What are the outstanding ideas of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties when it developed to a new stage? The concrete manifestations of this thought in politics, economy and academics are point

What are the outstanding ideas of Confucianism in the Ming and Qing Dynasties when it developed to a new stage? The concrete manifestations of this thought in politics, economy and academics are pointed out. The reasons and contents of the development of Confucianism in Ming and Qing Dynasties had a great influence on China's modern democracy, which broke through China in 17 and 18 centuries. Three progressive thinkers, Huang Zongxi, Gu and Wang Fuzhi, critically inherited traditional Confucianism, revived Chinese traditional culture and laid the foundation for the emergence of bourgeois democratic thoughts in modern China. At the same time, the Enlightenment in Europe provided a powerful ideological weapon for bourgeois revolution and reform, and the Enlightenment became a spiritual weapon for people to pursue freedom and equality. What are their similarities in anti-feudalism combined with what they have learned? What are the differences in nature, status and function in social transformation? Combined with their respective social conditions, this paper analyzes the reasons for this difference. Similarity analysis: both of them criticized the feudal monarchy and put forward some ideas to transform the feudal society. Differences: ① Nature and status: China's thinkers criticized the autocratic monarchy and advocated paying attention to reality. At first, they were democratic, but they did not explicitly propose to establish a new social system or form a complete theoretical system. Therefore, it did not become the mainstream of the ideological circle at that time, nor did it belong to bourgeois ideology in essence, but it still belonged to feudal ideology in essence. The European Enlightenment criticized the feudal system, formulated a set of political plans for it, and formed a complete theoretical system, which became the mainstream of European thought in the 17 and 18 centuries, belonging to bourgeois thought in nature, prepared for the outbreak of bourgeois revolution and promoted the transformation of Europe from feudal society to capitalist society. ② Influence: The democratic thought in Ming and Qing Dynasties had a certain influence on the feudal autocracy at that time, only on the later Revolution of 1911, but it could not shake the theoretical basis of feudal rule and had a limited role in promoting social change; The European Enlightenment fully mobilized the ideas of the North American Independence Revolution and the French Revolution, greatly promoted the bourgeois revolution in Europe and America, promoted the transformation of Europe from a feudal society to a capitalist society, and promoted the national democratic movement in Asia later. Reasons for the differences ① Political conditions: although the feudal system in China declined, the feudal autocratic rule was strengthened unprecedentedly, and the feudal rule was still very stable, and no bourgeois regime was formed; However, when the west entered the era of early bourgeois revolution, feudal rule was tottering and the bourgeois power grew unprecedentedly. (2) Economic conditions: During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the feudal natural economy was still dominant, and the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce and closing the country to the outside world seriously hindered the development of capitalism; Europe's mercantilism and colonial plunder policies accelerated the development of capitalist handicraft workshops. ③ Cultural conditions: Neo-Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism became the official philosophy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and stereotyped writing and Daxing literary inquisition made China feudal traditional culture still dominant; The Renaissance in Europe made the bourgeois culture spread rapidly and laid the foundation for the Enlightenment. ④ The root cause: 17 and18th century, the development of capitalist industry and commerce in Europe was higher than that in China.