What are the architectural characteristics of Hakka people?

Characteristics of Traditional Hakka Houses Traditional Hakka houses, represented by Tulou, Weilongya, and Temple-type Houses, are of different types and styles. However, its solidity, security, closed, and the clan living together, is their prominent **** the same characteristics. First, the solidity of the current round, square earth building in Fujian, Guangdong, generally have 200-300 years or even 500-600 years of history. They have been through the wind and rain, strong earthquakes, typhoons, so far unharmed, standing tall in the mountains. Such sturdy dwellings are inseparable from the careful selection of sites, scientific design, materials and construction methods. Now only from the building materials and construction methods of the earth building to make some explanations. Tulou's wall, under the thick on the thin, thick, some even up to 1.5 meters. Ramming, first in the wall base dug out and deep and large wall ditch, rammed in, buried in the boulder for the base, and then with stone and mortar masonry up the wall base. Then the wall is rammed with sandwich wall panels. Earthen wall of raw materials to the local clay red clay, mixed with the appropriate amount of small stones and lime, after repeated pounding, mixing, made into what is commonly known as "cooked soil". Some key parts should also be mixed with the right amount of glutinous rice, brown sugar, in order to increase its viscosity. Ramming, to the middle of the earth wall buried cedar branches or bamboo for the "wall bone" to increase its tensile strength. In this way, after repeated tamping, the earth wall was built like steel and concrete, plus a layer of lime outside to prevent weather erosion, so it is exceptionally strong and has good windproof and earthquake-resistant ability. According to "Yongding County" records, in 1918, a major earthquake, watchman's voice during the day, lasted 20 minutes, the night continued to vibrate, but the earth building has always stood up unharmed Second, security History, the Hakka is originally the Han Chinese in the Central Plains, they moved south to the mountainous areas of the Fujian-Guangdong-Gan border region, in order to prevent the indigenous people and banditry robbed and attacked by beasts, they built the earth building, huts, are closely guarded, very safe. For example, like the ancient castle-like earth building, the first and second floors do not have windows facing outward, or only open the long and thin stone windows like a gun's eye, the third and fourth floors and every room has a large window facing outward, which is conducive to lighting, circulation of air, but also become a lookout for the enemy and shooting out of the gun hole. Tulou door frames, thresholds are stone, the door plate is about 10 centimeters thick. Some gates are dug diagonally with a few inlaid bamboo tube to protect the door hole, if there are bandits attacking the door, you can shoot down and pour boiling water. Some of the Tulou gate also installed a fireproof water cabinet, sink, if the enemy set fire to the door, as long as a press switch, the water will be down the door, in order to extinguish the fire to protect the door. Tulou has been solid exception, but in case of emergency, some of the Tulou also rammed the sandwich wall. In case the outer wall is bombarded by artillery fire, the earth building is still supported by the sandwich wall, safe and sound. Tulou inside a variety of complete living facilities: set up in the patio of the deep well, is the siege of the water source, the building has a huller, pestle and other equipment for processing food. All of this makes the bandit enemy could not attack for a long time. As for those four corners of the towers built with towering "four points of gold", but also lead the bandits are discouraged. Third, closed Hakka houses, whether it is the Tulou or roundhouse, five Phoenix House, inside each room, hall, patio, are to corridors, alleys, stairways connected, the residents live conveniently. However, they are completely closed to the outside world. Tulou buildings usually have only one main door and one back door, or one main door and two side doors, and all the cross-houses and half-ring huts in the Wai Yuen, Wai Long Houses are equipped with doorways. In case of robberies, as long as the door is closed, it will be closed tightly. Fourth, the Hakka settlement Hakka Tulou, roundhouse, five phoenix building, etc., are generally large-scale. Yongding "Chengqi building" has more than 300 rooms, an area of 5376 square meters. The "Legacy Building" has five floors with an area of 10,336 square meters, and there are 51 halls alone. No wonder a Japanese architecture professor wrote after seeing Yongding Tulou: "This moving Hakka Tulou is more like a small city than a huge residence". Such a huge residence is precisely to adapt to the characteristics of living together in clans. At the most, 80 families, more than 600 people lived in the "Chengqilou". Hometown Luo Wei Long House, there are more than 300 rooms, for the Luo 50 families, 350 people live ****. Although there are many households, but because of the rooms, halls, patios are also many, can be halls and patios and a number of rooms to form a small unit of life, but also to make the households each have their own place, seemingly elegant, comfortable. It is worth mentioning the Ancestral Hall, which is the "heart" of Tulou and round houses. This is the place where the patriarch gathers the parents of each family to deliberate. During festivals, every family in the clan carries various offerings to worship their ancestors here. When a man marries, he pays homage to heaven and earth, kowtows to his ancestors, and feasts with guests at the ancestral hall. When a girl gets married, she can leave the shrine after saying goodbye to her ancestors, and then she can put on a cover and leave the shrine with a big round plaque, which symbolizes reunion. When an old man passes away, the shrine becomes a funeral hall for mourning. In this way, a shrine will be the family together in harmony, *** enjoy the happiness of the family.

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