Outline of history and society review in the first volume of the first day of junior high school

Organize the seventh grade history knowledge

The order of dynasties in China history: Xia Shang Zhou-Qin Han-Wei Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties (please remember the establishment time, capital and founding monarch of Xia Shang, Western Zhou, Eastern Zhou, Qin, Western Han, Eastern Han, Three Kingdoms, Western Jin and Eastern Jin).

Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Qin, Western Han and Eastern Han Dynasties

Wei, Western Jin, Sixteen States, Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Northern Qi, Sui

Western Wei Dynasty and Northern Zhou Dynasty

Shuni virus

Chen Liang in the Eastern Jin and Song Dynasties

A country in the Zhou dynasty

Unit 1 The Origin of China Civilization

The ancient inhabitants of China

1. Humans evolved from apes. Yuanmou man is the earliest known human being in China, and whether he can make tools is the fundamental difference between human and animals.

China has discovered the largest number of ancient human sites in the world.

3. "Theory of Three Represents" theory is a map of ancient residents;

Ancient residents discovered this place from then on.

Yuanmou people lived in Yuanmou County, Yunnan Province about 6.5438+0.7 million years ago.

Beijingers lived in Zhoukoudian in southwest Beijing about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago.

Neanderthal is a cave located at the top of Gulong Mountain in Zhoukoudian, southwest of Beijing, about 30,000 years ago.

4. Progress chart of comparison between cavemen and Beijingers:

The physique, shape, tools, fire concept and social organization of ancient residents

Peking man kept some features of 700,000-200,000 years ago, and made rough stone tools with natural fire.

Neanderthals are about 30 thousand years ago, and their appearance is basically the same as that of modern people. He mastered polishing and drilling techniques to make artificial fires.

Know how to love beauty and bury blood-related clans after death.

Lesson 2 primitive farming life

1. China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet.

Hemudu residents can make pottery, simple jade and primitive musical instruments. Banpo residents can make painted pottery, and the symbols on it are the embryonic form of Chinese characters. I can spin, weave and make clothes.

3. The time since Dawenkou residents was about four or five thousand years ago; Venue: Dawenkou, Shandong; Black pottery and white pottery appear; In the later period, due to the development of social productive forces, private property and polarization between the rich and the poor appeared.

4. Two representatives of primitive farming life in China:

Primitive people have since discovered places of production, activities, tools and houses.

The original inhabitants of Hemudu lived about 7000 years ago. Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province, grows rice, raises pigs, dogs, cattle and sheep in the Yangtze River valley.

Gravel made of bone has been used to polish stone fence houses.

About five or six thousand years ago, the original inhabitants of Banpo planted millet and vegetables and raised pigs and dogs in banpo village, near Xi, Shaanxi. Semi-basement houses made of ground stone tools are widely used for fishing and hunting.

Lesson 3 China's ancestors

1. Why do Chinese people often proudly call themselves "descendants of the Chinese people"?

A. Yan Di and Huangdi are the ancestors of the Chinese nation: Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu and formed an alliance from then on. After a long period of development, the future Huaxia nation was formed. Huaxia nationality is the predecessor of the Han nationality and the backbone of the Chinese nation.

Yan Di and the Yellow Emperor made outstanding contributions to China civilization.

2. "The ancestor of mankind" is _ Huangdi; _ Cang Xie _ invented writing.

3. After the Yellow Emperor, the outstanding leaders of the Yellow River Basin in China were Yao _, _ _ Shun _ and _ Yu _. _ Yu _ water control;

4. Concession system: During the period of Yao, Shun and Yu, the method of democratic election of tribal alliance leaders was called "concession system".

The first slavery dynasty in Chinese history was Xia Dynasty, which was founded by Yu in about 2070 BC. The establishment of Xia Dynasty marked the end of primitive society and the formation of slave society.

Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social change

Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

1, the replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties

The establishment of dynasties, the time of death, the capital, the founding monarch and the king of the country.

Xia Dynasty, about 2070 BC, about 65438 BC+0600 BC, Yucheng Yujie.

From 65438 BC to 1046 BC, the Shang Dynasty moved its capital many times, and Pan Geng moved its capital to Tang Yin.

65438 BC+0046 BC 7765438 BC+0 BC Haojiang, Zhou Youwang, Zhou Wuwang.

Eastern Zhou Dynasty 770 BC 22 1 year Luoyi Zhou Pingwang Zhou Nanwang

2. Why did Shang Tang destroy the summer and cut the week?

A. Xia Jie and the brutal rule of Shang and Zhou Dynasties B. Tang won the hearts of the people C. Tang appointed sage D. to unite with other small countries

3. Qi inherited his father's business and became the second generation king of Xia Dynasty. Since then, the hereditary system has replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" has become the "home world".

4. The Xia Dynasty set up various state institutions (including government agencies, military, criminal law and prisons) as tools for slave owners to oppress civilians and slaves.

5. The enfeoffment system in the Western Zhou Dynasty

(1) The purpose of enfeoffment is to consolidate the rule.

(2) The enfeoffment system includes two aspects: ① The emperor distributed the land and people to relatives and heroes and made them princes. (2) Duties of princes: obey the orders of the Emperor of Zhou; Pay tribute to the emperor; Defend the territory in peacetime and lead troops to fight against the emperor in wartime.

(3) The significance of the enfeoffment system: the remote areas were developed, the rule was strengthened, and the Western Zhou Dynasty became a powerful country.

6. Social stratum in the Western Zhou Dynasty: Zhou Tianzi → vassal → Qing Dafu → scholar → cloth → slave.

Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization

1, bronzes appeared at the end of primitive society; The growth period is the glorious period of Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty. The largest bronze ware discovered so far is Simu Wuding; The unique shape is the statue of Siyang Square; At the same time as Shang and Zhou Dynasties, a bronze culture, Sanxingdui Culture, prevailed in Chengdu Plain in Southwest China. Representative items are bronze masks, bronze statues and bronze sacred trees. China is the first country to invent ceramics in the world.

2. The characteristics of bronze casting in Shang and Zhou Dynasties: large scale, many varieties, fine craftsmanship and wide distribution.

3. The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce has formed a splendid bronze civilization in China's Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties.

4. The miserable life of slaves: A. Without personal freedom, they can transfer and buy and sell at will. B, human sacrifice: every time the Shang slave owners sacrificed their ancestors, they slaughtered a large number of slaves as sacrifices. C. martyrdom: after the death of the slave owner, the slave will be killed or buried alive as a sacrifice.

Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period

1. In 770 BC, Zhou Ping moved eastward to Luoyi, which was called "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. During the Spring and Autumn Period from 770 BC to 476 BC, the slave society in China disintegrated. During the Warring States Period, from 475 BC to 22 1 _ BC, the feudal society in China was formed.

2. Spring and Autumn Hegemony

(1) The purpose of the warlord's hegemony is to force all countries to recognize his leading position and become the "overlord". Five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, Gou Jian, King of Yue, and Fu Cha, King of Wu. The first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period was Qi Huangong _. The first overlord of the Central Plains was Jin Wengong. The war that decided Jin Wengong to become the first hegemon in the Central Plains was: the Battle of Chengpu.

(2) What are the reasons why Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong became the hegemons? ① Premise: the decline of the royal family ② Strength: Qi Jin became strong rapidly by developing production, training the army and rectifying internal affairs. 3 prestige: establish prestige through "respecting the king and resisting foreign countries" or war.

(3) The influence of hegemonic war: A. It brings all kinds of disasters to society; B In the war for hegemony, some vassal states were completely annihilated, and some countries with vast territory appeared.

3. Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period

(1) In the early years of the Warring States, Zhao, _ Wei and _ Han were divided into Jin, and the seven heroes of the Warring States were Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han.

(2) the purpose of the war: the nature of the unified war: the Spring and Autumn Period-the war for hegemony; Warring States period-annexation war

(3) Three famous battles:

Guiling Wei (played by Pang Juan) VS Qi (played by Sun Bin): the battle to save Zhao from Wei.

Ma Lingwei (Pang Juan) VS Qi (Sun Bin) Battle to Reduce the Fire.

In the battle of Changping, Qin VS Zhao Zhao was defeated, and 400,000 troops were killed. Since then, the six eastern countries have been unable to resist Qin Jun's attack.

Lesson 7 the era of great change

The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is a great change in the history of China, which is reflected in:

First of all, economically

1. Iron farm tools and the popularization of Niu Geng: In the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools began to appear in China. By the Warring States period, the use of iron farm tools was expanded, which marked a significant improvement in productivity. Niu Geng was used in China in the late Spring and Autumn Period and was further popularized in the Warring States Period. Niu Geng is a revolution in the history of agricultural development in China. With the popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng, the land utilization rate and crop yield have been significantly improved.

2. The famous Dujiangyan:

① Designer and builder: Li Bing, prefect of Shu County, Qin State.

② Location: Minjiang River

Significance: Dujiangyan eliminated the flood of Minjiang River and irrigated a large area of farmland, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".

Second, politically-Shang Yang's political reform.

① Time: 356 BC

② Character: Shang Yang carried out political reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.

Objective: To establish feudal rule, develop feudal economy and be invincible in hegemony.

④ Content and influence:

content

affect

Reward farming

Reward production (people who produce more grain and cloth can avoid corvee) economic development and the country is rich. In short, Shang Yang's reform established a feudal system, which made Qin the most prosperous country in the late Warring States period and laid the foundation for Qin to unify the whole country.

Reward military service (according to the size of military service, confer the title of Hotan Prefecture, and abolish the privileges of the old aristocrats who refused to perform military service). The combat effectiveness of the army is enhanced and the soldiers are strong.

Recognize private ownership of land, allow free trading and establish feudal land ownership.

Establish a county system: the monarch directly sends officials to govern and strengthen centralization

During the Warring States period, countries established feudal system through political reform. The rule of the landlord class replaced the aristocratic rule of the slave owners, and the contradiction between the landlord class and the peasant class became the main contradiction in society. China's feudal society was formed.

Lesson 8 and Lesson 9 The Prosperity of China Culture

First, the evolution of the text

Time, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, Late Western Zhou Dynasty, Warring States Period

Oracle Bone Inscriptions Copper Seal Bamboo Slips and Silk Books

Materials tortoise shell, animal bones, bronze bamboo slips, silks.

China has a history of textual research, starting from Shang Dynasty.

Two. Achievements in astronomy, calendar, medicine and literature

The earliest solar eclipse recorded in astronomical ancient books took place in the Xia Dynasty.

There are many records about solar and lunar eclipses in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, which are very reliable by modern scientists.

Calendar (1) Today's lunar calendar, also known as the "summer calendar", is said to have originated in the Xia Dynasty.

(2) A year in Shang Dynasty is divided into 12 months, 30 days in big month, 29 days in small month and one month in leap year.

③ During the Warring States Period, 24 solar terms were measured in one year.

Bian Que, a famous doctor of medicine, has always been used by Chinese medicine.

Literature Qu Yuan and his masterpiece Li Sao, the World Peace Council designated Qu Yuan as a world cultural celebrity.

The music "Bell and Drum Music" prevailed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The most famous is the chime unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province.

Third, a hundred schools of thought contended during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Ideological Content of Representative Works in School Period

The political thought of Confucian Analects in the Spring and Autumn Period-Benevolence, Love and Rule by Virtue.

Educational thought: teach students in accordance with their aptitude, be modest and eager to learn, and learn new things by reviewing old ones.

Mencius in the Warring States Period ruled the country with benevolent government, ignoring the thin fu.

Everything in Laozi's Tao Te Ching in the Taoist Spring and Autumn Period is antagonistic, and the opposing sides can be transformed into each other.

Zhuangzi's "Zhuangzi" in the Warring States Period ruled by nature.

Mozi's "universal love" in the Warring States period: I hope people can help each other and love each other.

"Non-aggression": Oppose the war of aggression and support the just war.

Legalist Han Feizi advocated reform in Han Feizi; Advocate the rule of law; Put forward the establishment of a feudal country with absolute monarchy and centralization.

Sun Tzu's art of war, a strategist "know yourself and know yourself, and you won't be defeated."

Unit 3 the establishment of a unified country

Lesson 10 "The King of Qin swept Liuhe"

First, the unification of the Qin Dynasty.

Unified time: 22 BC1

Capital: Xianyang

Founding Emperor: Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng.

Significance: It ended hundreds of years of separatist regimes and infighting since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, created a new unified situation, and established the first unified centralized feudal country in the history of China. Since then, reunification has been the mainstream of China's historical development.

Second, measures to consolidate reunification.

Impact of measures

Politics creates authoritarian centralization (the central government has a prime minister _ Qiu _ and an imperial envoy _; Local county system)

It has been used in China for more than 2,000 years, which has had a far-reaching impact on the history of China.

Economically unified currency (half penny) and weights and measures have great influence on promoting economic and cultural exchanges and safeguarding national unity.

Cultural unified characters (seal script, official script)

Burning books to bury Confucianism destroys culture and limits people's thinking.

The Qin Dynasty, which built the Great Wall in the north and exploited southern Xinjiang militarily, has a vast territory and became the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in the history of China.

Third, the materials are "divided into 36 counties in the world, guarding, guarding, collecting soldiers from all over the world, gathering in Xianyang, unifying statutes, rulers, cars on the same track, and books on the same track."

1) Who implemented the above quotation? What measures have been taken?

A: It was carried out by Qin Shihuang. The main measures are: county system, unified measurement, writing and currency.

2) What is the purpose and function of implementing the above measures?

A: The purpose is to strengthen centralization; Its function is: to consolidate unity and economic and cultural exchanges between different places.

Lesson 1 1 "Killing Qin without virtue"

First, the tyranny of the Qin Dynasty: ① hard servitude; ② heavy taxes; ③ harsh criminal law.

The tyranny of the Qin dynasty seriously damaged the social economy, increased the burden and pain of the people, and aroused the people's resistance.

Second, Chen Guang Uprising

Time: 209 BC

Uprising place: osawa Township.

What happened: ① In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Guangwu revolted in Daze Township. (2) The insurgents established the Zhang Chu regime in Chen Jianli, and Chen Sheng became king. (3) the insurgents hit near Xianyang and grew to hundreds of thousands of people. (4) Because of Qin Jun's strength, the uprising was suppressed, and Chen Sheng and Guangwu were killed by his men.

Significance: The first large-scale peasant uprising in China's history, and their revolutionary pioneering spirit inspired millions of working people in later generations to rise up against brutal rule.

Third, the peasant rebels overthrew the Qin Dynasty.

Xiang Yu: The Battle of Julu in 207 BC defeated Qin Jun's main force.

Liu Bang: In 207 BC, the rulers of the Qin Dynasty surrendered to Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty perished.

Chu-Han Controversy (Western Chu overlord Xiang Yu VS Hanwang Liu Bang): the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty

Time: 202 BC Capital: Chang 'an Founding Emperor: Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang

Unified Han dynasty

First, the rule of Wen Jing

1, reason

① Situation in the early Han Dynasty: economic depression and ethnic poverty.

(2) Summarize the lessons of Qin Dynasty's death from tyranny.

2. Measures

(1) Pay attention to the development of agricultural production and reduce the burden on the people.

(2) advocate saving.

During the reign of Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi, the society was relatively stable, the people were rich and the country was prosperous. Historically, the rule of this period was called "the rule of culture and scenery".

Second, the unification of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty

Impact of background measures

In the vassal states of political enfeoffment in the early Han Dynasty, quite a few forces still issued "favor orders" to weaken the feudal forces. The client countries can no longer confront the central authorities.

think

economy

Various factions in the military hundred schools are still very active. They criticized the emperor's policies and accused the central authorities, which was very unfavorable to centralization.

On the basis of "the rule of culture and scenery", there has been economic prosperity.

The Huns went south every year, threatening the lives of the people in the Yellow River basin "to oust hundreds of schools and respect Confucianism alone";

The Five Classics of Confucianism is the main textbook of imperial academy.

The local coinage right and the management right of salt and iron were returned to the central government.

Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked the Huns three times (-1 19, the battle of Mobei), and Confucianism became the orthodox thought of feudal culture.

It curbed the profiteering of big businessmen and greatly increased the revenue of the central government.

The Huns could no longer compete with the Western Han Dynasty, and some Huns began to move westward.

During the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, the Western Han Dynasty achieved great unity in politics, economy, military affairs and ideology, and began to enter its heyday.

Third, the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Founded in 25 AD.

Capital: Luoyang

Founding Emperor: Emperor Guangwu Liu Xiu

After the mid-Eastern Han Dynasty, consorts and eunuchs took power alternately, and politics was very dark. The Yellow Scarf Uprising broke out at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the Eastern Han regime existed in name only.

Economic development in Han dynasty

1. The Han emperor who ordered the harnessing of the Yellow River and personally visited the river harnessing site was Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Emperor Han Ming ordered Wang Jing, a water conservancy expert, to preside over the regulation of the Yellow River.

2. The plows in the Western Han Dynasty have been equipped with plow walls which are convenient for turning over the soil, thus improving the farming efficiency. This is earlier than Europe 1000 years. In the Western Han Dynasty, the new sowing tool was the wheel, which greatly accelerated the sowing speed.

Jacquard machine has been used for silk fabrics in Han dynasty, and the dyeing technology is also very high, which can weave exquisite patterns.

4. The water platoon invented by Du Fu, the prefect of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, used hydraulic blasting.

5. Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty, and Luoyang, the capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty, are large-scale and are called East and West Beijing. In the Han Dynasty, Chang 'an had a special business district called "City".

The Rise of Xiongnu and Its Peace War with Han Dynasty

A, modu chanyu unified Mongolian grassland

1, Huns' living customs: living a nomadic life and migrating by weeds.

2. Maodun unified Mongolian grassland for the first time.

3. The development of Xiongnu production (the prosperity of animal husbandry; In their contacts with the Central Plains, some Huns learned from the Han nationality and began to cultivate fields and crops.

Second, the Huns and the Peace War of the Han Dynasty

The time was in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty (and) the period of Emperor Wu (war) and the period of Yuan Di (and)

The situation of economic depression and national poverty was ruled by Wenjing, and the Huns split with strong national strength, among which Uhaanyehe surrendered to the Han Dynasty.

Policy and affinity: treat the imperial daughter as a princess, marry the Huns far away, and give a lot of food and textiles every year. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing attacked Xiongnu (Mobei War), and Zhaojun went out to the fortress.

As a result, tarquin sent troops south every year, and pro-Xiongnu did not fundamentally solve the threat of Mobei War. Xiongnu suffered heavy losses and could no longer confront the Western Han Dynasty. It has made great contributions to the friendly coexistence and cultural exchanges between China and Hungary.

Hantong Western Regions and the Silk Road

First, Zhang Qian is connected with the Western Regions.

1. Western Regions: west of Yumenguan and Yangguan in Gansu, now Xinjiang and beyond.

2. Zhang Qian's first mission to the Western Regions.

Time: BC 138.

Task: Contact the Yue family and attack the Huns.

Significance: I learned about the experience of the western regions and their desire to communicate with the Han Dynasty.

3. Zhang Qian's second mission to the Western Regions.

Time: 65438 BC

Mission: To conduct friendly political and economic exchanges with countries in the Western Regions.

4. Establishment of the Western Regions.

Time: 60 BC

Significance: Since then, Xinjiang has been under the jurisdiction of the central government and has become an inseparable part of China.

Second, the Silk Road.

1, Silk Road on Land

China's silk and silk products were transported from Chang 'an through Hexi Corridor to today's Xinjiang, then to West Asia and then to Europe, and the treasures of western countries were imported into China.

2. Maritime Silk Road

The Maritime Silk Road starts from the ports along the coast of Guangdong, passes through the Straits of Malacca, leads to the coast of the Bay of Bengal, and reaches the southern tip of the Indian Peninsula and Sri Lanka Island as far as possible.

Third, Ban Chao manages the Western Regions.

1, sent Gan Ying to Daqin to reach the Persian Gulf coast.

2. 166, Daqin sent envoys to visit Luoyang, which was the first direct contact between European countries and China.

Prosperous Qin and Han culture (1)

First, the invention of paper and the improvement of papermaking in Cai Lun

1. The invention of paper (time: early Western Han Dynasty)

2. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking (Cai Hou Paper).

3. The spread of papermaking

Second, the Nine Chapters Arithmetic and the Seismograph.

1, Chapter 9 Arithmetic: Written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, summarizing the mathematical achievements from the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period to the Eastern Han Dynasty.

2. The seismograph invented by Zhang Heng (recognized as the earliest seismic instrument in the world)

Third, there are many famous doctors.

1, Hua Tuo (imperial doctor): Mafeisan and medical gymnastics Wuqinxi

2. Zhang Zhongjing (medical sage): Treatise on Febrile Diseases comprehensively expounded the theory and treatment principles of traditional Chinese medicine.

The Prosperous Culture of Qin and Han Dynasties (2)

First, the introduction of Buddhism and the rise of Taoism

1, Introduction to Buddhism

(1) originated in ancient India.

② It was introduced into the Central Plains of China at the end of the Western Han Dynasty.

(3) When Emperor Hanming was in the East, he built the first Buddhist temple in China-Baima Temple.

(4) Doctrine: After death, people can be reincarnated in the afterlife, people can suffer hardships in this life, and if they truly believe in Buddhism, they can be happy in the afterlife.

2. The rise of Taoism

Taoism is a native religion.

(2) Founder: Zhang Ling, honorably addressing Laozi as the leader and calling him "Grandpa".

③ It rose among the people in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

(4) Doctrine: advocating self-cultivation and refining Dan medicine in order to live forever.

The three major religions in the world refer to Christianity, Buddhism and Islam.

4. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Wang Chong was a famous materialist thinker in China, and he wrote On Balance.

Second, Sima Qian and Historical Records

Lu Xun's evaluation of Records of the Historian: Historian's swan song and Li Sao without rhyme.

(1) Historical achievements: ① It is the first biography of China; (2) become a model of later biographical history books.

(2) Literary achievements: It is an excellent literary work with concise words, vivid language and vivid characters.

(3) Historical Records compiled by Sima Qian is the first biographical general history of China. It describes the historical events from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty.

Third, the Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses that sensationalized the world: known as the eighth wonder of the world. Represented the artistic level of sculpture in Qin and Han Dynasties.

Unit 4 Separation of Political Power and Integration of the State

The three countries stand upright.

First, the battle of Guandu

Situation: At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the warlord regime and production were severely damaged.

Time: 200 AD

Fighting sides: Yuan Shao VS Cao Cao.

Strength comparison; 65438+ 100000 30000 or 40000

Results: Cao Cao defeated Yuan Jun with less, which laid the foundation for Cao Cao to unify the north.

Second, Battle of Red Cliffs

Situation: Cao Cao basically unified the north and wanted to unify the whole country; Liu Bei and Sun Quan developed their influence in the south.

Time: 208 AD

The warring parties: Cao Cao VS Sun Liu Lianjun

Strength comparison: 65438+100000 yuan, 30000 yuan, 40000 yuan.

Results: Sun and Liu joined hands to win more with less, which laid the foundation for the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

Third, the formation of the tripartite confrontation among the three countries.

Title, time, capital, founding monarch

Wei proclaimed himself Cao Pi in Luoyang in 220.

22 1 year, Han proclaimed himself Liu Bei of Chengdu.

In 222, Wu Zhao was named Sun Quan.

Fourth, the economic development of the three countries

Guo Wei: many water conservancy projects have been built, and the production in the north has been restored and developed;

Shu State: Silk industry prospers, and Shu brocade is marketed in the three countries;

Wu: The shipbuilding industry is developed. Wu's fleet arrived in Yizhou (now Taiwan Province Province), which strengthened the connection between the mainland and Taiwan Province Province.

The development of Jiangnan area

First, the rise and fall of the Western Jin Dynasty and the ethnic groups moving inward

1, the unification of the Western Jin Dynasty

1 Wei mieshu;

② In 265, the Western Jin Dynasty replaced Wei;

Founding Emperor: Sima Yan.

Capital: Luoyang

(3) In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty wiped out Wu and achieved reunification.

2. Ethnic groups: Wuhu: Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiejie, Di and Qiang.

3. The demise of the Western Jin Dynasty

① Reason: The ruling group was decadent, and the royal family in the Western Jin Dynasty competed for the throne for more than ten years, which exhausted the national strength of the Western Jin Dynasty.

(2) The bureaucratic landlords in the Western Jin Dynasty brutally oppressed the ethnic minorities who moved inward and aroused their resistance.

In 3 16 AD, an inward-moving armed force of Xiongnu perished in the Western Jin Dynasty.

Second, in the water war.

1, situation:

① South: Si Marui rebuilt the Jin Dynasty, with its capital in Jiankang, which was called "Eastern Jin Dynasty" in history.

② North: The pre-Qin regime established by Adi Fu Jian was strong and unified the Yellow River basin.

2. Time: 383 AD

3. both sides of the battle: former Qin VS eastern Jin.

Strength comparison: 808,000

4. Result: The Eastern Jin Dynasty defeated the former Qin Dynasty with fewer victories. The former Qin Dynasty collapsed, and the northern region once again fell into a state of separatist melee. The Eastern Jin Dynasty achieved temporary stability and provided favorable conditions for economic development.

Third, the economic development of Jiangnan.

1, the reasons for the economic development of Jiangnan:

(1) Jiangnan area has superior conditions for developing agriculture.

(2) The migration of population to the south has brought labor and advanced production technology.

(3) There are few wars in Jiangnan and the society is relatively stable. (4) the hard work of the working people in the North and the South.

Performance:

A lot of wasteland has been reclaimed into farmland.

② Many water conservancy projects have been built.

③ Agricultural technology progress: using green manure and popularizing Niu Geng and manure.

④ Wheat extends to the south of the Yangtze River.

3. Impact: It has had a far-reaching impact on the silence of China and laid the foundation for the gradual shift of the economic center of gravity to the south.

Lesson 20 Great Integration of Northern Nationalities

1. Unifying the North: In 439, the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Xianbei people unified the Yellow River Basin.

Second, national integration.

1. People of all ethnic groups in the Yellow River Valley have lived together for a long time, and have frequent daily contacts, influencing each other in production technology and living customs, and gradually merging.

2. The reform of Emperor Xiaowen in the Northern Wei Dynasty

Move the capital to Luoyang to better learn and accept the advanced culture of the Han nationality.

Sinicization policy: 1) The imperial court must use Chinese, and Xianbei language is forbidden; 2) Officials and their families must wear Hanfu; 3) Xianbei changed its surname to Han nationality, and the royal family changed its surname from Tuoba to Yuan; 4) Encourage Xianbei people to intermarry with Han aristocrats; 5) Adopting the official system and laws of the Han nationality; 6) Learn Han etiquette, respect Confucius, govern the country with filial piety, and advocate the atmosphere of respecting the elderly. These measures of Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty promoted national integration.

Lesson 265438 +0 and Lesson 22: Culture of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

Contribution of representative works of different dynasties.

Mathematics in the Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi's Composition calculated the value of pi to the seventh place after the decimal point for the first time in the world, one thousand years earlier than the world.

Jia Sixie's Book of Qi Yao Min is the first complete agricultural science work in China.

Geography During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics focused on recording the waterway system. Comprehensive geography monograph.

The calligraphy and painting of the words written by Wang Xizhi in the Preface to Lanting in the Eastern Jin Dynasty are either beautiful and fresh, or "floating like a cloud and agile as a dragon". Preface to Lanting has the reputation of "the best running script in the world", and Wang Xizhi is called "the sage of books" by later generations.

The Eastern Jin Dynasty painted Gu Kaizhi's Proverbs of Women's History and Luoshen Fu Tu.

The Grottoes Art of Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province in the Northern Dynasties

Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province

1. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, calligraphy gradually became an art. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the font of calligraphy changed from seal script and official script to regular script, and cursive script and running script gradually became popular.

2. Wang Xizhi, a master of calligraphy in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, has the reputation of "floating like a cloud, dexterous like a dragon".