What has promoted European integration?

What are the factors that restrict the process of European integration?

The Maastricht Treaty adopted in 199 1 stipulates that the goal is to build the European Union, which is basically an economic group at present, into a powerful economic and political entity with economic, political and military strength. In view of the fact that all EU member states are independent countries, it is hard to realize this goal and meet the challenges from all sides.

First, when regional integration develops to a certain stage, it is inevitable that state functions and powers will be transferred to integrated organizations. Some member countries want to enjoy the benefits of integration, but they are unwilling to give up their rights and interests. The imbalance in the distribution of power and interests within the European Union and the differences in political, economic and policy objectives and measures among countries have become major challenges in deepening institutional, policy and structural reforms.

Secondly, the current EU enlargement is also a severe challenge to European integration. With the great political and economic benefits brought by European integration to member countries, the number of countries requesting to join the EU has increased, which is in line with the trend of European integration and the interests of all countries. However, the political and economic conditions of countries applying to join the EU are not fully adapted to the conditions of the EU. Whether expanding eastward or southward, the order of absorbing new members and the need to reform and adjust internal systems and policies due to expansion often become internal quarrels.

Third, the development of integration will directly affect the Atlantic alliance. The strengthening of European political and economic power and the development of political independence will inevitably form a situation that is unfavorable to the United States. Recently, European countries have different opinions with the United States on the national missile defense system and the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol, which shows the differences and contradictions between Europe and the United States. How to coordinate the relationship between Europe and America will be another major challenge for Europe in the 2 1 century.

4. Building a new security structure in Europe remains a challenge for the EU. For many years, Europe has been eager to establish independent defense and play a major role in maintaining European stability and security. However, at present, the EU does not have sufficient military means and necessary combat capability to maintain regional security. European integration is a double-edged sword. From the positive impact, it can realize the optimal allocation of various resources economically, promote economic development, help create an environment of mutual trust and cooperation, promote peace in Europe and the world, and promote the development of world multipolarization. But its negative effects are also obvious. First of all, the higher the degree of European integration, the more protectionist and exclusive it may be. Secondly, the development of the integration process will inevitably lead to more intense internal and external competition, which will make some countries in some regions in an unfavorable or "marginalized" position under the impact of external forces. Third, some big countries can rely on integration organizations to compete for spheres of influence and economic dominance in the world, which has become a global unstable factor.

But on the whole, European integration promotes union, which is conducive to establishing a relatively balanced pattern in Europe, restraining some unstable factors, breaking the situation of "one hegemony and one hegemony" in the United States and promoting the development of the world in the direction of multipolarization. However, European integration is not achieved overnight, but a long-term, tortuous, contradictory, coordinated, competitive and cooperative process.

What are the problems in EU integration?

The economic integration of the European Union has suffered a major setback.

On March 25th, the heads of 27 EU countries held a summit in Brussels. On the issue of aid to Greece, although there are still differences between Germany and France, a framework plan agreement for aid to Greece was finally reached through compromise. The framework plan decided that the EU would help Greece and invited the International Monetary Fund to play an important role in it.

This framework plan has two meanings. First, it has a positive effect on Greece. Greece has finally waited for a paper aid commitment, and can use "preferential interest rates to encourage Greece to return to the market as soon as possible" for financing. The Greek crisis has temporarily eased for at least a few months to a year. Second, it has a negative impact on the euro zone. Because this aid framework invites the participation of forces outside the euro zone and the European Union, it shows that neither the EU nor the euro zone can fully rely on it, thus wasting the centripetal force of the euro zone. Therefore, before the final agreement was reached at the EU summit, France refused to participate in the IMF, fearing that it would damage the credibility of the euro zone and the EU. Only at Germany's insistence did it agree to let the International Monetary Fund play an important role in aid.

The two levels of this framework are actually opposite, and its long-term significance to the EU and the euro zone is even more negative, so the market reaction proves this. After the announcement of the EU summit agreement, the euro immediately broke its position and fell, hitting a new low of 10 month in the foreign exchange market. Later, only after European Central Bank President Jean-Claude Trichet issued a statement denying that it was a bad thing to criticize the IMF's participation in financing Greece, and that the EU and IMF's assistance to Greece was a "feasible solution", the euro was able to rebound in a short time.

Although the aid plan of the EU summit will help to alleviate the crisis situation in Greece in the short term, it may help Greece to raise funds at a relatively low cost to some extent, but it will not help solve the fundamental problems in Greece. Because Greece needs to raise more than 50 billion euros to repay the debt of 20 10, including 20 billion euros in April and May. The EU-IMF version of the aid framework plan reached at the EU summit in the future, with a loan amount of about 23 billion euros, can only solve Greece's urgent needs. Greece's total debt is about 280 billion euros, and the reluctant toothpaste-like aid commitment of EU countries is still a drop in the bucket for Greece's long-term debt problem.

However, on the issue of aid to Greece, contradictions within the EU have been exposed. This time, Germany advocates that Greece's aid should be mainly given to the International Monetary Fund, while non-euro zone countries such as Britain also advocate that Greece should turn to the International Monetary Fund for help. However, from the perspective of maintaining the face and reputation of the euro zone, France advocates that the EU arrange assistance to Greece. The final agreement is the product of both sides' concessions. If the Greek debt crisis intensifies again in the future, or the other four countries in the euro zone, including PIIGS, are also caught in the debt crisis like Greece, it may be difficult for the EU to pass the aid agreement again, and in fact it cannot afford it financially.

In fact, these problems analyzed above have a great negative effect on the future of the EU and a great obstacle to the economic integration of the EU. For decades, European countries headed by Germany and France have been committed to the process of political and economic integration. Although there have been some setbacks in the process of European integration, the number of countries joining the European Union and the euro zone is gradually increasing. The important reason why European countries, especially marginal countries, are eager to join the European Union and the euro zone is not only political security considerations, but also the economic enjoyment of "enjoying the cool under the big tree". However, the lessons that Greece and the four countries in southern Europe and those countries with potential debt crisis encountered before and after this crisis show that joining the euro zone is definitely not everything. Join the euro zone and enjoy the benefits of a strong currency, but at the cost of completely losing the decision-making power of monetary policy, even paying the price of deficit and debt, leading to a major crisis. If a country would rather pay the price of losing its currency independence and enjoy the benefits of low financing cost brought by a strong currency, then the advantage of low financing cost will eventually be lost after its crisis, so joining the euro zone is actually not worth the candle. Countries such as Greece that have boarded the euro zone "ship" may be worried that the next "ship" will suffer heavy losses, so countries that have not yet boarded the "ship" can ... >; & gt

What is the motivation of European integration?

1. After World War II, the European economy declined, and the domestic markets of various countries were too small to meet the needs of economic recovery. Therefore, moving towards reunification is conducive to economic recovery. (internal)

external

2. The rise of the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe is regarded as a threat by Europe, and it is not enough to fight against the Soviet Union by itself. So move towards unity and defend our own security.

3. After World War II, the social structure changed, and two superpowers. Europe's status has declined. Internationally, the right to speak is small, and in order to maintain its position, it is moving towards unity.

4. New international relations.

Impact of European integration

affect

Economically, it has strengthened the economic ties between European countries, enhanced the foreign economic competitiveness of the European Union, raised the level of international economic cooperation and made the international economic competition more intense.

Politically, it has strengthened the influence of EU countries in the world, strengthened the formation and development of the trend of world diversification, and is conducive to restraining the United States from pursuing a unipolar world.

Culturally: economy and politics determine culture, and culture is the reflection of economy and politics. Close economic ties make the cultures of EU countries blend with each other, which is conducive to the spread and development of world culture.

Security: Strengthening the economic ties among European countries, making the economies of European countries integrate and penetrate each other, is generally beneficial to maintaining world peace and security, but it may also increase the risks of national economies.

Hope to adopt, thank you o (∩ _ ∩) o.

Briefly describe the process of European integration.

Process1951April 18, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg signed the Treaty on the Establishment of European Coal and Steel (also known as the Paris Treaty), which was signed on July 25, 1952.

1957 On March 25th, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg signed a treaty (also known as the Treaty of Rome) in Rome, Italy, aiming at establishing European economic isomorphism and European atomic energy isomorphism. 1 958 65438+1October1,the European Economic Entity and the European Atomic Energy Entity were formally established.

1On April 8th, 965, France, the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg signed the Brussels Treaty in the Belgian capital, and decided to merge the European coal and steel isomorphism, the European economic isomorphism and the European atomic energy isomorphism, which were collectively called "European isomorphism".

1 July, 9671day, the Brussels treaty came into effect and the European body was formally born.

19911February, the European Maastricht Summit adopted the Treaty of European Union, commonly known as the Maastricht Treaty (hereinafter referred to as the Maastricht Treaty). 1 993165438+1October1,the Maastricht Treaty came into effect and the European Union was formally born.

Significance, for Europe, has promoted the process of European integration, improved Europe's international status and promoted the economic and trade development of European countries.

2. For the world, (1) has impacted the status of American superpower and pushed the world towards multipolarization. (2) It provides an example for the development of regional groups.

3. For China: ① Cooperation with the EU is conducive to enhancing China's international status, improving China's opening-up level and promoting China's economic development. ② The peaceful rise of China and the growing development of the European Union are the basis for the continuous development of bilateral relations.

What does European integration mean?

European integration began with functional cooperation between countries, that is, European coal and steel went hand in hand, and then experienced European economy, Europe and European integration to the European Union. During this period, Europe * * * not only realized the customs union, agricultural policy, European monetary system and European economic and monetary union (single currency euro) economically, but also made great progress in political system, institution building and legal system, such as the European Council, the European Council, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice. In the legal system, the treaties of the European Community and the European Union and the judicial system at the European level. This raises a question for people, that is, what is the connotation of European integration? Is European integration economic integration, political integration or legal integration, or is it a comprehensive interactive process of the three?

According to our understanding, integration refers to the process that several previously independent entities are gradually combined into one entity in some way. The process of integration involves not only the economy between countries, but also politics, law and culture, or the integration of the whole society. It is a comprehensive interactive process of politics, economy, law, society and culture. Because it involves the mutual integration of * * * entities and eventually becomes a single entity with the qualification of * * * in the world, it is different from the cooperation between countries in the general sense, and it involves not only the general political or economic relations between countries. As a process of integration, it will be mainly a political and legal process. The basic characteristics of integration are voluntariness, equality and transferability. It was voluntarily transferred by the state. The transfer of the country is a long-term and gradual process, in which institutionalization and legalization become the basic premise and guarantee to realize integration. Therefore, the development of European integration is not a simple economic integration or political integration, but an interactive process of political and economic integration, which includes both political integration and economic integration. And legalization plays a leading role in it.

What is EU integration?

1。 After World War II, the European economy was severely damaged. In order to seek rapid development, European countries began to gradually move towards integration and common development. 2. In order to resist the Soviet Union and control the European market and economy, the United States gave Europe a lot of material assistance, and the European economy developed rapidly and its integration was strengthened. In order to confront the United States, European countries naturally came together and established the European Union for common development. 4. 195 1 year, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, West Germany, France and Italy * * * formed the European Coal and Steel Community, which can be regarded as the predecessor of the European Union. 5. 1958, six isomorphic member countries of coal, steel and * * * formed the European economic isomorphic body, namely the later European isomorphic body and the European Union. 7. To this day, the degree of integration of the EU is still improving, its strength is still expanding, and its relationship with China is getting closer and closer.

Satisfied, please adopt.

Summarize the experience and enlightenment of European economic integration

After the Second World War, in order to seek the prosperity and development of Europe and avoid repeating the mistakes of war, a profound social change took root in the European continent. Thanks to the efforts of Jean Monnet, French Foreign Minister Schumann and German Chancellor Adenauer, the European coal and steel body was established, and later developed into the European body. The European Union was established in 1992. After more than 50 years of development, Europe has achieved considerable economic and political benefits under the integration mechanism and framework, and through the recent "eastward expansion", the concept of cooperation has been extended to the marginal areas of Europe, realizing the dream of unifying Europe. Today, the discussion on East Asian economic integration is getting more and more heated. Looking back on the road of European integration, what enlightenment will we get? Thinking about and drawing lessons from European experience will undoubtedly help us understand the present situation and future of East Asian economic integration.

First of all, the experience of European integration

The experience of European integration is by no means easy to sum up, nor can it be explained clearly in a few simple points. At the same time, European integration is still in the process of development, and any periodic summary will inevitably have great limitations. However, compared with the brewing East Asian economic integration, the road to European integration is much longer, so the more lessons we can learn from the past, the better. Compared with other regional integration organizations, the EU has the highest degree of integration, and its supranational characteristics are unparalleled. Looking at the process of European integration, we try to draw the following conclusions.

1. Establishment of cooperation concept

The formation of any political orientation contains profound international background, historical tradition and cultural reasons, but in the final analysis, it is a choice of ideas. Since the establishment of 1952, the concept of mutual cooperation has become the cornerstone of the European Union. Jean Monnet wrote in his memoirs: Western European countries should turn their respective efforts into concerted action throughout Europe. Only by establishing the Western European Union can concerted action become a reality. 195 1 On April 8, 2008, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Lu signed the Treaty on the Establishment of European Coal and Steel Companies, formally establishing * * * the same market, * * the same goal and * * * the same institution. Europe has taken a crucial first step on the road to solving political problems through economic means. The establishment of coal, steel and iron * * * not only integrates important strategic resources under the management of a supranational high-level organization, but also roots the concept of mutual cooperation in the European continent, thus becoming the core driving force to promote the process of European integration.

The principle that EU member States should stay out of it, not stay out of it, makes all member States that join the EU willing and able to bear the same responsibilities set by the EU. This attitude of cooperation and participation is the conceptual basis for the smooth development of integration.

2. Establish close coordination and cooperation among core countries.

In the cohesion of European integration, we must fully estimate the strength and value of Franco-German cooperation. Facts show that Franco-German reconciliation is the prerequisite for the formation of the European Union and European unity, and Franco-German cooperation or Franco-German alliance has become the basis and motive force for the process of European integration. On this point, since Charles de Gaulle and Adenauer, almost all the leaders of the two countries have agreed. As early as1September 1958 14, the communique of the first meeting between the two heads of state declared: "The close cooperation between France and Germany is the foundation of all construction undertakings in Europe." 1963 65438+1On October 22nd, the two countries signed the Treaty of Elysee Palace, which established the idea of Franco-German alliance and fixed the alliance in the form of a treaty, making the Franco-German alliance the core of Europe. During the 40 years from then to 2003, the core of France and Germany led the process of European integration, especially the creation of the single currency-Euro. In the long run, under the belief that history and logic will bring them ultimate victory, Franco-German cooperation will always find a way to ease contradictions.

Franco-German cooperation has both the basis of economic interdependence and the need of political interdependence. In the whole integration process, despite the constant friction between France and Germany, the Franco-German axis has always been the core force affecting the development and innovation of European integration. If France and Germany could not put aside their differences and look forward together after the war, there would be no EU today. As Professor Wu Yikang wrote in the article "The Franco-German Axis and European Integration": "Reviewing the Franco-German relationship confirms a simple truth: fighting will hurt both sides and peace will benefit both sides. Historical experience and lessons are worth summing up. ......& gt& gt

What is European integration?

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