What does "flute" mean? What kind of musical instrument is it?

People in the Stone Age were not satisfied with the monotonous sound of the reed pipe, so they punched holes in the leg bones of wild animals to create the most primitive flute, the bone flute

The flute (English flute; German Querfl?te; French La fl?te traversière; Italian flauta) is the main melodic instrument in modern orchestral and chamber music. flauta) is the principal melodic instrument of modern orchestral and chamber music, and consists of a long cylindrical tube with several tone holes. Early flutes were made of ebony or coconut wood, but modern flutes are made of metals such as nickel-silver alloys to specialized silver alloys, 9- and 14-karat gold and platinum, and some performers use special glass flutes. The tone of a traditional wooden flute is characterized by mellowness, warmth and delicacy, while the tone of a metal flute is brighter and broader. The choice of flutes of different materials is entirely based on the performer's preferences.

The ancestors of the modern flute were not unlike some of the other flutes of today. The pointed flute and the beak flute are often considered the true ancestors of the modern flute, but they are not directly related to the flute per se. The pointed flute, which was quite popular before the seventeenth century, is itself the predecessor of the ancient harp flute - a simple flute with tone holes in the body of the tube and keys, which produced sound on reeds. This small flute was popular among the folk and variants of it can still be found today. Another close ancestor of the flute is the transverse flute, which is descended from the reed flute that came from Asia. The transverse flute is characterized by the fact that it no longer uses reeds, but has a "mouthpiece" on the side of the tube, which is closer to today's flute. However, the transverse flute was far below the harp before the seventeenth century, and it was only after the seventeenth century that its virtues were gradually recognized, and it became a solid member of the orchestra. The pointed flute, on the other hand, was limited by its own characteristics, and during the period when the transverse flute was becoming increasingly popular, the pointed flute was slowly pushed out of history, and is now only to be found in old pieces of music and museums.

Unlike the decline of the pointed flute, the transverse flute has undergone a variety of improvements in the course of its development. The number of holes and keys was slowly increased to the standard of modern flutes, and a segmented body was devised - a new design that made tuning easier. The necessary mechanics of the flute were also gradually increased, and the construction became very similar to that of today's flutes.

The closest thing to a modern flute is the old German flute in D. It is recorded that this German flute appeared in orchestras around 1667, and since the reed flute was introduced to Europe from Asia, Germany has been the center of its development, hence the name German flute, but the German flute itself did not develop further until the early 20th century, and still retains its original characteristics and uses. However, the German flute itself was not further developed until the beginning of the 20th century, and still retained its original characteristics and uses. The German flute was developed in France and then returned to Germany, where flutist and mathematician Theobald Boehm (1794-1881) designed and built a new type of flute based on the theories of the Englishman William Gordon: the flute was made of metal, which made it more durable and easier to manufacture in bulk in factories. The metal flute was made of metal, which made it more durable and easier to mass produce in factories. The metal flute was also louder than the traditional wooden flute, which made it more suitable for performances in large concert halls. In addition to a series of specific specifications for the thickness of the tapered upper tube and body, the diameter of the tone holes, the distance between the tone holes, and other specifications that further improve the intonation of the flute, the most important aspect of the design of this type of flute is the key structure known as the Pom system. The Pom system is a multiple key linkage design, whereby the pressing of one key results in the automatic pressing of the other key associated with it, thus enabling two tone holes to be pressed with a single finger.

The flutes are categorized as: flute in the key of C, tenor flute in the key of G, bass flute in the key of C, piccolo in the key of C, and flute in the keys of D-flat and E-flat.

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China's national musical instrument of the bamboo flute

The flute is said to have come from two sources:

1-"The Records of the Grand Historian", "The Yellow Emperor made Linglun cut down the bamboo in the valley to make a pipe". But the ancient Chinese records have flute xiao confuse phenomenon, so the historical records recorded, not necessarily the flute.

2- It is said that the flute was introduced from the western region during the Han Dynasty.

In the beginning, the flute's press holes were evenly spaced. Later, the distance between the right two holes was increased, and the distance between the left and center holes was decreased in order to achieve more accurate chromaticism. In order to harmonize with the orchestra and to avoid pitch changes caused by changes in temperature, flutes with adjustable pipe lengths (similar to the tuning of Western woodwind instruments) were introduced, and the pitch of the flute could be adjusted up to a maximum of 1,000 pitches. The pitch of the flute can be adjusted up to a maximum of ? However, most soloists do not use this type of flute because changing the pitch changes the tone at the same time.

The flute began without a membrane. In order to make the tone bright, the membrane of the bamboo of the flute was later pasted over the holes. Since this flute membrane is easily broken, some people also use enteric-coated membrane. Although this membrane is durable, the tone is not as crisp as the former. The new membrane, which combines the strengths of both, is derived from aloe vera and is now used by a wide range of players.

Traditional flutes with membranes can be categorized into small flutes, bang flutes, quartz flutes, and large flutes according to their length and range, as well as new flutes without membranes (eleven-hole flutes), and newly invented mouthpieces, which are the smallest and the most high pitched flutes of the modern era.

In recent times, in order to adapt to the new needs of performance, the range of the flute is wider and wider. From the six-hole flute, developed a seven-hole, eight-hole to ten-hole flute. The way of pressing holes also converges with the playing technique of woodwind instruments. In addition, new types of flutes continue to emerge: due to the growth of the length of the pipe, the emergence of the bent pipe flute; "pull the flute", which can be imitated by stringed instruments; also appeared in the "mouth flute", only two thumbs to play, good at imitating the call of the birds.

Responders: Shijiazhuang three thousand - probationary period first level 10-2 22:33

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A. Northern Flute

The flute in the north is mostly bang flute (soprano flute), with a high, loud and clear pronunciation. This is inseparable from the characteristics of the region and the living and working habits of the people in the north. In playing the local color music (including various local opera), the "calendar sound", "sliding sound", "spitting sound", "flower tongue The most frequently used techniques are the "Lixin", "Sliding", "Spitting" and "Flowering Tongue". The use of breath is more violent. Such as Qinqiang, Mei (right plus ear side) House, Pu Opera, Hebei Opera, etc., as long as more of these joyful music, you can familiarize yourself with some of the traditional playing methods of the northern flute.

The flute in the south

The flute in the south of the Yangtze River is commonly used. The membrane of this kind of flute is loosely affixed, and the tone is moist and clear. In the performance of a variety of northern decorative techniques, such as "sound", "sound", "sound", "sound", "vibrato", etc., are most often used. The most commonly used, generally avoid using strong spit and broken play. The use of breath requires full and even, not too fierce and too fast. If you play more traditional music of Jiangnan, it will help you to familiarize yourself with the characteristics and style of Jiangnan flute.

Third, the Mongolian flute

The people on the grassland of Inner Mongolia live a non-settled life all the time, and the people there are cheerful and unrestrained. The music is vast, high, often appear some multi-tone rapid and suddenly stay in a prolonged tone, resulting in a very open, unrestrained effect, like a stallion in the grassland galloping. For the flutes of this region, the flute membrane is generally tightly affixed, or even without a membrane (sometimes the effect of a loose membrane is also required). In terms of playing techniques, some decorative techniques are used, such as "iterative sound", "leaning sound", "calling sound" and so on. A more prominent feature is the use of trill fingering of the upper third or fourth.

Four, the Uyghur flute

The Uyghur people can sing and dance well, and their music is bright and fiery. Mostly use soprano flute, generally do not use the flute membrane, or the flute membrane will be very tight (sometimes also use the loose membrane effect). In the blowing method, they generally have more luck, more impulse, and the contrast between strength and weakness is especially obvious. The most popular techniques are the "sharp slide" and some decorative ones such as "leaning tone", "giving tone", "calling tone", etc. etc. In addition, "flower tongue" and "spitting" is also often used, and most of them require a strong spitting break.

Fifth, the Tibetan flute

The flute in the Tibetan people in the past is not very popular, but there are some folk artists play very well. They mostly use the alto flute, in the blowing method, many places are imitating the erhu playing and vocal singing. In addition, there are the following characteristics:

1, in a beat time, there are two same degree of the eighth note in succession, generally to the first note of each beat plus an upper third (sometimes upper second) of the decorative tone (that is, the upper leaning tone of the blowing method); in the second note plus a lower second degree of the decorative tone (that is, the lower leaning tone of the blowing method).

2. Whenever there are more than four consecutive sixteenth notes, it is more likely to be played in two notes, and seldom broken by a long line or a spit.

3. The first note at the beginning of a phrase or measure is often played with a finger trill (second or third). But this kind of finger trill is different from the general finger trill, it requires the fingers to lift as low as possible, the movement is very fast, some of the effect is similar to the wave sound.

Six, mouth flute, Dong flute

China is a large multi-ethnic country, almost every ethnic group has its own flute. However, these instruments called flutes are not all similar to the traditional six-hole flute that we have described here. Some of them are blow-hole (air) instruments, some of them are mouthpieces, and some of them are reed (reed) instruments. Here on the more popular and has been improving the mouth flute, Dong flute for the following introduction:

(1) mouth flute

After examination, the mouth flute to China's history has been recorded, and there are unearthed objects. But it will push the new, officially moved to the stage, on the music of the hall of elegance, is the 1970s. Shanghai National Orchestra of Yu Xunfa to improve their own mouthpiece first used in solo, by the people's welcome. Many young players, like to blow hobby, and, again, many people to the mouthpiece flute to their own use for the main purpose of certain improvements. Continuously enriching its expressive power. Nowadays, there are various kinds of mouthpieces, including two-hole and five-hole mouthpieces and seven-hole mouthpieces. According to the symmetry of the pitch, there are holes in the center, and there are also holes in the ratio of two to one. Some of the holes are opened for the convenience of transposition, while others are opened to increase the range of sound.

Now the general mouthpiece, in terms of its range of up to two octaves, but in terms of its intervals, scales, some of the sound is not easy to send out or pronunciation is very inaccurate. Because of its simple production, low cost, easy to carry, as well as its unique charm by many people welcome.

(2) Dong flute

Dong flute in the junction of Hunan, Guizhou, Gui three provinces of the Dong area is very popular. It has a beautiful tone, bright and not flashy, sweet and not muffled, it reflects the Dong countryside of the quiet fir forests, clear running water of the mountains and rivers scenery, its sound is similar to the bamboo flute and the hole between the xiao.

The reason why the Dong flute can form that unique sound effect, the key lies in the mouth of the flute. Unlike the bamboo flute, which is blown horizontally through a hole, it relies on the mouthpiece to produce sound.

The Dong flute is generally about 30 centimeters long, with an inner diameter of 1.3 centimeters, and ****six sound holes. From the top of the mouthpiece to the six holes is about 14 centimeters. The distance between the holes is basically equal.

The popular Dong flute has no strict requirements, generally more often used is the key of D, E and F. The range of each Dong flute is about 1.5 meters. The range of each flute is about 10-12 degrees.

The Dong flute is played with a breath of air -------, which is what makes it so difficult. Other playing skills are not difficult to master, as long as the skills of playing the flute, applied to the Dong flute is sufficient to win.

Nowadays, many people have improved the Dong flute. They have changed the mouthpiece from bamboo to copper, increased the number of sound holes, and changed the single pipe to a double pipe, all of which have had a certain effect, increasing and enriching its expressive power. It is a very promising folk instrument.

China also has a lot of national flute is also quite distinctive, such as Qiang flute, whistle, small muffled flute, piccolo ...

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Introduces the history, types, playing techniques, and performance of the flute