Resource situation in China

The forest coverage rate in China exceeds 18%, and the plantation area ranks first in the world.

China has a forest area of 65.438+0.75 billion hectares, a forest coverage rate of 654.38+0.8+0%, and the plantation area ranks first in the world.

China's coal reserves reach 600 billion tons, ranking third in the world, but its per capita coal reserves are about 462 tons.

The final recoverable reserves of petroleum resources in China are about 654.38+0.3 billion tons, accounting for only about 3% of the world total. By the end of 2000, the remaining recoverable oil reserves in China were 2.46 billion tons, accounting for only 1.8% of the world total. The abundance value of China's petroleum recoverable resources (resources per unit land area) is about 57% of the world average, and the abundance value of the remaining recoverable reserves is only 37% of the world average.

China ranks fifth in forest area and seventh in forest stock in the world. However, the forest coverage rate in China is only 6 1.3% of the world's forest coverage rate, the national per capita forest area is 2 1.3% of the world's per capita forest stock, and the per capita forest stock is only 1/8 of the world's per capita forest stock.

The present situation of forest resources in China is as follows: forest area 15894. 1 10,000 hectares, forest coverage16.55%; The forest volume is 1 127 billion cubic meters; The national plantation area (excluding Taiwan Province Province) is 46.667 million hectares, with a stock of 65.438+0.0 1 100 million cubic meters, ranking first in the world.

China's coal reserves reach 600 billion tons, ranking third in the world, and its oil reserves are about 3.9 billion barrels (1997), ranking eighth in the world.

China's coal reserves reach 600 billion tons, ranking third in the world, but its per capita reserves are about 462 tons, which is far below the world average, ranking third in the world and eighth in oil reserves.

The Intelligence Bureau of the US Department of Energy even estimates that Iraq's crude oil reserves may be as high as 30 billion tons. Due to UN sanctions, the daily output of Iraqi crude oil in recent years is only 6.5438+0.5 million to 2 million barrels (barrels are generally used as the unit of measurement for crude oil in the international market, and each barrel is 0. 1.38 tons). Experts estimate that if crude oil production is resumed after the regime change in Iraq, the world oil supply will increase by 3 million to 5 million barrels per day.

China coal resources1.500 million tons. Oil reserves are1.600 million tons. China's oil reserves only account for 2.3% of the world's total, and its exploitable life is only 20.6 years, far below the world average life of 42.8 years.

mineral resources

There are *** 158 minerals with proven resource reserves in China, including energy minerals 10, metal minerals 54, non-metal minerals 9 1 0, and other water and gas minerals 3.

There are 205 large and medium-sized mineral areas newly discovered by land and resources survey and geological and mineral exploration, including 24 energy minerals, 5 black minerals, 47 non-ferrous minerals, 4 precious metal minerals 1, metallurgical auxiliary raw materials minerals1,8 chemical raw materials minerals, building materials and other non-metallic minerals 104, and 2 other water and gas minerals. There are 56 new mineral resources, including 65.438+98 million tons of oil, 380.2 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 9.654 billion tons of raw coal.

The output of major mineral products in China increased rapidly. Among them, the output of coal is 65.438+0.956 billion tons, the output of crude oil is 65.438+0.75 billion tons, the output of natural gas is 40.77 billion cubic meters, the output of iron ore is 36.5438+0 billion tons, and the output of 65.438+00 kinds of non-ferrous metals exceeds 65.438+0.43 million tons. Important progress has been made in the development and utilization of mineral resources in western China. Kela2 gas field, the main gas source of West-to-East gas transmission project and the largest comprehensive natural gas field in China, has been completed and put into operation. A number of large metal mines such as Ashele Copper Mine in Xinjiang and Delny Copper Mine in Qinghai have been put into production or started construction.

The total import and export trade of primary mineral products and related energy raw materials in China exceeds 240 billion US dollars. The import volume of major mineral products increased by a large margin, including crude oil import122.72 million tons, up by 34.7% over last year; Iron ore imports were 207.99 million tons, an increase of 40.4% over last year; Manganese ore imports were 4.65 million tons, an increase of 62.6% over last year; Chromite imports were 2010.7 million tons, an increase of 210.9% over last year; Copper ore imports were 2.88 million tons, an increase of 7.9% over last year; Potash imports were 7.43 million tons, an increase of 13 1% over last year.

Mineral resources in China

Known minerals in the world can be found in China, with abundant reserves. At present, there are 156 minerals with proven reserves, ranking third in the world in total reserves. Major mineral reserves such as coal, iron, copper, aluminum, antimony, molybdenum, manganese, tin, lead, zinc and mercury rank among the top in the world. Among them, the coal reserves are/kloc-0.0033 million tons, mainly distributed in the north, especially in Shanxi Province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Iron ore reserves are 45.7 billion tons, mainly distributed in Northeast China, North China and Southwest China. Oil, natural gas, oil shale, phosphorus, sulfur and other minerals are also rich. Oil is mainly stored in the northwest, followed by the shallow sea continental shelf in the northeast, north China and the eastern coast. The reserves of rare earth metals are more than those of other countries in the world.

Water resources in northern China

Since the spring of this year, the vast areas in northern China have been suffering from drought and lack of rain. By the end of May, the drought-affected area in China had exceeded 340 million mu, and there was a persistent drought after the worst drought in the 50 years since the founding of New China. Although there has been continuous rainfall in most parts of northern China recently, it has not been able to alleviate the drought since this spring. Therefore, the shortage of water resources is particularly obvious, and the vast rural areas are facing a serious water crisis. In this regard, we specially visited Professor Li Qiang from the Department of Sociology of Tsinghua University and asked him to analyze the current situation of rural water resources in northern China.

Due to unreasonable and uncontrolled water use and the destruction of ecological environment, the available surface water resources in rural areas in northern China are decreasing day by day. The attenuation of surface water makes more and more rural areas rely on groundwater resources. Judging from the current situation, groundwater has become the most important water source for agricultural irrigation.

From a dynamic point of view, agricultural irrigation is increasingly dependent on groundwater. According to this trend, rivers and reservoirs will further withdraw from agricultural water sources, and groundwater will be almost the only way to use water for agricultural irrigation. The accelerated decline of groundwater level is a common and serious problem in rural water use.

China's total water resources account for 7% of the world's total water resources, ranking sixth. However, the per capita water consumption is only 2400m3, accounting for 25% of the world's per capita water consumption, ranking ninth in the world11,making it one of the world's 13 water-poor countries. The temporal and spatial distribution of water resources in China is not in harmony with the distribution of population and cultivated land. From the time point of view, 70%-90% of the annual precipitation is concentrated in June-September, with less winter and great interannual variation. In space, the distribution of water resources is more in the southeast and less in the northwest. The cultivated land in the Yangtze River basin and its south area accounts for only 38% of the country's cultivated land, but the water resources account for more than 80% of the country. However, the Huaihe River Basin and its northern area, which account for 62% of the country's arable land, have less than 20% of the country's water resources. Uneven distribution in time and space and great interannual changes have aggravated the flood and drought disasters. Since the 1990s, the area affected by drought has reached about 400 million mu every year, which is three times that of the 1950s.

China's oil resources are concentrated in Bohai Bay, Songliao, Tarim, Ordos, Junggar, Pearl River Mouth, Qaidam and great basin on the East China Sea shelf, with recoverable resources of 1.72 billion tons, accounting for 81.3% of the whole country. Natural gas resources are concentrated in Tarim, Sichuan, Ordos, East China Sea Shelf, Qaidam, Songliao, Yinggehai, Qiongdongnan and great basin in Bohai Bay, and the recoverable resources are 18.4 trillion cubic meters, accounting for 83.64% of the whole country.

According to the depth distribution of resources, 80% of China's petroleum recoverable resources are concentrated in shallow (< 2,000m) and middle-deep (2,000m ~ 3,500m), with less distribution in deep (3,500m ~ 4,500m) and ultra-deep (< 4,500m). Natural gas resources are relatively evenly distributed in shallow, medium, deep and ultra-deep layers.

Geographically, 76% of China's oil recoverable resources are distributed in plains, shallow seas, Gobi and deserts, and 74% of its natural gas recoverable resources are distributed in shallow seas, deserts, mountains, plains and Gobi.

In terms of resource grade, high-quality resources account for 63%, low-permeability resources account for 28% and heavy oil accounts for 9% of China's recoverable oil resources. Among the exploitable natural gas resources, high-quality resources account for 76% and low-permeability resources account for 24%.

By the end of 2004, China's proven recoverable oil reserves were 679,654.38+billion tons, the recoverable resources to be proved were nearly 65,438.044 billion tons, and the proven degree of petroleum recoverable resources was 32.03%, which was in the middle of exploration, and the discovery of reserves in the near-middle period was in a steady growth stage. The proven recoverable reserves of natural gas are 2.76 trillion cubic meters, and the recoverable resources to be proven are 19.24 trillion cubic meters. The proven degree of natural gas recoverable resources is only 12.55%, which is in the initial stage of exploration, and the discovered reserves are expected to increase rapidly in the near and medium term.

Since the early 1950s, China has explored oil and gas in 82 major large and medium-sized sedimentary basins, and discovered more than 500 oil fields. The following are the main oil-producing areas on land in China.

Daqing Oilfield:

Located in the west of Heilongjiang Province, in the middle of Songnen Plain, in Harbin and Qiqihar. The oilfield is 0/40km long from north to south and 70km wide from east to west, with a total area of 5,470 square kilometers. 1960 In March, the CPC Central Committee approved to launch an oil battle, and in June, 45438+0963, the production capacity was 6 million tons, and the crude oil produced in that year was 4.39 million tons, which played a decisive role in realizing China's oil self-sufficiency. 1976, the crude oil output exceeded 50 million tons, making it the largest oil field in China. At present, the output of crude oil in Daqing Oilfield has remained above 50 million tons by adopting new technologies and new processes.

Shengli Oilfield:

The Yellow River Delta, located on the Bohai Sea in northern Shandong Province, is mainly distributed in 8 cities and 28 counties (districts) including Dongying, Binzhou, Dezhou, Jinan, Weifang, Zibo, Liaocheng and Yantai. The main mining area is about 4.4 square kilometers, which is the second largest oil field in China.

Liaohe Oilfield:

Mainly distributed in the middle and upper reaches of Liaohe Plain, eastern Inner Mongolia and Liaodong Bay beach area. Twenty-six oil fields have been developed and constructed, and nine production bases have been built, including Xinglongtai, Shuguang, Huanxiling, Jinzhou, Goldman Sachs, Shenyang, Ciyutuo, Lengjia and Horqin, covering 32 counties (banners) in Liaoning Province and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 13 cities, with a total area of 654.38 million square kilometers and the output ranking third in the country.

Karamay Oilfield:

Located in Karamay, Xinjiang. In the past 40 years, the 19 oil and gas fields have been discovered in Junggar basin and Tarim basin, mainly in Karamay, and the 15 oil and gas fields have been developed to produce 7.92 million tons of crude oil (6.031889 million tons of thin oil and 0/889 million tons of heavy oil). Since 1900, the onshore crude oil production has been increased.

Sichuan Oilfield:

Located in Sichuan Basin with a history of 60 years, 12 oil fields have been discovered. There are four gas zones in the basin: south, southwest, northwest and east. At present, natural gas production accounts for nearly half of the country, making it the largest gas field in China.

North China Oilfield:

Renqiu City is located in the central plain of Hebei Province, including oil and gas producing areas in Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi and Mongolia. During the period of 1975, Renqiu Oilfield, the largest carbonate buried hill oilfield in China, was discovered in Ren4, an exploratory well in Jizhong Plain, and a high-yield industrial oil flow with a daily output of 1000 tons was ejected. 1978, the crude oil output reached17.23 million tons, which made an important contribution to the breakthrough of the national crude oil output in that year. Until 1986, the annual output of crude oil remained at 100000 tons10 year. At present, the output of crude oil is about 4 million tons.

Dagang Oilfield:

Located in Dagang District, Tianjin, it has a vast exploration area, including Dagang Exploration Area and Xinjiang Yurdusi Basin, with a total exploration area of 34,629 square kilometers, including Dagang Exploration Area 18628 square kilometers. At present, Dagang exploration area has completed and put into operation 15 oil and gas fields and 24 development zones, forming an annual production capacity of 4.3 million tons of crude oil and 380 million cubic meters of natural gas. At present, hundreds of millions of tons of oil-bearing structures, such as Qianmiqiao, have been discovered, which has opened up new oil and gas areas for increasing reserves and production in old oilfields.

Zhongyuan Oilfield:

Located in Puyang, Henan Province, found in 1975. After 20 years of exploration, development and construction, 455 million tons of petroleum geological reserves, 39.57 billion cubic meters of natural gas geological reserves, 77.23 million tons of crude oil and 0/3.38 billion cubic meters of natural gas have been proved. Now it is one of the important oil and gas production bases in eastern China.

Jilin Oilfield:

Located in Fuyu area of Jilin Province, it has carried out oil and gas exploration and development in great basin, Jilin Province, and successively discovered and proved 18 oil fields, among which Fuyu and Xinmin oil fields are large oil fields with reserves exceeding 100 million tons, and the oil field output reaches more than 3.5 million tons/year, forming a super-large enterprise production scale with a crude oil processing capacity of 700,000 tons.

Henan Oilfield:

The mining area is located in Nanyang Basin in the southwest of Henan Province, spanning Nanyang, Zhumadian and Pingdingshan, and distributed in 8 counties such as Xinye and Tanghe. A total of four oil fields/kloc-0 have been discovered, with proven petroleum geological reserves of 65,438+700 million tons and oil-bearing area of 1 17.9 square kilometers.

Changqing Oilfield:

The exploration area is mainly in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Basin, with a total exploration area of about 370,000 square kilometers. The exploration, development and construction of oil and gas started at 1970, and 22 oil and gas fields were discovered successively, including 19 oilfield, with a cumulative proven oil and gas geological reserve of 5418.88 million tons (including proven natural gas reserves of 233.008 billion cubic meters). At present, it has become the main natural gas producing area in China and the main natural gas transportation base in Beijing.

Jianghan Oilfield:

It is an important comprehensive oil base in central and southern China. The oilfields are mainly distributed in seven cities and counties, including Qianjiang and Jingsha in Hubei Province, Shouguang and Guangrao in Shandong Province, and Hengyang in Hunan Province. Twenty-four oil and gas fields have been discovered successively, with proven oil-bearing area of 139.6 square kilometers and gas-bearing area of 710.04 square kilometers. The cumulative production of crude oil is 210/87,300 tons and natural gas is 954 million cubic meters.

Jiangsu Oilfield:

The oil areas are mainly distributed in eight counties and cities such as Yangzhou, Yancheng, Huaiyin and Zhenjiang in Jiangsu, and 22 oil and gas fields have been put into development. At present, the main target of exploration is Dongtai sag in Subei basin.

Qinghai Oilfield:

Qaidam basin in the northwest of Qinghai province. The basin area is about 250,000 square kilometers, the sedimentary area is 6.5438+0.2 million square kilometers, and the oil and gas prospect in Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary areas is about 96,000 square kilometers. At present, 16 oil fields and 6 gas fields have been proved.

Tarim oilfield:

Located in Tarim basin in southern Xinjiang. East-west length 1400 km, north-south width of 520 km, with a total area of 560,000 square kilometers. It is the largest inland basin in China. In the middle is the Taklimakan Desert, known as the "Sea of Death". 1988 After the high-yield oil gas flow was ejected from Lunnan 2 well, after 7 years of exploration, 9 large and medium-sized oil and gas fields and 26 oil-bearing structures have been proved, with a cumulative proven oil and gas geological reserve of 378 million tons and an annual output of 5 million tons of crude oil. Resource guarantee of 65.438+100,000 tons of condensate gas and 2.5 billion cubic meters of natural gas.

Tuha Oilfield:

Located in Turpan-Hami basin of Xinjiang, responsible for oil exploration in Turpan-Hami basin. The basin is 600 km long from east to west and 130 km wide from north to south, with an area of about 5. 30 thousand square kilometers. 199 1 February, the oil exploration and development campaign in Turpan-Hami was in full swing. By the end of 1995, * * discovered 14 oil and gas fields and 6 oil-bearing structures in Shanshan and Wenjisang, with proven oil-bearing area of 178. 1 square kilometer, with accumulated proven petroleum geological reserves of 208 million tons and natural gas reserves of 73/kloc-0.

Yumen Oilfield:

Located in Yumen City, Gansu Province, with a total area of 1 14.37 square kilometers. The oilfield was put into development in 1939, and the crude oil produced in 1959 reached1402,900 tons, accounting for 50.9% of the national crude oil production in that year. 600,000 tons in 1970s and 10 in 1980s were achieved. Known as the cradle of China's oil industry.

In addition to land oil resources, China is also rich in marine oil and gas resources. A series of sedimentary basins with a total area of nearly one million square kilometers have developed in the offshore of China, which has rich oil and gas prospects. From north to south, these sedimentary basins include Bohai Basin, North Yellow Sea Basin, South Yellow Sea Basin, East China Sea Basin, Okinawa Trough Basin, Taixi Basin, Southwest Taiwan Province Basin, Taidong Basin, Pearl River Mouth Basin, Beibu Gulf Basin, Yinggehai-Qiongdongnan Basin and South China Sea Basin. Offshore oil and gas exploration in China is mainly concentrated in the Bohai Sea, the Yellow Sea, the East China Sea and the northern continental shelf of the South China Sea.

From 65438 to 0966, the United Nations Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East investigated the seabed resources in eastern China, including Diaoyu Island, and concluded that the continental shelf of the East China Sea may be one of the richest oil fields in the world, and the waters near Diaoyu Island may become the "second Middle East". According to 1982, China scientists estimate that the oil reserves in the waters around Diaoyu Island are about 3 billion to 7 billion tons. It is also reported that the submarine oil reserves in this sea area are about 80 billion barrels, exceeding 654.38+0 billion tons.

The South China Sea is a treasure house of oil. The sea area explored by China in the South China Sea is only 6.5438+0.6 million square kilometers, and the discovered oil reserves reach 5.22 billion tons. The exploitable value of oil and gas resources in the South China Sea exceeds 2 billion yuan. As long as it develops by 30% in the next 20 years, it will contribute 65.438+0 ~ 2 percentage points to China's GDP growth every year. According to some data, the total oil reserves of Zengmu Basin, Sabah Basin and Wan 'an Basin in the South China Sea are nearly 20 billion tons, which are large reservoirs to be developed in the world, and more than half of the reserves are distributed in the sea areas that should be under the jurisdiction of China. According to preliminary estimation, the petroleum geological reserves of the whole South China Sea are roughly between 23 billion and 30 billion tons, accounting for about one third of China's total resources. It belongs to one of the four offshore oil and gas gathering and transportation centers in the world and is known as the "second Persian Gulf". According to CNOOC's 2003 annual report, by the end of 2003, the company's net proven oil reserves in the western and eastern South China Sea were 606,543.8 billion barrels, accounting for 42.53% of CNOOC's proven reserves.

Up to now, seven hundred million-ton oilfields have been discovered in Bohai Bay, among which Penglai 19-3 Oilfield in the middle of Bohai Sea is the largest offshore oilfield in China and the second largest comprehensive oilfield in China, with proven reserves of 600 million tons, second only to Daqing Oilfield. By 20 10, the output of offshore oil fields in Bohai Sea will reach 55.5 million tons of oil equivalent, which will become the main body of oil and gas growth in China.