What are the 14 countries that border China?

China's land borders are 22,800 kilometers long, bordering North Korea in the east, Mongolia in the north, Russia in the northeast, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan in the northwest, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan in the west and southwest, and Burma, Laos, and Vietnam in the south.

The eastern and southeastern part of the country is separated from South Korea, Japan, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia by the sea.

Border issues:

Historically, most of China's relations with neighboring countries have been borderless. Successive emperors of ancient China honored the traditional concept that nothing is king's land under the sky, and there was no border problem in the modern sense between China and its neighboring countries. It was only with the introduction of the concept of sovereignty in Western countries and the intrusion of Western colonizers that the issue of sovereign borders became more and more prominent, and it was only then that the Qing dynasty began to realize that it had to protect its borders and defend its country.

Under the invasion of the Western colonizers, China was forced to sign one unequal treaty after another, ceding large swaths of territory. This led to two subsequent climaxes:

1. In the 1960s, China began signing border treaties and agreements with neighboring countries such as Myanmar, Nepal, Mongolia, Pakistan, Afghanistan and North Korea to demarcate their borders, setting off the first wave of border demarcation since the founding of new China.

2. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, China ushered in the second climax of border demarcation. Border agreements were signed with the newly independent Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in the north to demarcate the border.