Research achievements of function words in classical Chinese

1. Usage of Function Words in Classical Chinese in Senior High School: Examples of Teaching Method of Function Words in Classical Chinese in Senior High School. Classical Chinese teaching undertakes the important mission of inheriting the excellent traditional culture of the Chinese nation and laying a good "spiritual background" for students.

To reach this cultural treasure house, we must cross the reading barrier-classical Chinese vocabulary. Classical Chinese, as a popular written language in ancient times, is far from spoken English in daily communication.

Therefore, the meaning and usage of notional words and function words in classical Chinese have become an important part of classical Chinese teaching. However, in the current teaching of classical Chinese, we either weaken the teaching of classical Chinese words, or even talk about the teaching of words; Either teaching vocabulary in classical Chinese as a second foreign language aims at accurately understanding the meaning of words and transmitting knowledge, "forming the skills and techniques of learning knowledge, and simplifying the teaching process into a passive acceptance process of teachers' teaching, students' main memory and practice."

"It ignores the rich connection between cultural knowledge and the world of human and children's experience." This is more obvious in the teaching of function words in classical Chinese.

The new curriculum reform emphasizes process, experience and inquiry, and its essence is to pay attention to students' inner psychological needs. In the teaching of function words in classical Chinese, both the function of tasting and the systematic induction and inference of usage deprive students of their right to participate.

The inner needs of students are ignored or even ignored, and the lack of emotion will inevitably lead to the lack of emotion. Only by putting the teaching of function words in classical Chinese on the premise of students' development as human beings and optimizing teaching methods can we restore the original purpose of the teaching of function words in classical Chinese.

This paper attempts to explore new methods of teaching function words in classical Chinese from the perspectives of excavating their emotional meaning and guiding their serialization and application. To optimize the teaching methods of function words in classical Chinese, we should start from the following aspects: first, we should understand the humanization of usage, and appreciate the emotional attitude contained in function words through beautiful reading and comparative reading; The second is to master the macro meaning of words and let students know why; Thirdly, sort out induction and serialization, decompose messy word learning tasks, dynamically generate knowledge framework and use it flexibly; Fourth, diversification of migration methods, attention to students' psychological needs, and timely and appropriate migration.

2. Ma Jianzhong's research on function words in Ma Shi Wen Tong corrected the truth from the beginning and criticized the previous statements. In fact, the realism of predecessors is not so much a grammatical definition as a rhetorical discussion. The so-called function words in some poems almost include all kinds of words except nouns, but the scope varies from person to person. There are also different opinions in dictionaries such as Ci of Jing Shi Zhuan and A Brief Analysis of Zhuzi. Ma Shi put forward the idea that "those who have solutions are true words, and those who have no solutions are empty words". Scholars can hold different opinions on "solution" and "no solution", so they are criticized. In this way, we still lack a unified understanding of the two concepts of virtual and real.

Some people think that there is a contradiction between virtuality and reality. Some popular modern Chinese textbooks now divide words into virtual and real categories, which is the performance of this understanding. Some people think that virtual and real are opposites, and there is a phenomenon between the two opposing concepts. Specifically, there are words that are half empty or half real. Wang Li and Zhang Zhigong once held this view, but Wang Li thought it was half real (adverb) and Zhang Zhigong thought it was half empty; Wang Li thinks it is half empty (referring to pronouns), while Zhang Zhigong thinks it is half real. Of course, we can also think that there is an evolutionary relationship between fiction and fact. Just like big and small, high and low, it gradually evolves from one end to the other. Based on a point in the evolutionary trajectory, the boundaries of size or height can be distinguished. Standards have changed, the big ones can be reduced, and the low ones can be increased. From this point of view, it is considered that there is a trajectory from nouns to auxiliary words, and function words can be defined as needed. If nouns are considered real, non-nouns are empty; If nouns, verbs and adjectives are real, prepositions, conjunctions and auxiliary words are empty, and so on.

It is not based on meaning, but on structure and function, and it is difficult to solve the problem of reality and falsehood. Adverbs are the most difficult to deal with, and many reasons can be given to include them in real words or function words. In fact, its internal situation is very inconsistent, such as modal adverbs "maybe", "don't" and "after all", which do not act as syntactic components and are very close to modal particles; Modal adverbs such as "suddenly", "gradually" and "deliberately" are close to adjectives.

Lv Shuxiang said in "Problems in Chinese Grammar Analysis": "It seems that if we only ponder on the words" virtual "and" real ",there will be no clear conclusion; The difference between virtual and real is not very practical. " He added: "It is the difference between countable parts of speech (also called closed parts of speech) and uncountable parts of speech (also called open parts of speech), which is more useful."

The scope of words in our dictionary is only an enumerable part of speech, aiming at practicality. However, we still use the term function words, one is to follow the custom and the other is to inherit the tradition. Of course, the so-called closed class and open class are not absolutely opposite, and there will inevitably be some phenomena. Quantifiers and modal adverbs belong to this category, and we list them as appendices. If it is true, numerals should also be classified as closed categories. Numbers are infinite, but there are only a dozen. We only received "one", but it is not a numeral, but an adverb. Do not accept numerals, you think it is a class that can read clearly. Of course, some numerals can mean "many", but they are all used in fixed combinations. We might as well say that our vocabulary is a closed part of speech except numerals.

3. Function words and their usage in ancient Chinese graduation thesis, find the research object and references 2), 1, used as a pronoun, often used to refer to people or things or things, equivalent to "he (she), it" and "this".

Generally used as an object after a verb. (1) Never asks questions or answers (The Story of Peach Blossom Garden)-refers to the people in the Peach Blossom Garden, which is equivalent to "them" (2) The snake-wielding god heard about this matter (Gong Yu moved mountains)-refers to Gong Yu moved mountains, which can be translated as "this matter" (3) died after being slaughtered (wolf)-

2, used as an auxiliary word ① used between the attribute and the noun, equivalent to "de" For example, there are two monks in Shu, one is poor and the other is rich. (For Learning) 2 Used between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence, it can be translated as follows: people's aspirations are not as good as humble monks. (for learning) 3 indicates that the verb object is ahead of the sentence, which is a sign of the prepositional object and has no practical significance, such as Confucius: What is it? There is no practical significance in filling syllables in sentences, which can be translated as follows: after a long time, my eyes seem to fade and my mind is idle (wolf). 3. It is used as a verb to translate "to" and "to" ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(Arrive, go) 2. What crime did Song commit? (symbol of prepositional object) 3. Good medical conditions are attributed to not being sick. There is no substantive meaning between subject and predicate. Study from time to time, don't you (Pronouns refer to learned knowledge) (3) Used as conjunctions, conjunctions with words, phrases with phrases, sentences with sentences, indicating the relationship between the two parts, such as juxtaposition, inheritance, turning and modification.

For example, in terms of profound beauty, it is Langya (Zuiweng Pavilion)-and the coordinate relationship Bian Que is looking forward to Huanhou's departure (Bian Que sees Cai Huangong)-just "then", which shows that it is useless to inherit the relationship without thinking. (The Analects of Confucius)-However, the relationship between the table and the mountain is different ("One Mountain in Gong Yu"), which can be translated or not. The table is decorated with one pronoun: generation, generation, generation example: to report to your majesty, as you know, the former emperor called it "a person who can eat meat and take advantage of it". He said that the world was smooth and strange, and he began to refer to differences. He wrote a composition in memory of your majesty's wishes. 2. Auxiliary words: (1) is equivalent to "de" in modern Chinese (the most of this kind): for example, what happened in the palace ended up hurting the height of the poor mountains in the Ming Dynasty, and then it was known that the mountains stood out from the crowd. At four o'clock in the mountains, the mountains and rivers are complacent and I don't know the joy of people. Li Sancheng consolidated the country without tasting the feelings of mountains and rivers, and the grand view of Yueyang Tower was also prepared by predecessors. (2) Used between subject-predicate phrases, it cancels the independence of sentences. The new cold light of the mirror comes from human learning, and I don't know how to get into the sky. (3) Supplementary syllables (this is rare): For example, the public will feel sorry for drums for a long time. Verbs (this kind of junior high school textbook is rare) For example, on the ridge of ploughing, Wu is next to it. 4. Grammatical functions (this kind involves classical Chinese grammar, and junior high school students don't need to master it): For example, he Lou, the temple is high, and he cares about the country and the people. There were two crimes in the Song Dynasty, 65,438+0, pronouns (there are many such crimes): the substitute can also mean that it is equivalent to "that" to show its blame, and the people have heard about its merits and demerits, and its heart has been engraved in Tang Xian's poems. Villagers want their flags to be wiped out, so just read their articles and listen to their comments. He really doesn't know horses. He really doesn't know horses. The preposition 1 can be interpreted as: use, rely on, rely on, rely on, because, take, handle, etc. People who wake up from their dreams tell stories that the world is smooth (with the same, with the same) without rejoicing in things (because) they know that consulting (with the same) will be slightly crowned in the world with the talent of sharing people's feelings (with the same) (with the same). It is not despicable for the emperor to be a minister with contemporary events (with the same) (because) although it is impossible to observe, it must be based on feelings (according to). Conjunction (1) Table Purpose: Take translation as an example, and write a composition to remember the killing. In response to Chen She's article, he will show his glory to the emperor's virtue, his simple reason to his majesty, his reproach to his spirit, and tell his people that the vast world will attack the Song Dynasty. (2) Table results: translated into examples, it hurts the wisdom of the emperor and blocks the road of loyal ministers. Other thoughts (1): Translated into thoughts as examples, or thoughts of death (2) So: A, used to express meaning, for example, this minister is loyal to your majesty because of his duty as an ancient emperor, so he is patient, for example, this late Han is so prosperous, ③ is equivalent to "harmony": if he is drunk, he will lie on the pillow (. What kind of prince would like to have? Yes or no! 2. Prepositions (usually used in sentences): For example, people who care about mountains and rivers and then know that all the articles in the world are gathered here. 3. As a suffix (usually used after adjectives): for example, leisurely and suffocating, swimming with the creator (equivalent to "...") 5. Although 1, even meaning.

For example, although you have the power of thousands of miles, you can't see what it means to kill a minister, but you can't absolutely mean it. For example, Bai's book, although the wind is still strong, although the public loss is ladder six for me, but 1, pronoun: this meaning.

For example, Guangwu was impressed, although the bus board looked like a ladder to me. For example, depressed people are looking forward to it, while deep and beautiful people are good at raising my lofty spirit.

But for example, the minister of guards can't learn anything except seven, or 1. Some people: for example, they are innocent or think they are dead or dead. Sometimes, it's like they are eating or eating a stone or an urgent order from the king. Perhaps, they are 8, 1, prepositions (equivalent to "Bei")

4. Function words commonly used in classical Chinese: An/Er/Er/Fu/Gai/Gu/He/Hu/Or Mo/Nai/Qi/He/Ran/Ruo/Suo/Yan/Ye/Yi/Yin/Yu/Zai/Zhe/Zhi 'an (1) What?

For example, Ann dares to take it lightly! (2) where, what. Pei Hongan is here? And (1) means a turning point, which is equivalent to "however", "but" and "actually".

Example: Green is taken from blue, and green is blue. (2) It means positive relationship, connecting adverbial and head word, which is equivalent to "zhe" and "di", or not translated.

: Exodus: I'm so tired that I'm inches. Those who are stunned and frightened, although they are restless.

Return to the morning and evening. (3) It represents the hypothetical relationship and connects the subject and the predicate, which is equivalent to "if" and "if".

: Exodus People without faith don't know what they can do. You are interested, but you can also expect horses.

(4) indicating juxtaposition is equivalent to "moreover", "you", "harmony" or no translation. Example: sensitive and eager to learn, not ashamed to ask questions.

There are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, some are black and some are white. Crabs kneel six times and pinch twice, and no one sends them unless they are snakes and eels.

(5) indicating inheritance, which is equivalent to "harmony", "harmony", "rigidity" or no translation. Example: Follow the chosen ones and change the bad ones.

The more I listen to it, the more sad it becomes. (6) Say "er", you, yours.

Example: Weng returns. Er (1) is the same as "ear", that's all.

Exodus: No one else, but he is familiar with his hands. (2) you, yours; You, yours.

Example: Er 'an dares to act rashly! I'm tired of cooking a taro now. No hunting, no hunting. Is there a county in Hu Zhaner's court? You are carrying three arrows.

(3) that. Exodus I have been here for twenty years.

(Second: Since then. ) (4) as an auxiliary word.

Example: ① I didn't wait long at first, ② Hur, but with ③ Luz, I said ④ drum, clang, social instrument, made this, and so on. Exodus: So is your concubine.

What can you do? The heart is far from being self-centered. The symbol (1) is used at the beginning of a sentence as a language aid to indicate that a discussion will be held.

Exodus: Although the dispute between husband and law popularization is a thing of the past, it is a matter of faith and evidence. It takes courage to fight.

The husband humiliated his ministers with the power of the king of Qin, such as the imperial court. If you are close, you will have many tourists.

(2) this and that. Example: it's not a lady's thing, it's a fake.

Let the husband see the wind and the man get it. Guanfu Baling wins in Dongting Lake.

(3) As a language aid, put it at the end of the sentence to express the sigh tone. Example: husband! Is it to taste the heart of the ancient benevolent, or to do something different? Cover (1) connects the preceding sentences or paragraphs to indicate the reason.

Example: cover to lure the enemy. (This means "original". )

It is also covered by the village wall. One-year-old criminals, two have died.

Gai Zhui's special encounter with the late emperor. ⑤ The cover voice is absurd.

(g) It means "probably due to". ) Gai sighed at Li Yuan's simplicity and laughed at Rip's ugliness.

(2) about, about. For example, Sri Lanka has both.

G: It means "probably" here. ) Covers five or six hundred people.

Many people start well, but few people stop. (3) send a message.

For example, scholars argue about name and reality. (4) beyond, beyond.

Exodus: There are many talented people, chinese odyssey. (5) pass "damn", why.

Exodus: So far? (g: This can be translated as "How". (6) preach "damn it", why not?

Example: cover is also its original antonym. (also: here are the auxiliary words used to strengthen the rhetorical mood. )

Therefore (1) reason, reason. The horse died for no reason.

Originally, originally. Exodus: Two wolves drive together as before.

This thing is not made in the west.

(3) old. Example: ① Review the past and learn the new.

It is the same to take the old law as the country. Jun 'an has something to do with Xiang Bo? (So, this refers to long-standing friendship. )

The sun went down, so the color changed. (therefore: it means aging here. )

West of the old base. (So, this time has an ancient meaning. )

Wandering in the old country. (Old country: old place, here refers to the ancient battlefield of Chibi. )

Huiwen and Wu are all time-honored brands. (karma: this refers to the inheritance of the original ancestors. )

(4) intentionally. Example: Huan Hou made people ask.

Therefore, people who will keep the customs should be prepared for him to steal in and out. 5] So, therefore.

Therefore, I tasted General Song. I regard it as chaos and look at its flag, so I chase it.

[6] Deliberately.

Ex: I want to die because my words are too broad. If you can't install it well, don't blame ghosts and gods A standstill.

Exodus: Tired officials don't lose counties. It's too late to tame five horses in three days, my Lord.

(Old friend) refers to the ex-husband, except knowing that he is an old friend. (story) precedent, precedent.

For example, the story of destruction from the six countries is just below the six countries. What (1) what.

Example: Where does the son depend? Why did Chang entrust himself to Zhao when the landslide broke out? (2) how about it. Example: How about Taihang and Wu Wang? What are things like dirt and stones? (3) where.

Exodus: What's the point? What's the point? (where to go: where to go. ) My wife and my son? There is not a trace of sadness on their faces. ? What does Yuzhou want today? (4) how.

Where there is water, there are mountains and islands. I am lucky to have you, so why not have today's China! 5] Why?

Exodus: What's the point of trying to seek the mercy of the ancients, or both? What does it matter if people who eat meat look for it? Why didn't Anlingjun listen to me? [6] What? For example, how can you be rich if you are a servant? How did Gong Xucan contact you? How about "He Ru"? How about it.

Exodus: What happened to the South China Sea I longed for? What happened today? What do you call the emperor? Learn from a painful experience, what is pain! Come on, what about you? What about "He Nai"? Exodus: He Naitai is just a toy! What are the benefits of "He Jia"?

Example: Ten thousand minutes is nothing to me! How "how". Exodus: What a failure! Almost (1) means interrogative tone, which is equivalent to "mom" and "you".

Exodus: Are things difficult to do in the world? This is not small for people far away, but big for people near. (2) It means rhetorical tone, which is equivalent to "mom" and "you". Example: Who is Zhihu? Isn't it a pleasant thing to persevere and work hard? What kind of prince would like to have? Isn't it confusing to ask for a sword? ③ Adjective suffix, sometimes equivalent to "land".

Exodus: Suddenly, I took this line as a measure of my mood, which is equivalent to "ba". Example: Did you drink well during the eclipse? What makes saints holy and fools stupid? 5] with "in".

Example: clamoring for something, running north and south. Although this is the death, it is later than my neighbor's death.

I doubt it. (Almost: Right. )

The meaning of drunkenness is not wine, but also between mountains and rivers. (6) Expressing sigh tone, which is equivalent to "ah" and "ya".

Example: ouch! Who knows that Fu Lian's poison is very snake! God, people, but already! (7) The tone of discussion is equivalent to "horse" and "handle". Example: If you die today, you will die if you plan a big event. If you wait to die, how can you die? Or (1) some people, some people.

For example: or ask for it with money. Or kill the tiger and chop up jiaozi.

Or: "The six countries mourn each other, so they pay tribute to Qin?" (2) Sometimes. For example.