Seek the outline of the ninth grade history review (Part I)

Bloody capital accumulation (triangle trade, colonial plunder and colonial expansion)-it marks the dawn of capitalist production era.

First, the evil "triangle trade" (from the end of16th century to the middle of19th century, the first Portuguese slave trade)

* Background: Portugal and Spain, followed by Britain and France, embarked on the road of colonial expansion after the opening of the new air route.

* Route: Out of Europe (carrying guns, sundries, etc.). );

Medium-range Africa (exchange or capture blacks and then transport them to the United States);

Back to the United States (selling slaves to American planters and then transporting American gold, silver and industrial raw materials back to Europe).

* Impact: "triangle trade" caused Africa to lose nearly 100 million lean laborers, but slave traders made a windfall, with profits as high as tens of percent. Many people returned to Europe after getting rich and invested their hard-earned money from slaves in industry and commerce, which promoted the development of local capitalism.

Second, "No Empire" (Britain) is in India.

* Formation process:/kloc-Spain was defeated in the 6th century,/kloc-Holland was defeated in the 7th century, and/kloc-France was defeated in the 8th century.

* Expansion and aggression against India (time:17th century)

① Institution: British East India Company; ② Expansion steps: establishing coastal strongholds → inland expansion → plundering wealth.

Influence: Britain plundered countless wealth through colonial aggression against India and other places. The British use this wealth to develop the domestic economy; At the same time, these colonies also provided a huge overseas market for British industrial production, further stimulated industrial development, and prompted Britain to rapidly grow into a capitalist industrial power. On the other hand, it also caused poverty and backwardness in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

The war of the colonial people

First, the Indian national hero-Queen Zhang Xi

* The background of Indian national uprising:/kloc-In the middle of the 9th century, two thirds of India was occupied by Britain; Britain's cruel economic exploitation and political rule over India.

* Time: 1857 ~ 1859.

* Leader: feudal princes (represented by Queen Zhang Xi).

Nature: National liberation movement against colonial oppression.

* 1858, Queen Zhang Xi led the rebel army to bravely fight against the British troops invading Zhang Xi. After the fall of Zhang Xi, she led the army to other places, vowed to die unyielding, and finally died heroically.

* Influence: Queen Zhang Xi's heroic struggle with the Indian people showed the determination and courage of the colonial people to resist violence and aggression and dealt a heavy blow to the British colonists.

Second, "the liberator of South America"-Bolivar ("George of South America? Washington ")

* Background of Latin American independence movement: After the opening of the new air route, Portugal monopolized Brazil and Spain occupied all Latin American regions except Brazil.

* Reasons: ① Spain and Portugal cruelly oppressed the colonies, and the colonial people were dissatisfied with colonial rule;

(2) the influence of the American War of Independence and the French Revolution.

* Overview: ① Time: 65438+end of 2008+beginning of 2009;

② Characters: Indians, blacks and indigenous whites. Representatives: Bolivar, San Martin;

(3) In the decade after 18 16, Bolí var swept the Spanish army from north to south and liberated the Spanish colonies in South America;

④ Features: Long time, wide range, and joint operations of the northern and southern insurgents.

Nature: National liberation movement against colonial oppression.

Results: The ruler of Portuguese colony Brazil was forced by the general trend to declare independence. Many countries in Latin America have won national independence and established a series of emerging countries.

The International Labor Movement and the Birth of Marxism

I. Charter Movement in Britain (time: 1836 ~ 1848)

* Background: With the development of the industrial revolution, the bourgeoisie is getting richer, but the treatment of workers is poor. The broad masses of workers are actively striving to improve their working and living conditions and raise their political status.

:: Political platform: People's Charter.

* Central content: Workers demand universal suffrage in order to have the opportunity to participate in the management of the country.

Nature: It is the first mass proletarian political revolutionary movement in the world.

Results: Failure (lack of guidance of scientific theory).

* Historical significance: It provided practical experience for the birth of Marxism.

Second, the birth of Marxism.

* Conditions: ① The international workers' movement and the development of the proletariat provided a political foundation for the birth of socialism;

(2) Marx and Engels combined with the practice of the workers' movement and constantly summed up their experience;

③ Absorb the essence of predecessors (German classical philosophy, British political economy, French utopian socialism).

* Main contents of Marxism: Marxist philosophy, political economy and scientific socialism.

* * * Manifesto of the Producer Party (1848) (the first masterpiece that comprehensively and systematically expounded the basic principles of scientific socialism)

Content: The Manifesto of the Producer Party analyzes the role of class struggle in the historical development of class society, reveals the objective law that capitalism must be replaced by socialism, and calls on the proletarians all over the world to unite and fight for their own liberation.

② Influence: 1848 The publication of the Manifesto of the Producers' Party marked the birth of Marxism. Since then, under the guidance of scientific theory, the international workers' movement has entered a new historical period.

Three. Paris Commune (the first proletarian regime in the world)

* Background: 1870, France went to war with Prussia. When the French were defeated, Pu Jun came to Paris at the gates. The bourgeois government bowed to the outside world and prepared to suppress the domestic people.

* What happened: ① 187 1 March, 2008, the government forces clashed with the "National Guard", which led to a worker uprising in Paris;

(2) Soon, the people elected their own political power-the Paris Commune;

(3) From May 2/Kloc-0 to May 28, commune soldiers fought fiercely with the enemy who broke into Paris, which was the famous "May Bloody Week".

* Significance: The Paris Commune was the first great attempt of the proletariat to establish political power. The fearless spirit of commune soldiers in the face of powerful enemies will always inspire future generations.

* Internationale (lyrics: huh? Pottier composer: Degeyter) (Commemorating the commune and encouraging the struggle of the proletariat)

Lesson 18 American civil war (April1861~ April1865)-the second bourgeois revolution in American history.

I. The outbreak of war (time: 186 1 April)

* Root cause: the two economic systems (plantation economy) and the North (capitalist industry) are irreconcilable.

* contradiction: ① tariff problem; ② insufficient labor force; (3) Whether slavery is practiced in the new land in the west.

:: The focus of contradiction: abolition of slavery.

* fuse:1861March, Lincoln was elected as the sixteenth president of the United States.

Second, the victory of the North.

* The course of the war: ① 186 1 March, eleven southern states seceded from the Union and formed the "Southern Alliance";

(2)1861April, the confederate army began a civil war;

(3)1In September, 862, Lincoln promulgated the Emancipation Proclamation (stipulating that from New Year's Day of 1863, slavery in rebel states was abolished and slaves were allowed to join the northern army as free men), and before that, the Homestead Law was promulgated, which led to a major turning point in the war.

(4)1In April 865, the northern army captured Richmond, the capital of the Confederacy, and won the war.

Shortly after the end of the Civil War, Lincoln was assassinated by pro-slavery fanatics in the theater.

Third, the reasons for the victory of the South in the early days of the war.

A: ① The South has been preparing for war for a long time;

(2) The South has a strong backing-British support;

(3) Southern generals have strong military command ability and operational experience; The army is better equipped and better organized.

Fourth, the reason why the North finally won in the American Civil War.

A: ① China is strong in the north and has advantages in economy, number of troops, military strength and transportation.

(2) The American government promulgated the Emancipation Proclamation and the Homestead Act.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The meaning of American Civil War: The Civil War was the second bourgeois revolution in American history. After this war, the United States abolished slavery, cleared another big obstacle to the development of capitalism, and created conditions for the rapid economic development in the future.

The historical turning point of Russia and Japan (feudal society → capitalist society)

First, Russia abolished serfdom-186 1 year reform (serfdom reform)

Root: serfdom seriously hindered the development of Russian capitalist industry.

* Purpose: To save the ruling crisis and consolidate the aristocratic rule.

* Premise: it will not harm the interests of the landlord.

* Process: 186 1 year, Tsar Alexander II carried out the reform to abolish slavery and signed a decree to abolish serfdom.

* Content: According to the law, serfs are "free men" in law; Landlords are no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives; After the serfs are "liberated", they can get a piece of land, but they must pay the price for it. ("liberating" serfs; Collect land ransom) (safeguard the interests of the landlord class)

* Significance: 186 1 Reform is a bourgeois reform carried out by the czar from top to bottom, which is conducive to the development of capitalism. Although this reform left a lot of feudal remnants, it accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and was a major turning point in modern Russian history.

2. Meiji Restoration in Japan (time: 1868) (at this time, China was carrying out the Westernization Movement) (the same nature as the Reform Movement of 1898 in China).

* Background: ① In a closed and backward feudal country, the emperor's power was sidelined and the shogunate held real power;

② 1853, the invasion of western forces intensified domestic contradictions;

(3) Some middle and lower class warriors began to accept advanced western technology and ideas, and advocated the overthrow of tokugawa era by force, and achieved success.

(or: ① Within: closed-door and backward feudal countries; ② Exterior: the United States knocked on the customs ("Black Ship Incident", 1853). )

* The main force of the closing movement (time: 1868): middle and lower class soldiers.

* Content: Politically "abolish vassals and set up counties" and strengthen centralization; Economically, land sales are allowed, western technology is introduced, and the development of modern industry is encouraged; In social life, we advocate "civilization", that is, learning from Europe and America and striving to develop education.

* Nature: bourgeois reform.

* Purpose: to enrich Qiang Bing, develop capitalism and get rid of the national crisis.

Significance: Meiji Restoration gradually transformed Japan from a closed feudal country into a capitalist country, and got rid of the fate of a semi-colonial country, which was a major turning point in Japanese history. However, after Japan became strong, it soon embarked on the militaristic road of foreign aggression and expansion.

* The role of reform: reform some factors that are not conducive to social development, so as to promote social development. Only by carrying out reform and opening up in a pioneering spirit and absorbing advanced culture, science and technology can a nation achieve self-improvement. Reform is an important means to promote national prosperity and social progress. A country and a nation can only be full of vitality if they keep pace with the times and constantly introduce new ones.

Lesson 20 Mankind Stepped into the "Electrical Age" (Characteristics of the Second Industrial Revolution: Taking Electricity as the Core)

First, the arrival of the "electrical age" (65438+70s)

* Political premise: Capitalism is universally established in the world.

* Logo: Electricity enters the production field as a new energy source (invention and use of generators and motors).

* Contents of the second industrial revolution: ① Development and utilization of new energy sources (electricity and oil); (2) creating new machines and new means of transportation (internal combustion engines, automobiles and airplanes); ③ Develop new information transmission tools (wired telephone, wireless telegraph).

:: New energy sources: electricity and oil.

* The United States and Germany are ahead of other countries in the development of power technology.

* 183 1 year, the British scientist Faraday discovered the electromagnetic induction phenomenon, which provided the basic principle for the manufacture of generators.

1866, Siemens of Germany developed a starter motor.

* Enlightenment: Science and technology are the primary productive forces; Science and technology have promoted social progress; We should learn from the spirit and quality of scientists who are brave in innovation and strive to explore scientific mysteries.

The second is Edison, the "king of invention"

* 1879, American scientist Edison successfully developed a durable carbon filament light bulb, which brought light to the world. 1906, the light bulb using tungsten wire came out.

* Edison invented many electrical products, and there are 1300 officially registered inventions, which is known as the "king of inventions".

*1876 On March 10, the American inventor Bell invented the world's first telephone.

Third, the emergence of cars and airplanes.

* Car: ① 65438+80s, Karl, Germany? Ben Ci and others designed the internal combustion engine. Powered by internal combustion engine, Ben Ci successfully trial-produced the automobile in 1885.

(Carl? Ben Ci is called "the father of cars" ("Mercedes-Benz" cars).

② Impact: The extensive use of automobiles has enhanced people's production capacity, made transportation more convenient and faster, changed people's lifestyle, expanded people's activities and strengthened interpersonal communication.

* Airplane: ① Inventor: American Wright Brothers; ② Logo and time:1903 65438+in February, the Wright brothers in the United States made a plane through continuous efforts and successfully tested it;

(3) Impact: The ideal of human beings has become a reality, and airplanes have become a convenient and fast air transportation tool for people.

Fourth, the influence of the second industrial revolution on human life: ① The widespread use of electricity improved the production and living conditions; The appearance of automobiles and airplanes has shortened people's travel time and made it more convenient. The invention of telephone and wireless telegraph strengthened the connection with the world.

5. The influence of the second industrial revolution on China: imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China, and China was completely reduced to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; The initial development of Chinese national capitalism; The national salvation movement in China is on the rise.

6. The influence of the second industrial revolution on the world: Driven by the second industrial revolution, the productive forces of capitalist countries have developed by leaps and bounds. At the same time, capitalist countries began to transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism, that is, imperialism.

Lesson 265438 +0 World War I (19 14 July ~ 19 18 years 10 month)

First, imperialism strives for world hegemony.

* The time when imperialism came into being (19 at the end of the 20th century) and the reasons (the promotion of the second industrial revolution).

The root of the war: the political and economic development of imperialism is unbalanced, and the later imperialist countries demand to re-divide the world and compete for hegemony.

The fundamental purpose of war is to re-divide the world and compete for world hegemony.

* triple alliance and the Three Kingdoms Agreement-① triple alliance: Germany (core), Italy, Austria-Hungary; (2) Three-country agreement: Britain (core), France and Russia.

Second, the outbreak of war.

:: fuse:1965438+sarajevo incident on June 28, 2004.

*1965438+On July 28th, 2004, the Austro-Hungarian Empire declared war on Serbia, and the First World War broke out.

* Overview: ①1965438+In August 2004, Japan joined the Allies to fight; ②1965438+In March 2005, Italy announced its withdrawal from the Allies and joined the Allies. (3)1965438+In April 2007, the United States joined the Allies to fight; (4)1965438+In August 2007, China joined the Allies to fight; ⑤1917165438+10, Russia announced its withdrawal from World War I.

3. Unprecedented disaster (tanks were a new weapon used by Britain in World War I) (the battlefield expanded from Europe to Africa, Asia and the Pacific)

* 19 16 The Battle of Verdun, in which both sides suffered more than 700,000 casualties, was called "Verdun meat grinder". 19 16 There were many casualties in the Battle of the Somme.

* War result:1918165438+10. In October, Germany surrendered, and the First World War, which lasted for more than four years, ended in the defeat of the Allies.

:: Nature of war: imperialist war.

Features: World War I was large-scale, long-lasting, wide-ranging and cruel.

Four. Influence of World War I: World War I was the first war of unprecedented scale in human history, which caused great losses and destruction. This imperialist war has brought great suffering to the people of all countries. More than 30 million people were killed or injured in the participating countries, of which more than10 million died due to war, hunger and disease. World War I changed the world pattern. The first world war created conditions for the socialist revolution. World War I promoted the development of the national liberation movement. The First World War changed the balance of power among imperialist countries and laid the groundwork for the outbreak of the Second World War. The experience of World War I had a great influence on the development of military art.

During the First World War, important events related to this war took place in China.

A: ① Japan urged the German government to declare war on China, send troops to Shandong, seize Ji Jiao Railway and Qingdao, and put forward "Article 21" in an attempt to destroy China;

(2) The German government declared war on Duan; ③ The rise of the New Culture Movement eventually led to the May 4th Movement in 19 19.

Lesson 22 The Power of Thought and Science

First, the fire of ideological enlightenment-Enlightenment (time:18th century)

* Representative figures: Voltaire, Rousseau and Montesquieu in France.

* Ideological theory: ① Voltaire: opposing feudal autocracy, advocating enlightened monarchy and emphasizing bourgeois freedom and equality;

Rousseau: Denying feudal kingship, thinking that if the ruler violates public opinion, infringes human rights and tears up the social contract that everyone should abide by (that is, "social contract theory"), the people have the right to overthrow him;

Montesquieu: clearly put forward the principle of separation of legislative power, judicial power and administrative power; Advocate the theory of natural human rights.

* Influence: Enlightenment thinkers such as Voltaire lashed out at feudal autocracy and the Catholic Church, propagated the ideas of "freedom" and "equality", promoted people's ideological emancipation, provided strong support for the emerging bourgeoisie to replace feudal aristocrats politically, and promoted social progress in Europe.

Second, the scientific revolution

Newton in Britain: one of the founders of modern natural science: the main contribution in astronomy was/kloc-the discovery of the law of gravity in the second half of the 7th century; The most important contribution in mathematics is the creation of calculus; In mechanics, Newton established a complete theoretical system of mechanics (including Newton's three laws).

British Darwin and the publication of the Origin of Species (time: 1859): ① Put forward the viewpoint of "evolution", pointing out that nature develops according to the law of "natural selection, survival of the fittest, survival of the fittest"; ② Significance of Origin of Species: The publication of this book established biology on a complete scientific basis for the first time, overthrew creationism and species invariance, dealt a heavy blow to the foundation of theocracy and promoted the competitive development of society.

* Einstein in Germany and the proposition of the theory of relativity (time: early 20th century): Significance: The establishment of the theory of relativity promoted the revolution of the whole physics theory and provided a theoretical basis for the invention of the atomic bomb and the application of atomic energy, thus opening the door to the atomic age; Relativity also reveals the dialectical relationship between space and time.

* The Curies: Successfully extracted a new element with stronger radioactivity-radium.

Lesson 23 Masterpieces of World Culture

First, a famous musician-Beethoven: Beethoven was a great composer in Germany. The third symphony, Hero Symphony (1804), is one of Beethoven's representative works, and it is Beethoven's first symphony that clearly reflects major social themes, marking the maturity of Beethoven's thought and art.

Second, the master of literature-Leo? Tolstoy: Leo? Tolstoy is one of the greatest Russian writers. He was called "the mirror of Russian revolution" by Lenin and finished War and Peace. Immortal masterpieces such as Karenina and Resurrection.

Third, the famous artist-Van Gogh: Van Gogh of the Netherlands is a painter with world influence. Sunflower is one of Van Gogh's masterpieces. Van Gogh created this work in the south of France, and the sunshine in the south inspired him. The painter expressed his love for life with powerful brushstrokes and strong color contrast.

Fourth, the king of waltzes-John? Strauss: Austrian composer; His masterpieces include The Blue Danube, The Voice of Spring and Ode to Vienna Forest.

5. The father of waltz-old John? Straus