The Evolution of Hinghua Houses

The traditional houses in Putian are mostly made of earth, wood, masonry and stone, with stone foundation, earth wall (or brick wall) and tile roof, and most of them are flat houses or double-storey buildings, with fewer of them having more than three storeys. The types of houses are: three compartments, four halls, five compartments, seven compartments, nine compartments, etc., and can be added to protect the house, and even add several protective houses. Among them, the most unique architectural system is, Xianyou County, Gaiwei Lian's Alley, for nine compartments plus three protection, the total length of more than 100 meters; Pungtou former Yang's Alley, which crisscrosses the patio as many as 99. There is also the Chen Jingbang's Da Zong Bo Di, a minister of the Ming Dynasty, which is located in the Chenggang District. There are seven buildings on the central axis (excluding the back garden), making it a super-large scholar's residence, commonly known as the "Great Alley of One Hundred and Twenty Rooms".

Gathering clans and living together is the main feature of traditional houses in Putian. This is closely related to the traditional concepts and ethics of the Putian people, and contains distinctive humanistic character traits.

Following the ancient teachings. Zheng Yue in the Ming Dynasty in the "Putian literature - Zheng Ji biography" in the cloud: "Zheng's family model, the same door to gather food, planting trees to rule the life, the crown marriage and funeral offerings, all from the Wengong family rituals." In Putian folklore, almost all surnames have similar family model provisions. Generally speaking, a big house is a family, within the big house, the left and right neighbors are relatives of the clan. Members of the family are generally able to consciously maintain the unity of the interests of the clan. Even if there are conflicts and disputes, the chief of the clan will preside over the mediation or arbitration. Since the Republic of China, in some more enlightened areas, gradually popular exclusively cover the new house of the new owner, but those who moved out to live in the family, by no means willing to give up in the old house occupied by a piece of real estate. For the Putu Xian people, the old house is his cradle land, give it up means betrayal of the family.

Sublime ancestors. The custom of the Putian people is to enshrine the ancestral tablets in the hall. After the Ming Dynasty, some clans have built their own ancestral halls, but most of the near ancestors can only be enshrined in their own halls. In the New Year's festivals and birth and death jubilee should be sacrificed, are held in the hall. Even if you move to a new house, you can't move the ancestral tablets with you. Therefore, living together in a clan makes it easy for the whole family to worship their ancestors and pray for the protection of the ancestors.

Li*** enjoy. In Putian custom, the hall of each big house is owned by the family*** and cannot be assigned to any ethnic family. All members of the family enjoy the right to hold "crown marriage and funeral ceremonies" in the hall. Such ceremonies as men's marriages, hanging of "table de", worship, wedding feasts, new daughters-in-law out of the hall, meeting the elders, etc., are all held in the hall; if an old person is critically ill, he or she will first be moved to the bunk beds on the side of the hall; if an old person dies of illness, the Fuktang at the back of the hall is the place for the coffin to be parked before the funeral. After the funeral, but also in the hall for the deceased to set up flags, set the seat (public mom card), to be "seven seven" (49 days) after the removal of the seat until.

Anti-theft. Putian ancient house building regulations, is the product of the turbulent social environment. In order to prevent the intrusion of thieves, cohesion of the community strength, to protect the family peace, to gather the family and live in the big family style of the ancient house building regulations came into being. To the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Xianyou Yuanzhuang mountainous area, has appeared more than ten square ancient fortress-style earth building, some of the earth building height of 16.5 meters, divided into three layers, the side length of 20 meters and 21.6 meters, respectively, the triple land base wall, the thickness of the bottom of the white 1.24 meters gradually closed to the top of the 0.99 meters.

Because of the reflection of the gathering of the family and the immigrants and produce a lot of surnames. According to statistics, Putian has 231 surnames, accounting for about 11.7% of all names, basically more coastal and less mountainous plains. Among them, Wat Shi has the most, 35, accounting for 30% of the total number of place names in the town. Zhongmen and Daitou come next. Wat Shi is the place where the ancestors of Putian migrated eastward to the coast. There are 53 surnames*** used as place names, of which Lin is the most numerous, followed by Zheng and Huang. The migrants also acted largely on a home or family basis. These immigrants may have come from foreign provinces and provinces, or from their own counties and districts. Surname place names often reflect the fact of ancient migration. They can be divided into the following.

1, the family name plus the word "Chu". Putian word "Chu" means "house, home", can be used for place names. Surname plus "Alcove" place names, such as "Chen Alcove" refers to "Chen family" or "Chen family's house", can be used as a The name of the village is similar to "Gaojiazhuang" and "Shigezhuang" in other provinces. Ancient immigrants living in clusters, often with their own surnames plus "Chu" to the name of the new settlement (may also be called out by neighbors). Later, the family population multiplication house more and more, the formation of settlements, become a geographic entity, the family name plus "Chu" became the name of the place.

2, orientation words plus family name. These orientation words are "up and down before and after the east and west", can reflect the formation of the settlement of time successive,. If a branch of the family or non-blood relatives of the same family name in a short distance from the choice of land to build another house, after the construction of the house will be named in the direction of the word plus the family name, to show the difference. Such as Zhongmen have Zheng Alley - after Zheng, Pan Alley - after Pan. The house generally sits in the north and faces south, "after" is actually "north", such as many places called "after the hall". Zhongmen and Zhuo Chu - under Zhuo, Daitou Wu Chu - under Wu, and Hanjiang "under Xu".

3, only two surnames composed of place names, such as Zheng Huang, Zhang Li, Gao Zhu, Xu Xiao, Ke Zhu, Su Wu.

4. Sometimes there are several place names with the same surname within a small territory, such as Pan Chu, Hou Pan, Dong Pan in Zhongmen; Hou Wen, Wen Chu, Wen Li in Daitou; Shang Huang, Hou Huang, Dong Huang in Xitianwei.

5, the family name plus the geographical name of the topography. How to Zhai, Zheng Ban, Pan Mound (orchard), equivalent to the field of "Qu Jiawan, Zhu Jiaping" and so on.

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