Comparative study of domestic and foreign engineering costing model?

1. The British engineering costing model of the United Kingdom to determine the cost of the project related to the costing basis are mainly engineering construction standards, quantity calculation rules, engineering cost information, etc. These bases for the determination and control of engineering cost has an important role. These bases for the determination and control of project cost has an important role, one is indispensable. Britain does not have a unified price quota, in the amount of calculation rules, the Royal Institution of Surveyors organization formulated the "standard calculation rules for construction works" and "standard calculation rules for civil engineering works", respectively, to become a construction project and civil engineering industry involved in all parties *** with the rules to comply with. The rules for calculating the quantity of work are the basic rules for measurement and pricing observed by all parties involved in construction***. The United Kingdom attaches great importance to the accumulation of data and information on completed projects and the construction of databases, in terms of the collection of data, divided into government, professional organizations, enterprises at three levels. From the government level, the British construction industry management department of the Ministry of Trade and Industry, set up under the Construction Market Intelligence Bureau, specializing in the collection and collation of engineering construction field of labor, materials, machinery and other price information, measurement of various types of construction projects bidding indices and cost indexes, quarterly and regularly to the community to publish the price of labor, materials, machinery and other price information and various types of construction projects bidding indexes, cost indexes, guidelines and standardized (c) Determination of construction cost. The level of professional organizations refers to the costing information released by professional organizations related to project costing. Represented by the Royal Institution of Surveyors of the United Kingdom, these professional bodies have specialized institutions to collect and collate all kinds of construction cost information, analyze and calculate all kinds of construction cost indices, and provide them to the industry for reference and use at a fee. The enterprise level refers to the cost information released by most surveyor firms, consulting firms and some large engineering contractors. Most of the British construction industry enterprises pay great attention to the actual collection and accumulation of engineering cost information, as the company's important intangible assets, strict confidentiality. 2. The United States of America engineering costing model of the United States of America's engineering cost estimation is built on the basis of value engineering, in the text of the construction contract must include the use of value engineering technology provisions. It is generally divided into two cases: one is the voluntary use, contractors from their own interests, consider the use of value engineering technology, at this time the cost is borne by the contractor itself; the other case is the mandatory use, in the contract, the contractor must use the value engineering technology, as for the cost is generally borne by the owner. The standard for calculating project cost in the United States is not compiled by governmental organizations, and there is no uniform basis and standard for project costing. The state does not promulgate uniform quotas, but by industry associations, enterprises or government agencies to develop appropriate standards according to their specific circumstances. Their pricing quotas, indicators, cost standards, etc., are generally designated by large engineering consulting firms. The consulting organizations in each region formulate the consumption and pricing per unit area according to the characteristics of the region, and thus serve as the cost estimation standard for the projects under their jurisdiction. Since there is no standardized and unified method of measuring quantities, there is no bill of quantities (BOQ) in the bidding documents, and each bidder has to calculate the quantities of work according to the design drawings, and then calculate the price on the basis of the prices of the relevant labor, materials and equipment at his disposal, as well as the determined overheads and profits. Contractors grasp and use of price information is generally not open to the owner, many large-scale contractors have their own cost estimation system, their companies are also responsible for cost control agencies and personnel, the cost of management work attaches great importance to the 3. Japan's project costing model Japan's project costing using a unique engineering cumulative pricing model, the volume and price are separate, the volume is open, the price is confidential. The quantity is public, and the price is confidential. Japan's project cost management is similar to China's fixed fee approach, the premise of its project pricing is to determine the quantity, that is, the amount of work. The Ministry of Construction establishes a set of engineering pricing standards, i.e., the benchmark for the accumulation of construction works. This basis is widely used for both governmental and private projects. In general, all works are first calculated by a construction accountant in accordance with this rule. Based on the design drawings and design documents, the quantity of works is investigated, recorded and totaled, and the parts constituting the building are measured and calculated. The Economic Survey Society and the Construction Price Survey Society, which are official organizations in Japan, specialize in surveying various related economic data and indicators. The survey societies are also entrusted with surveying the accrual basis used by the government, i.e., surveying the actual situation of quotas and various expenses related to civil, architectural, electrical, and equipment works, etc., and reporting on the market prices of various construction materials for works, materials, printing costs, transportation costs, and labor costs. Prices are based on field surveys conducted by local trading companies, building materials stores, yards, or construction sites. Each type of material is marked with the price and cost difference from the factory to the construction site or from the depot or store to the construction site, and the rise and fall of each month. Reflects the principle of market pricing, and different prices in different areas, which is conducive to bidding under the same conditions. 4. Hong Kong regional engineering costing model in Hong Kong, the quantity calculation rules, the current use of the Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors compiled by the Hong Kong Building Construction Quantity Calculation Rules. In respect of project pricing, the dissemination of construction cost information in Hong Kong is usually in the form of indices, which are compiled on the basis of the trend of changes in construction costs and construction prices, namely cost indices and price indices respectively. Cost indices are published independently at the government level and at the enterprise level. The government-level indices are published by the Architectural Services Department (ArchSD). The Composite Construction Cost Index, the Labor Index and the Material Price Index have become the most influential cost indices in Hong Kong. The most influential tender price indices are those compiled by the Architectural Services Department (ArchSD) and two private quantity surveying firms. The tender indices of the surveyor firms are compiled on the basis of a standardized list of their own, using the unit prices of the major items listed by the successful contractors in their quotations, and are fixed-weighted indices. The Architectural Services Department (ArchSD)'s tender index takes the heavier weighted items in the awarded contract and the weighting of each item is based on the actual weighting in the contract, which is in the form of variable weighting. The quarterly tender price indices compiled by ArchSD are mainly used to assist in the adjustment of construction cost data for assessment purposes, and are also used as a measure of the level of tender prices for new construction projects under ArchSD's responsibility.5 Comparative Analysis of the Pricing Models in China and Developed Countries5.1 As regards the rules for calculating the quantities of works There are two situations in respect of the rules for calculating the quantities of works in force in China: firstly, there is the quota pricing model, where the rules for calculating the quantities of works are local unification, that is, for regional unification, mainly determined by the regional nature of the quota, this situation, is not conducive to the audit of the amount of work, the amount of work calculated using different quota calculation rules will be different. In addition, the adoption of the quota model, the measures of the project and the entity project has not been separated, different budgeters have a different understanding of the quota, resulting in inconsistency in the final result of the calculation of the amount of work, the amount of difficulty. Secondly, the current promotion of list pricing, the calculation rules based on the "construction works list pricing specification", from the national scope of the unified calculation rules, distinguishing between the measures of the project and the entity project, the amount of work calculation rules are involved in the construction of all parties * * * with the same to comply with the measurement, pricing of the basic rules. From this, it can be seen that the list pricing mode which is now vigorously promoted and used is basically consistent with the formulation of the quantity calculation mode in developed countries, which is in line with the requirements of the development of project cost management.5.2 Project Pricing As far as pricing is concerned, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and Hong Kong calculate the final project cost on the basis of the relevant costing information or bidding quotation indices released, and in conjunction with the actual project as well as the characteristics of the enterprise. In terms of pricing, the United Kingdom, the United States, Japan and Hong Kong all calculate the final project cost on the basis of the relevant cost information or bidding indexes released, combined with the actual project and enterprise characteristics. In our country, fixed price calculation adopts quantity and price, which is not in line with the principle of market competition, and it is difficult to reflect the competitive advantages of enterprises and stimulate the innovation ability of enterprises. List pricing to implement the quantity and price separation, unified quantity, flexible price principle, by the enterprise independent pricing, in line with the principle of market competition. In practice, the price of the preparation process, the majority of enterprises are still not free from the constraints of the quota, but still using the quota group pricing or list pricing in the bidding, but in the settlement of the time to return to the quota model, the list has not been truly substantive use. 5.3 Engineering cost management abroad mainly rely on engineering consulting organizations, project management companies or by their government-registered cost engineers to accomplish. In China, the engineering cost consulting market has not been formed for a long time, and engineering consulting units are still in the early stage. Their intermediary service nature requires independence and impartiality in their practice. China's cost engineers generally can only participate in the pre-engineering or engineering implementation stage. Relative to overseas cost consulting organizations on the whole process of project cost management, we are still far behind. Some of them are limited to single work such as quantity calculation and application of quotas. Compared with the comprehensive quality of foreign costing personnel, there is still a big gap between us. Although China's cost management agencies also regularly publish project cost information, but to publish a variety of labor, materials, machinery, individual price information is mainly published, published a comprehensive price index is not much, the price index is also unified by the cost management departments around the release of the price information can not get rid of its uniformity, still can not fully reflect the actual level of a contractor, and some of the published price information is distorted, with a certain degree of timeliness, and some of the published price information. The price information is distorted, has a certain time lag, and the usability and operability of using units are not strong. Therefore, we need to learn from the approach of developed countries, develop a method that can be suitable for the rapid changes in the market and technology, and provide reference and basis for owners and contractors, do a good job in the accumulation of data and information of completed projects and the construction of database, strengthen the collection, processing and dissemination of construction cost information, set up the corresponding information network system, and disseminate the information in time, so that the practitioners can obtain the construction cost information in a timely manner. Information has become an important part of the project cost management work. Considering China's national conditions and the historical background of the industry, and drawing on the relevant experience of other countries and regions, it can be carried out in phases and in a step-by-step manner. The state establishes a unified data collection and processing platform, standards, and calculation methods to guide and direct the release of national and local costing indices and information.

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