What are the Western classical management ideas?

The main ideas of Western classical management theory and its significance for modern management

(I) Scientific management

The main ideas:

1. The purpose of scientific management. According to Taylor, the fundamental purpose of scientific management is to improve labor productivity.

2. Principles of scientific management. The first is to conduct scientific research on each action of the workers' operation, which is used to replace the old method based on experience alone, so as to facilitate the formulation of reasonable work quotas. The second is the scientific selection of workers, and training and education to grow and improve the quality of workers. Thirdly, close collaboration with the workers to ensure that everything is done according to the scientific principles that have been developed. There is a high degree of unity between the manager and the object of management. Fourthly, there is an almost equal division of work and duties between the employer and the workers, the employer taking on that part of the work for which he is more competent than the workers. (Separation of functions)

3. Operations management.

(1) Selection of "first-rate workers" for the job. In Taylor's view, each person has different gifts and talents, as long as the work is suitable for him, can become a first-class workers.

(2) Develop scientific methods of work. The adoption of scientific methods enables the workers to make a reasonable combination of methods of operation, use of tools, and time for labor and rest, and at the same time to make improvements in the arrangement of machines and in the working environment, etc., to eliminate all kinds of irrational factors and to combine the best ones so as to form a standard working condition.

(3) The implementation of an incentive wage system. It consists of three parts: First, observation and analysis through the study of working hours to determine the "wage rate" or wage material. The second is the differential piece-rate system. The third is "pay the man, not the job", i.e., wages are paid according to the actual performance of the worker, not according to the worker's job category.

4. Organization and management.

(1) Separate the function of planning from the function of execution, and replace the traditional method of working by experience with a scientific method of work. Taylor believes that labor productivity is not only affected by the labor attitude of workers, work quotas, methods of operation and wage system and other factors, but also by the management of the organization, the impact of command. For this reason, Taylor advocated a clear division of planning functions and execution functions.

(2) functional foreman system. This is based on the specific operation process of the workers, further refinement of the division of labor and the formation of. In Taylor's view, a "comprehensive" foreman should have nine qualities: intelligence; education; specialized or technical knowledge, dexterity and strength; resourcefulness; energy; perseverance; loyalty and honesty; judgment and general common sense; physical health. It is not too difficult to find a man who possesses all three of these qualities, but it is almost impossible to find a man who can possess seven or eight of them. So in order to enable the foreman to perform his duties effectively, it is also necessary to refine the work of management so that a foreman assumes only one management function.

(3) The principle of exception. Refers to the enterprise's senior management of the general day-to-day affairs of the authorization to the lower management to deal with their own only to retain the exception that is the important matters of decision-making power and control, such as about the major business strategy and important personnel appointment and dismissal and so on.

5, psychological revolution.

Taylor believes that the real scientific management and only the pursuit of efficiency of the wind approach is completely different, this difference lies in the employer and the workers must be between a "psychological revolution". The great revolution is that both sides will turn their attention away from the problem of distributing the surplus, and turn it to increasing it, replacing confrontation and struggle with friendly cooperation and mutual help, and *** with a surge in the surplus, so that the wages of the workers and the profits of the manufacturers are greatly increased.

Representatives: Taylor, Henry Gantt, Ford, Mr. and Mrs. Gilbreth, and others.

Significance:

Taylor's theory of scientific management is a milestone in the history of the development of management thought, which is a qualitative leap to make management a science. As a more complete management thought system, scientific management theory has made its own unique contribution to the development of human society.

1, Taylor introduced science into the field of management, improving the scientific nature of management theory. In essence, the scientific management theory breaks through the industrial revolution has been the continuation of the traditional empirical management methods, is the people from the small farmer consciousness, small production of the way of thinking into the modern socialized industrial production of the way of thinking of a revolution.

2, scientific management theory puts forward a scientific basis for the management of operations, managers and workers with the division of functions, the psychological revolution between labor and management, etc., for the operation method and the operation of the quota provides an objective basis for the labor and management have the possibility of labor productivity, expanding the results of the coordination of the two sides to coordinate the relationship between the two sides of the stakes, which promotes the development of productive forces, the productivity of labor has increased substantially. The labor productivity has been greatly improved.

3. The scientific management movement strengthened public concern for the elimination of waste and the improvement of efficiency, and promoted the scientific study of business management, and the subsequent operations research, cost accounting, etc., were produced under the inspiration of scientific management theory.

(2) Fayol's General Management Theory

Main Ideas:

1. Management is one of the six main activities of business.

2, the five functions of management: planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling.

3, fourteen principles of management:

(1) division of labor: with the same labor to get more and better results.

(2) authority and responsibility: wherever authority is exercised, responsibility must be established, and responsibility and power are equal.

(3) Discipline: strict discipline is a necessary guarantee of effective organizational activities; discipline, as a respect for the agreement, must be made clear to and accepted by both employers and employees.

(4) Unity of command: a subordinate receives orders from only one supervisor.

(5) Unity of leadership: activities for the same goal can only be carried out under the guidance of a leader and a program.

(6) Individual interests are subordinate to the interests of the whole. Prerequisite: both are consistent.

(7) Compensation of personnel. Requirements: first, the satisfaction of both labor and management, second, can stimulate enthusiasm, and third, fairness.

(8) Centralization: the centralization or decentralization of power does not matter whether it is good or bad, it is just a matter of scale.

(9) Hierarchy: subordinates obey their superiors (generally not to be violated, but should be combined with keeping the action swift "Fayolle Bridge")

(10) Order: "there is a place for it, and there is a place for it".

(11) Fairness: supervisors should be kind and fair to their subordinates in order for them to show zeal and loyalty.

(12) Stability of personnel: It takes time to accumulate experience.

(13) Initiative: Encourage and stimulate the initiative and creativity of employees to make the organization dynamic.

(14) Unity: communication contributes to unity, and the misuse of written contact is prohibited.

Meaning:

1, Fayol's conception of the "universality" of management is a major contribution to the development of management thought. Fayol suggested that management is an independent activity that can be applied to all endeavors.

2, in the scope of management, management of the organization theory, management of the principle of a new point of view, for the future development of management theory laid the foundation.

3, Fayol's general management theory is known as the second monument in the history of management. This theory, as an important representative of Western classical management thought, later became the theoretical basis of the management process party, the development of management theory and the process of enterprise management have a profound impact.

(C) Weber's organizational theory

Main idea:

Proposed the so-called "ideal bureaucratic organization", the core of the establishment of public office, the inheritance of power through the position, rather than relying on hereditary or personal charisma.

Weber's ideal bureaucratic organization model features:

1. People in the organization should have fixed and formal duties and exercise their authority in accordance with the law.

2. The structure of the organization is a system of hierarchical control. Within the organization, the relationship of command and obedience among members is defined according to their status.

3. The relationship between people and work. The relationship between members is only to the work and not to the person.

4. Selection and security of members. Each position according to its qualifications (qualifications or education), in accordance with the principle of free contract, after the public examination to be used to make the best use of talent.

5. Specialized division of labor and technical training. Members of the reasonable division of labor and clear each person's scope of work and powers and responsibilities, and then through technical training to improve work efficiency.

6, member's salary and promotion. Payment of salary according to the position, and the establishment of rewards, punishments and promotion system, so that the members feel at ease with the work, and cultivate their sense of enterprise.

Reference:

Weber's depiction of an ideal bureaucratic organizational model, which indicates an institutionalized organizational guideline for administrative organizations, is his greatest contribution to management thought. As the basis of Weber's organizational theory, bureaucracy had prevailed in Europe in the 19th century. Weber based his sociological analysis on the fact that human behavior is regularly subordinated to a set of rules. He saw the existence of a particular set of rules governing behavior as the essence of the concept of organization. Without them, there would be no way to judge organizational behavior. The role of these rules for administrators is twofold: on the one hand, their own behavior is governed by them, and on the other hand, they have a responsibility to supervise the subordination of other members to these rules.

The major innovation of Weber's theory stems from his neglect of the arguments about the efficiency of bureaucracy and his focus on its accuracy, continuity, discipline, rigor and reliability. Weber's theory of administrative organization, with its emphasis on rules, competence, and knowledge, provided an efficient and rational system of management for social development. Nowadays, the management theory is commonly used in the high, medium and low, three levels of management is derived from his theory.

Administrative organization is an inevitable process of human society, Weber's theory of administrative organization system has been widely used since its emergence, it has become the main form of various types of social organizations. Although Weber's theory of administrative organization is not a completely new creation of management thought, but only the theoretical summary of social practice, but its ideas have a realistic guiding significance for the study of modern organizational behavior.