Song, to the five famous kilns for the famous, there are Ding, Ru, the official, the brother, Jun, known as the five famous kilns, they have their own characteristics, fighting for beauty. If you really want to comment on the four, then it should be brother kilns, official kilns, Ru kilns, jun kilns, they can really show the true meaning of earth and fire, reflecting the natural beauty of a kiln fired. For example, the Jun kiln, large-scale firing of copper-speckled glaze, giving a sense of colorful and brilliant, it has a kind of subtle beauty, is a kind of semi-tungsten glaze, Ru kiln, brother kiln glaze is the pursuit of the effect of ice cracks, in the shape of objects more imitation of bronze, so in the aesthetic value is very high.