Chinese and Western Aesthetics

The understanding and evaluation of beauty. Beauty is the product of human social practice, the manifestation of positive human life, and the pleasurable emotions that objective things arouse in people's minds. Aesthetics looks at the world from an aesthetic point of view and is an integral part of worldview. Aesthetics is formed in the social practice of human beings and is closely related to other ideologies such as politics and morality. People of different times, different cultures and different social groups have different aesthetics. Aesthetics is epochal, national, and class in class society. In class or in societies where class exists, the aesthetics of the proletariat is the most advanced aesthetics.

Beliefs, values, normative guidelines, etc. that group members ***share. Group consciousness is the invisible cohesion between group members, is the result of group practice, is a reflection of the social life of the group **** the same. Group consciousness can be divided into: family consciousness, collective consciousness, class consciousness, national consciousness, regional consciousness and national consciousness. Group consciousness is the ideological basis for the existence of the group, is the link between the group members. Individual consciousness and group consciousness are both different from each other and interrelated. Group consciousness plays a role in transforming and influencing individual consciousness. Individual consciousness, especially the individual consciousness of the group with greater influence, often affect and even change the group consciousness.

The idea that all speech and action should be in the collective interests of the broadest masses of the people as the highest standard is a political and moral principle of the proletariat, and is the core of ****proletarian morality. It is fundamentally opposed to bourgeois individualism, and is the essential feature that distinguishes ****proletarian morality from all old morality. The basic requirements of collectivism are: to start from the fundamental interests of the proletariat and the masses, and to insist that the collective interests take precedence over the individual interests; to combine the collective interests with the individual interests on the premise of guaranteeing the collective interests; and in the event of a contradiction between the two, the individual interests must unconditionally be subordinated to the collective interests. Collectivism reflects the requirements of socialist revolution and construction, and the socialist moral relations and moral trends of the broad masses of the people. Collectivism is the fundamental guiding principle in socialist society for dealing with the relationship between the individual and the collective, and between the individual and the state, and it is also an important moral standard for measuring the quality and behavior of the individual. The proletariat's collectivist consciousness is formed in the practice of the production struggle and class struggle, and is required for the realization of the proletariat's historical mission. The proletariat can finally liberate itself only by liberating all mankind. The ideal for which the proletariat struggles is to realize ****analism and to serve the collective interests of the greatest number of people.

The ideological feeling of infinite loyalty and love of the people of a country for their motherland. Patriotism is a great cohesion and centripetal force, a great spiritual force for building and defending the country. Patriotism has different contents in different historical periods. The patriotism of the exploiting class is narrow patriotism because of the limitations of the class. The patriotism of the proletariat is a combination of patriotism and internationalism. The Chinese people of all nationalities have a fine tradition of patriotism, mainly: national self-respect and self-confidence, the spirit of going forth and sacrificing their lives for the independence, wealth and strength of the motherland; the spirit of persevering in the struggle for the consolidation and development of national unity and the unity of the motherland; the spirit of exploiting the material and cultural resources of the motherland without fear of hardship and danger, and of making the motherland advance on the road to prosperity and strength; the spirit of unity and solidarity when the motherland is faced with the invasion of foreign enemies, and the spirit of the internationalization of the motherland. When the motherland faces invasion by foreign enemies, the spirit of unity and resistance, and the spirit of resolutely safeguarding the inviolability of the motherland's sovereignty and dignity, and so on. Carrying forward the spirit of patriotism is an important part of the construction of socialist spiritual civilization.

The generalization of the fine style of the Chinese ****production party in the Yan'an period is a vivid embodiment of the fine style of the party formed in the long struggle. It is quite rich in content, prominently displayed in the spirit of hard struggle. During the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, the material life in Yan'an, the seat of the Party Central Committee, was very hard, and from 1939 to 1943, due to the brutal "sweeping" by the Japanese invaders and the economic blockade by the Kuomintang's reactionary factions, the situation in Yan'an and the liberated areas was very difficult. Under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and Mao Zedong, all the soldiers and civilians were self-reliant, overcame the difficulties, implemented the streamlining of the military and carried out the mass production campaign, and finally overcame the difficulties and won the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. In the Yan'an period, despite the hardships of life, the lofty ****anitarian ideals, strong belief in national independence and people's liberation, noble morals and close comradeship among people inspired the party and government cadres and the masses of the army and people to work hard and strive for victory.

The revolutionary spirit of determination, not afraid of sacrifice, against all odds, to strive for victory is summarized. It comes from the story of "The Foolish Old Man Moving Mountains", which Mao Zedong used as an analogy at the 7th National Congress of the Chinese ****productivity party in June 1945 to call on the whole party and the whole nation to make up their minds, not afraid of sacrifices, and overcome all difficulties to dig out the imperialism that was weighing on the Chinese people's heads. The two great mountains, imperialism and feudalism, which are weighing on the Chinese people, were dug up to win the revolution.

The revolutionary spirit of determination, not afraid of sacrifice, and overcoming all difficulties to strive for victory is summarized. It is derived from the story of "The Foolish Old Man Moving Mountains", which Mao Zedong used as a metaphor at the Seventh National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in June 1945 to call on the whole Party and the whole nation to make up their minds to remove the imperialism that was weighing on the Chinese people's heads, without fear of sacrifice and against all odds. The two great mountains, imperialism and feudalism, which are weighing on the Chinese people, are to be dug down to win the revolution.

A kind of love for the collective, concerned about the collective rise and fall of the moral feelings. The sense of collective honor is a positive psychological quality, is to promote people to fulfill the moral obligations of the great spiritual force. It abandons individual heroism, windfallism, fame and vanity, and is the ideology of the advanced proletariat, reflecting a high sense of responsibility to the people and the collective cause. People with a sense of collective honor always link their words and deeds with collective honor and interests, strive to complete the tasks assigned by the organization, and fight for collective honor; regard collective honor as higher than personal honor, take pride in collective success, and feel bitter about collective setbacks or failures; love their own collectives, and hope that their own collectives will make greater contributions to the country; and combine personal honor and disgrace with the collective Close combination of personal honor and disgrace and the collective, never to the detriment of the interests of the collective to obtain personal fame and fortune. Collective honor, can prompt people are not willing to lag behind, positive, courageous, for the collective cause to overcome difficulties, to create a glorious performance.

Human value includes two meanings: society's respect for the individual and fulfillment; individual responsibility for social progress and contribution. It must first be clear that human value lies mainly in the individual's responsibility and contribution to society. This is determined by the nature of man and the relationship between man and society. Since the essence of man lies in his social nature, and the most essential difference between man and animals lies in labor, and man can, through creative labor, transform nature and society, and create the material and spiritual wealth needed by human society itself, this fundamentally stipulates that man's value lies in his labor, creation, and contribution to society. Only through one's own labor and creativity, and by making due contribution to the progress of human society, can one reflect the value of human beings and the true meaning of life, and the conditions of respect and satisfaction of society for the individual can only be created through the individual's contribution to society in the first place. Human beings are firstly consumers and then they can become producers. Only when the material and spiritual wealth of society is enriched and society develops can the satisfaction of society for the individual be realized. Secondly, the respect and satisfaction of society for the individual is also an indispensable aspect of human value. Because human beings are social beings, individual labor and creation are inseparable from society, only when society provides material and spiritual conditions for the individual, and the needs of the individual have been satisfied to a certain extent, the individual's physical and intellectual strength can be better developed and improved, so that human beings can make a greater contribution to the activities of labor and creation for the society. To realize and improve the value of human beings depends on the social system and social progress on the one hand, and on the other hand on the individual to have a correct life path.

It is a reflection of the human worldview, what kind of worldview, there will be what kind of attitude towards life. There are basically three kinds of attitudes toward life:One is negative and pessimistic, taking an attitude of avoidance toward the contradictions in life. One is the attitude of going with the flow in the complex social life. The other is to face up to the difficulties and contradictions in life, to dare to struggle, not to be proud in good times, not to be shaken in bad times, to be upright, optimistic, open-minded, selfless and fearless.

Also known as "self-struggle". It is a manifestation of the human subjectivity and an essential condition for anyone to achieve success. Life is a struggle, struggle is the father of all things. In ancient and modern times and at home and abroad, all the people who have made a difference, all through the struggle and struggle. It is incorrect to equate personal struggle with individualism. In fact, personal struggle and individualism are different. Individualism refers to the wrong thinking that everything starts from the individual, that puts personal interests above collective interests, and that cares only for oneself and not for others. Personal struggle, on the other hand, refers to a person's efforts to achieve a certain purpose, and is a manifestation of the individual's subjective initiative. In addition, individualism is pitting the individual against society. Personal struggle, on the other hand, only emphasizes the subjective initiative of the individual in society and does not deny the dependence of the individual on society. There are two directions of individual struggle: first, the individual struggle for personal gain, which is detached from the collective; and second, the individual struggle under the guidance of the collectivist ideology, which is subordinate to the needs of society. Under socialist conditions, this second kind of personal struggle is advocated.

It is the unity of the status and role of the individual in a certain society, that is, the qualification of being a person and the sum of the character of a person. Personality is a person's innate qualities as a material prerequisite, through the acquired social practice, and constantly accept the influence of the environment, education and the gradual formation and development. Once formed, it will act as the internal condition of human beings so that external influences will work through themselves, constantly adjusting their own structure and tending to perfection. Personality manifested in the law, refers to the person as the subject of rights and obligations of the qualification. This legal personality is protected by law and is not allowed to be violated or harmed. Expressed morally, it refers to the qualification of the subject of ethical relations to live in the world, which on the one hand is not allowed to be infringed by others; on the other hand, it is also defended by one's own words and deeds and cannot be self-destructive. Psychologically, it is the sum of human character, temperament, ability and so on. In a socialist society, the personality of every citizen is equal. Everyone has his or her own dignity and value, and no one can scorn or dishonor another person's personality. For the individual, the level of personality can only be cultivated by oneself in social practice. Individuals should have self-respect and should accumulate social experience and develop and improve their personality in their own words and deeds which are either appreciated or deprecated.

To be enterprising is to strive to move forward and to aspire to make a difference. Cultivating the enterprising spirit is the need to face modernization, the world and the future. In ancient and modern times and foreign countries, all the outstanding people who have made achievements in their careers are positive and enterprising people who strive to work hard. Their enterprising spirit is manifested in their passionate pursuit of great goals. Today's times require even more enterprising spirit, and the construction of socialism with Chinese characteristics is itself innovative, pioneering and forward-looking. Reality gives us opportunities and challenges. We must meet the challenges with the spirit of continuous progress and upward mobility. Progress depends on the spirit of perseverance, and at the same time, we must also have the virtue of modesty. Modesty and enterprise are complementary. The essence of modesty is pragmatic, never complacent, itself contains the meaning of progress. Zhou Enlai once said: "to always feel unsatisfied. In this way, you can always be enterprising."

The spirit of striving to achieve a cause and love of work, hope to achieve good results in a positive mental state, is a noble sentiment of mankind. People with enterprising spirit can according to their own subjective and objective conditions, set up quite difficult, but after hard work can be achieved, they believe that the success of the cause is more important than material rewards and enjoyment. They do not refuse material rewards and enjoyment that are legitimate, but the exhilaration and joy of success in their endeavors outweighs the rewards and enjoyment they receive. We are engaged today in the greatest and most difficult ****anist enterprise in the history of mankind, and this enterprise is unrivaled by any class in history. Cultivating and motivating the sense of enterprise in every citizen has a very important significance and is one of the keys to the development of human and intellectual resources.

The trend or tendency of thought that has a wide influence on social life in a certain historical period. Or manifested by a certain systematic theory as the leading, or manifested in a specific environment of people's social psychology, is a comprehensive expression of social consciousness. It has the impact of "tide" and the stage of rising and falling. Its formation is sometimes spontaneous, and sometimes popularized by thinkers or advocates. Social thinking is the reflection of social existence in a certain period of time, and it is the "barometer" of social climate. The social trends that a nation receives in a certain period of time often reflect the level of thought and theory of that nation. Social trends have a positive or negative impact on social existence and play a role in all aspects of social life, such as ideologies, social ethics, folk customs, national psychology and feelings, traditional culture and civilization, cultural exchanges, and even the trend of social development. In a class society, social trends reflect the interests and demands of certain classes, strata and social groups. Ideological and political work should guide people to distinguish the nature and role of various trends of thought, promote the correct trend of thought, oppose and resist all kinds of wrong trends of thought, and promote the healthy development of society.

Also known as "public **** morality" or "public morality". People should follow the basic morality in the social life. Social morality is a reflection of social existence, is people in the long-term *** with the practice of life gradually formed and developed. Social morality is not a certain class of unique behavioral norms, but all people's public **** life is the minimum and most simple norms, and sometimes also use the form of law, the force of coercion to implement, in order to achieve the maintenance of public **** interests, public **** order, public **** safety, public **** health, and other public **** life **** the same as the moral code of conduct for the purpose of the code of conduct. In a socialist society, where the people are internally united in their fundamental interests, social morality has the potential to become a unified moral code for the whole society, subordinating the behavior of individuals to the public **** interests of the state, the nation, the class, and the society and to the public **** moral code. Our Constitution stipulates that it is the duty of all citizens to observe social morality. In our country, love of the motherland, love of the people, love of labor, love of science, love of socialism is the basic public morality of society.

Generally refers to the tendencies, behaviors and social customs that people gradually formed in the long-term social life and are not conducive to social progress. Lenin said:

"The force of habit of millions of people is the most terrible force." (Lenin's Collected Works, vol. 4, p. 200) The Decision of the Central Committee on the Reform of the Economic System points out that: while creating a socialist economic system full of vitality and vigour, we should endeavour to form a civilized, healthy and scientific way of life in the whole of society which is adapted to the requirements of the development of the modern productive forces and the progress of society, and to discard those backward, ignorant and corrupt things; we should endeavour to revive a positive, upwardly mobile and active life style in society. To revitalize the positive, upward, enterprising spirit, to overcome those who are satisfied with the status quo, lazy thinking, fear of change, the habitual forces of conformity.