What are the unique ethnic customs of Gaoshan nationality?

Gaoshan nationality is the collective name of ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province Province. The ethnic origin of Gaoshan nationality is multi-source, but it mainly comes from a branch of Guyue people in the southeast coast of Chinese mainland. Since the Han people moved to Taiwan Province Province, the aborigines have been divided into two parts: one part settled in the plain and merged with the Han people, which is called Pingpu people, and the other part still settled in the mountainous area, which is less influenced by the Han people and still retains the characteristics of the aborigines' languages and customs. Nowadays, Gaoshan people refer to these ethnic minorities in general. Most of them are distributed in the central mountainous areas and islands in the southeast, and a few are scattered in Fujian, Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan and other places. Gaoshan people have their own language, but they don't have their own writing. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan Province Province have their own unique culture and art, and their oral literature is rich, including myths, legends and folk songs. Most Gaoshan people are engaged in agriculture, and a few are engaged in fishing and hunting. There are handicrafts such as carving and weaving. Women are accustomed to avoid using knives and axes after pregnancy, and avoid eating ape meat, bobcat meat, pangolin meat and miscellaneous fruits. A woman's loom can't be touched by a man. On celebration days, beautifully carved mugs made of wood are usually used, and the two drink side by side to show intimacy. If you have guests, you must kill the chicken and treat them. Leave the drumsticks when entertaining guests, and let them eat them on the way when they leave, which means that eating drumsticks will make you walk stronger. Wedding custom: At the wedding, the millet is ground into powder, mixed with water, wrapped with fish and shrimp (the shrimp shows its tail), kneaded into balls the size of eggs, cooked in a boiling pot, and taken out to celebrate. Dietary customs take rice as the daily staple food, supplemented by potatoes and miscellaneous grains. In the production method of staple food, most Gaoshan people like to cook rice or steam glutinous rice and corn flour into cakes and cakes. Alpine vegetables come from a wide range, most of which are planted and a small amount is collected. Common ones are pumpkin, leek, radish, cabbage, potato, beans, pepper, ginger and various wild vegetables. Gaoshan people generally love to eat ginger, and some directly use ginger dipped in salt as a dish; Some are pickled with salt and pepper. The source of meat mainly depends on pigs, cows and chickens. Fishing and hunting are also a supplement to daily meat in many areas, especially the Gaoshan people who live in the mountains. Captured prey is almost the main source of daily meat. Gaoshan people used to drink neither boiled water nor tea. Atayal people like to drink cold water soaked in ginger or pepper. It is said that this drink has the effect of treating abdominal pain. I used to hunt in the mountains and also had the habit of drinking animal blood. Both men and women are addicted to alcohol and generally drink their own brewed rice wine, such as millet wine, rice wine and potato wine. Festival Gaoshan people are uninhibited, and like to hold banquets and song and dance parties on festivals or festive days. Every festival, pigs and old cows should be slaughtered, and a banquet should be given to give wine. The most representative foods of Gaoshan banquet guests are cakes and bazan made of various glutinous rice. It can be used not only as a holiday snack, but also as a sacrifice. And cooked glutinous rice to entertain guests. There are many sacrificial activities of Gaoshan ethnic groups, including ancestor worship, valley worship, mountain worship, hunting worship, wedding worship and harvest worship, among which the five-year sacrifice is the most grand. At that time, besides banquet offerings, there will be various cultural and sports activities. Wedding and banquet scenes are very rich and spectacular, especially a lot of wine should be prepared. At that time, participants drank a lot of alcohol and had the custom of staying drunk. On the day of "Harvest Festival", the clansmen took an altar of wine to the scene, danced around the bonfire, ate and drank, and celebrated the annual labor harvest. In the past, the customs of disfigurement, such as plucking hair, cutting teeth, piercing ears, girdling the abdomen and tattooing, were widespread in all branches of Gaoshan nationality. After the mid-1940s, these customs tended to decline gradually, but their residual influence still existed. Hair removal refers to the removal of body hair, some branches are male, some branches are female, and some branches are hermaphrodite. Men use bamboo clips to pull out, women use fine twine to twist out, and some even use charcoal to burn, and they don't feel pain. Cutting teeth means pulling out the left and right front teeth or two canine teeth at the age of twelve to sixteen. Some put small iron bars directly on the teeth and knock out the teeth to be extracted with stones. Some branches of the custom of not extracting teeth and missing teeth are willing to dye their teeth black, taking Hei Chi as the beauty. Ear piercing, especially suitable for paiwan and Ami men. They usually use lead plates, shells and bamboo tubes as earrings, and tie glass beads at one end of the carved bamboo tube with silk thread and tie them to the hair at the back of the head to prevent them from falling off. Abdominal girding is a special custom of some male branches. The corset belt is made of thick bamboo pieces, with holes drilled at both ends, tied tightly with hemp rope and tied at the back waist. From the age of 12 and 13 to the age of 50 and 60, it is tightly tied around the waist and abdomen day and night, making the chest and legs muscles developed and healthy. Tattoos, the specific situation of each branch is different, some men and women do not tattoo, and some men and women do not tattoo. Some regard tattoos as beautiful ornaments, while others regard tattoos as a symbol of bravery. Influenced by primitive religion, it is believed that tattoos can be blessed by ancestors' souls and avoid disasters. Besides tattoos, there are tattoos. No matter how you ruin your body, the purpose is the same, beautiful, brave, married, disciplined and respectable. Beautiful singing and dancing Gaoshan people are good at singing and dancing, regardless of labor, love, wedding banquets, festivals, sacrifices, etc. There are songs and dances to express feelings. Due to the numerous branches of Gaoshan nationality, the styles of music, song and dance are also rich and colorful. Traditional folk songs are mostly improvised. Some are like mountains and rivers, natural and melodious, and some are like beating bamboo and singing jade, which is beautiful and moving; Some beat drums like waves, and the rhythm is bright. It looks rough, simple and delicate. The common musical instruments are harpsichord, bow (square piano), flute, yeqin (leaf), pestle, hip board, bamboo drum (drum chop), waist bell, foot bell, harpsichord, nose flute, etc., which are often used to call lovers and convey love in young men and women's love. Ye Qin is actually the leaves of a broad-leaved tree. You can play many songs by picking them at will and putting them in your mouth. The pestle music evolved from the wooden pestle of rice. When the Gaoshan people pound rice, they often dig a cave in the house, put a slate at the bottom of the cave, and several women stand around with wooden pestles and rice. The wooden pestle struck the slate and sounded like a bell, which spread far away. Later, people used wooden pestles with different lengths and tones to play music with different rhythms, and the accompanying music was called "Acura". The music played with it is "pestle music". Singing and dancing are very popular where Gaoshan people live. Bangzi has also become a bond between young men and women in love, and many happy marriages are concluded in the music of Bangzi. Hip board is a string of bamboo tubes and copper shells hanging on the hips, and waist bells and foot bells are dancers' props and accompaniment instruments. The dance of Gaoshan nationality has the characteristics of collectivity, and all major activities have warm scenes of collective singing and dancing. At the song and dance party, people make firewood, light a fire, sing and drink around the fire. At first, a dozen young people danced and sang a prelude leisurely, and gradually entered the high-pitched agitation. Everyone is holding hands, dancing, moving forward and backward, cheering in unison. The scene is very warm. In recent years, due to the high development of tourism, many tourists to Taiwan go to Gaoshan folk villages or tourist attractions to watch the folk customs and song and dance performances of the mountain people. Woodcarving and Textile The handicrafts of Gaoshan people mainly include textile, bamboo weaving, rattan weaving, woodcarving, carving, bamboo carving and pottery making. Among them, the woodcarving art of Paiwan people, Lu Kai people and Yamei people is quite exquisite, and cutting is a famous traditional craft. They can make all kinds of musical instruments with national characteristics with only one knife. For example, wooden mortar for rice, wooden bucket for storage, containers for making cakes and making wine, wine glasses, spoons and other utensils, as big as canoes. Carving technology is more common in their daily life. There are round carvings and reliefs, as well as wired carvings, carved flowers and empty carvings. People, animals, flowers and other beautiful patterns are carved on some household appliances, decorations and musical instruments. The knife method is rigid and delicate, full of natural interest, and the image is very vivid. Carved pots, screens, carved boards (a kind of panel in the house), armchairs, wooden pillows, wooden barrels, wooden spoons and pipes in paiwan. Clever decoration and exquisite carving. The carved columns dedicated to the ancestral "spirit house" are even more amazing. As well as the beams, eaves and lintels of the house, are beautifully carved in various colors. As for textile, people in the mountains knew how to weave "fan cloth" from hemp a long time ago. The Atayal and Xia Serbs have the custom of "men use force and women use weaving" to determine their social status. Their spinning methods are basically the same, and they all have vertical spinning shafts, which are twisted by hand and wound on the shafts. Looms are all primitive flat waist looms. The two ends of the cloth clamping plate of the loom are hung on the waist of the weaver, and the ends of the warp yarns are wound on the tube or warp beam and supported by two pedals. Ami, Yami and Peinan people put two wooden posts in the ground and can mix warp boards without pedaling. But the cloth clamping board is still tied to the waist. Weavers sit on the ground or on stools and engage in knitting. According to traditional customs, women work in weaving huts, and men are not allowed to enter. Textiles mainly include white linen and white and brown parallel striped linen. Embroider and pick flowers on cloth to make various decorations.