Music with national characteristics (all over the world, preferably in Africa)

The term "African music in Africa" is a collective concept, which contains a variety of music cultures. Usually refers to all kinds of black traditional music originating from sub-Saharan Africa, while music originating from sub-Saharan Africa (North Africa) belongs to the category of Arabic music. This entry only outlines the former.

classify

Africa has a vast territory, diverse nationalities and different beliefs, so African music is very complicated. According to the classification of ethnomusicologists, African music can be divided into four categories: 1) Ancient Egypt 2) Three countries in North Africa (Morocco, Tunisia and Algeria) 3) Ethiopia 4) Sub-Saharan Africa (East, West, Central and South Africa). 5) Black music

Specific introduction

1) Egyptian music

Ancient Egyptian music, which can be traced back to 2700 BC, is an ancient musical instrument emerging from the ruins of ancient Egypt, showing the musical history of ancient Egypt, second only to Mesopotamia, with a history of nearly 5,000 years. At that time, Egyptian music was considered to be dominated by religious ceremonies and court music. Egypt's traditional music has been ruled by Greece, Rome, Persia, Arabia, Ottoman Empire, Napoleon of France and modern British Empire, and influenced by religious changes, Judaism, Christianity and Islam. The relationship between Egypt's traditional music and ancient Egyptian music has not been tested. The existing Egyptian traditional music is a branch of Arab Islamic music in style and theory. Muqam is the soul of Egyptian music. There are more than 20 kinds in common use, including Longa and burka in dance music, Su Fei and belly dance in Egypt, Egyptian voices such as Ariel and Tamzara, and acoustic music such as Musahat and Dole. Sadie dance in northern Egypt, the costumes are very gorgeous and noble. Chamadan is a female soloist with a wax bamboo hat on her head. Traditional Nubian music and dance in southern Egypt and Sudan. This Sudanese folk music is a mixture of Egyptian and Sudanese songs, with lyrics in Arabic and African. Ancient Egyptian musical instruments such as lira and ancient Egyptian harp can only be recalled; The musical instruments still in use today are similar to Arabic musical instruments, such as (UR) lute, suona, straight flute (Nay), bagpipes, Egyptian tambourine, round tambourine (Daf), and ceramic drum of Darbuka.

Ethiopian music Ethiopian music

Ethiopia has the oldest church in Africa with a history of 1600 years. Ethiopians believe that before 2000, the Roman Empire persecuted the Church of Jesus, and many believers fled to the mountains of Ethiopia and built countless secret churches in caves. Ethiopians still believe that the ark of the Ten Commandments of Jesus is in a church on Mount Guo Yi. The cathedral in Jerusalem and the church in Ethiopia still retain a part of its exclusive parish. The royal family in ancient Ethiopia was very good at diplomacy. The successful diplomacy of 10 century and 17 century prevented the invasion of King Solomon of Zimbabwe and Italy. 1935- 1940, Ethiopia was invaded by Italy, mainly Christians of the Old Testament, some Jews and a few Muslims, confined to mountain villages. Ethiopia is also the only African country with the world's oldest hieroglyphics (still in use), and its ethnic groups are relatively close to the Arab Han (Ham), Semite (Sem) and Negre. There are several different styles of ancient music in Ethiopia, similar to the traditional songs in Yemen. There are many satirical poems in archaeological documents, as well as similar chamber music. There are also ancient musical instruments in ancient Greece and the era of King David of Israel, such as Bagana Harp. Ancient music has varied melodies and complex rhythms, and has the flavor of American classical blues. Non-religious poetry singing began to appear in Guo Yi Church in the 6th century. This kind of singing is lively and lively, full of the joy of the grassland. Because this kind of music is sung in church with hymns, it is difficult for ordinary people to distinguish religious songs from ordinary poems. Ethiopian songs and dances are very beautiful, usually accompanied by flute and traditional musical instruments. Influenced by the chorus of western churches, it is also integrated into the rhythm of Ethiopia and Africa. Ethiopians experienced the great famine in 1980s, but people lived a happy life. Ethiopian National Song and Dance Troupe, with a high standard, often toured all over the world and even visited Taiwan Province Province in 1970s! Ethiopian musical instruments include drums such as Kebarro and Nugarit, as well as pianos such as Tcherawata and Masonquo, Begenna and various flutes, among which one bagpipe without holes is called Mabire Tower, and so on. Due to the influence of the church, Ethiopia's leather drum is also painted with the miracle story of Jesus Christ in African style, which is of great collection value.

3) Andaluz Music:

Maglimagli in Moorish style in North Africa refers to the territory of Moroccan royal family in North Africa in the 1 1 century, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya, until 1465. The music in this area is characterized by Andalusian music and Sufi David music. Andalusian music, ancient Arabic Nawbah, originated in Andalusia in southern Spain. In the 8th century, music in Baghdad was a mixture of Jews, Gypsies, Iberians and North African Moors. After Chabert, a Catholic in the 5th century 14 14, recovered Andalusia, Jews, moors and court musicians in Cordoba, Granada and Maghreb were forced to go to North Africa and become the new hometown of Andalusian music. /kloc-The rule of the Ottoman Empire in the 6th century influenced the Andalusian style of Tunisia, Algeria and East Morocco. The rhythm of Mizan in Andalusian music is similar to that of Ica in Arabia. Nawaba is an ensemble style of chamber music and vocal music, which can be traced back to Baghdad in the 9th century. This style can be divided into four or five movements, and the melody is repeated all the time. Songs include singing Allah, lyrics and singing the Koran. At present, orthodox Andalusian music is still popular in the upper classes of North Africa, and Andalusian music is also played on occasions such as weddings, funerals and celebrations. In Andalusia, Spain, on the contrary, only the music form with ballads is widely circulated, among which the Jewish style is widely circulated. The well-known Fleming can also find a strong taste of ancient Andalusia. Andalusia Siam musat originated in Egypt, Syria, Lebanon and the Middle East, and spread to Andalusia. Dervish is a kind of dance in Tunisia and a traditional dance from Egypt. Andalusian magic dance comes from Seville, Cordoba and Grenada in Andalusia and is popular in North Africa and other places. Andalusian musical instruments include Uchin UD, Suona, Naidinai, Labarbe, Darbuka and contra Bass. Sufi music was once the secret religion of Islam. When the Catholic Isabel family recovered Andalusia and the whole of Spain, the Sultan of Morocco was in crisis. In order to promote unity, Sophie became an important ceremony to unite Islam. Sophie sings and dances on Fridays or birthdays of important people, religious predictions, meditation and treatment. This is very different from the mystery of Sophie in Turkey and the darkness of Sophie in Indonesia.

4) Sub-Saharan music-

Sub-Saharan Africa is richer in arable land, natural wildlife and minerals than North Africa, and is less influenced by Islamic religion. The music in this area is very different from that in other areas because of the different human and geographical landscapes. Usually, people think that African music, tribal music without words, refers to the music in this area. In fact, Egypt and North African countries are classified as Arabic music. Music is closely related to the lives of African people, from birth and death, weddings, funerals and celebrations, traditional festivals, religious beliefs, adult skin-cutting ceremonies, wizards' treatment, praying for rain, work and entertainment. African music is not for music, and certainly not for art. African music is not a single art form, but a synthesis of dance, fire sacrifice, drama, mask, storytelling and witchcraft. Various performances give other tribes functional activities. Except for a few stories or court anecdotes, African music is characterized by simple melody, two phrases, from sophomore year to junior year, concise lyrics, constant repetition, leading chorus, improvisation and other characteristics, mainly involving the whole people, driving the climax and reaching comrades, which has nothing to do with art. Africa has no other languages except Arabic, which is Islamic in North Africa and Ethiopia. So African music also has the function of telling stories, which is almost the history of Africa. And this oral traditional ballad is also a part of African literature, so Africa is very important for the cultivation of musicians. Whether in the royal family or in the countryside, African musicians are handed down from generation to generation. Traditional cultivation in Africa is very strict. Disciples' cultivation, continuous learning from childhood, singing, dancing, musical instruments, rituals, witchcraft and healing are all compulsory processes. Of course, not every musician is a wizard, but only through this comprehensive education can we truly master our duties and tasks and make contributions to the ethnic group. The most important of all these musicians is the African drum, because rhythm is the main guide in African music, and drummers are relatively more demanding. Improvisation is also a feature of African music. A good drummer should not only master the function of each music and dance, but also master the mood of the audience and music. Only a good drummer can achieve excellent results. Excellent drummers are loved and respected.

West Africa

African countries in West Africa include Mali, Nigeria, Cameroon, Niger, Guinea, Equatorial Guinea, Togo, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Gambia, Mauritania, Namibia, C? te d 'Ivoire and Ghana. The music level in West Africa is generally higher than that in East Africa and South Africa. The most important drum in West Africa is Jinbei Drum, whose sound source comes from French. The local Turks call it Jem-bay. The reason why it is French is related to the fact that Senegal and West Africa were both French at that time! The golden cup drum shaped like a sacred drum is not only an asset of West African tribes such as Senegal, Mali and Guinea, but also an important historical asset of all African cultures. The cultural circle of Jinbei Drum can be traced back to the Mali Dynasty in12nd century. The territory of the dynasty at that time, including today's coastal countries in West Africa, belonged to it! Mandinka in southern Mali can be said to be the hometown of golden cups and drums. Due to the continuous wars among tribes, by the13rd century, the golden cup and drum spread through wars, and were popular in West Africa, Senegal, C? te d 'Ivoire, Burkina Faso and other places, invincible. Although different tribes or countries in Africa have their own characteristics in appearance or technology, their structures are similar. Volov, Mnanica, Bamana or Bamako are the best golden cup drums in Senegal, which are integrally formed and cut the most solid logs in Africa (Lunk or Dugula). Goats in Mali are the best skins for making golden cups and drums, because the climate in Mali is the most suitable for goats to grow, and goats. Therefore, the drums made in Mali are most loved by western drummers, and the master of Mali who made this kind of golden cup drum has also become a hot and respected master. The performance of Jinbei Drum in Africa is not only for entertainment, drumming and telling stories, tribal celebrations, Christian baptism, full moon, spring, summer, autumn and winter, four seasons celebrations, wedding banquets, baptism, fasting for model mothers and Muslims, but also for playing Jinbei Drum and dancing African dances to help entertainment, cure diseases and eliminate evil spirits. In Volov, Senegal, there are also drums tied to the waist, which can be played with one hand and interacted with the audience. During the celebration, there are many kinds of encouraging rhythms and dance steps, among which the local Turks call it Saba dance, which is the most distinctive, usually danced by married women, and is characterized by female dancers struggling with the rhythm of drums. The tension of the Jinbei drum is bursting, and the perfect Jinbei drummer can beat the Jinbei drum like two drums, which is amazing in the dialogue between the two drums. In addition to drum instruments, stringed instruments are also popular in West Africa because of the love of court music and il trovatore, such as guzheng in Mali and Guinea, musical bow, bow pipa and harp pipa in Benin, Ghana and Nigeria, Riti, Rebec and so on. Common percussion instruments are ........... and so on. Drums in Nigeria are made of hollow logs and vary in size. The most unique thing is that there are exquisite artistic sculptures on the drum stand, which has become the favorite of collectors.

Central Africa region

The countries in Central Africa include Central Africa, Gabon, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique, Congo and other places, and their music styles are similar. Their musical instruments are like this: there are many styles of flutes in Central Africa, one of which is called Hindef, and several flutes are tied together. The material of flute is as follows. String instruments include the lute, bow, guzheng and lyra of Danxian, and lyra is a kind of harp. It's hand-made, and there's a * * * box. In addition to the * * * blare box, African strings are also very popular as * * * blare. Other percussion instruments include xylophone, shaq (empty shells and dried seeds), bell ringing (tied to hands, feet or neck) and so on. ) and metal and shell-shaped hand waving, strange and creative. In addition to the Golden Cup Drum, all kinds of drums in China and Africa are double-sided drums and single-sided drums, which are full of charm because of insufficient manpower or drums.

East African countries

Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Rwanda, Burundi and Somalia. The musical forms in East Africa are not much different from those in West Africa and Central Africa. They can only sing and dance, clap their hands instead of drums, and shout for entertainment. Musical instruments are similar, and some have different names, such as Lyra Harp, Obukano in East Africa, Bow Harp, and Bow Harp in this area. The strings vary greatly, ranging from 5 to 8. Malawi's Mbira refers to Qin Mu, which is called a hand-held piano with 7-30 keys built in. It plays the piano by hand, which is beautiful and beautiful, and can be called the national skill of the country. There is a round sacred drum in Burundi, which is used to beat drums by hand. Only when the king is crowned is it a very shocking performance. Chorus songs are also interspersed in the performance.

South Africa.

In addition to the well-known five South African countries, Swaziland, Namibia, Lesotho and Botswana. The music, dance, ritual style and the use of musical instruments in this area are not much different from those in East Africa, Central Africa and West Africa. Musical instruments were slightly influenced by materials and immigrants from India, Portugal, the Netherlands and Britain in the16th century, such as miners' music in South Africa. Cora, one of the most traditional musical instruments in this area, is a two-ball-sized buzzer, which is placed in front of the abdomen and played by hand. It is a court musical instrument in ancient Africa, and the performer is also a singer. The singer not only performed in the royal family, but also went to various villages to sing, just like il trovatore in Europe. The sound of the piano is beautiful, the singing is pure and rich, and it has a unique flavor, which is quite different from the form of drumming and shouting.