What is gene sequencing? How is gene sequencing performed?

It is the process of determining the order of human genes (expressed as base ordering)

There are four types of bases: A, T, G, and C (in the form of A-T, G-C, and then in the form of a double helix)

The mother's genes are randomly separated during fertilization, and the child receives a portion of those genes (theoretically, usually about 50 percent). There are many genetic similarities between the child and the parents. One of the purposes of sequencing human genes is to test the degree of descent

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A gene is a piece of the DNA macromolecule. Nucleic acids are divided into two categories, DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), which **** the same as in charge of cell metabolism, nucleic acids as the root of life is the essence of the genetic factors, can completely control the cell division, growth and energy production. Life is governed by nucleic acids from birth to death. Closely linked to the genes, the real behind-the-scenes manipulation of life is a brand new concept --- nucleic acids. Modern geneticists believe that genes are a general term for specific nucleotide sequences on the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) molecule that have hereditary effects, and are fragments of the DNA molecule that have hereditary effects. Genes are located on chromosomes and are linearly arranged on chromosomes. Genes not only transmit genetic information to the next generation through replication, but also enable genetic information to be expressed. Differences in hair, skin color, eyes, nose, etc., between different races are due to genetic differences.

Humans have only one genome with about 50-100,000 genes. The Human Genome Project was first proposed by U.S. scientists in 1985, aiming to elucidate the sequence of 3 billion base pairs of the human genome, to discover all human genes and figure out their location on the chromosomes, to decipher all the genetic information of human beings, so that human beings for the first time in the molecular level of comprehensive understanding of self. Officially launched in 1990, the goal of this $3 billion program is to accurately sequence the 3 billion base pairs that make up the human genome so that we can finally figure out what proteins each gene makes and what they do. By way of analogy, the process is like drawing a road map from Beijing to Shanghai on foot and marking every peak and valley along the way. It's slow, but it's very precise.

As the human genome is gradually being deciphered, a map of life will be drawn, and people's lives will change dramatically. Genetic drugs have come into people's lives, and the use of genes to treat more diseases is no longer a luxury. Because as our understanding of mankind itself to a new level, the causes of many diseases will be uncovered, the drugs will be designed better, the treatment program can be "the right medicine for the cause", living and eating habits may be adjusted according to the genetic situation, the overall health of mankind will be improved, the foundation of the twenty-first century medicine will be laid. The foundation for medicine in the 21st century will be laid.

Using genes, people can improve fruit and vegetable varieties, improve the quality of crops, and more genetically modified plants, animals, and food will be introduced, and human beings may be able to cultivate super things in the new century. By controlling the biochemical properties of the human body, human beings will be able to restore or repair the functions of human cells and organs, and even change the process of human evolution.

The word "gene" is the Chinese translation of the English word "gene", which is very evocative like "Coca-Cola". Is the meaning of the "basic factor", for the organism, the most important thing is to be able to reproduce offspring, their "life" inherited, so the organism's "basic factor" is responsible for heredity. Therefore, the "basic factor" of an organism is the thing responsible for heredity, the essence of which is what we often call DNA; in other words, both parents pass on their respective traits to their offspring through their genes (DNA).

So what exactly are genes? Modern molecular biology tells us that a gene is actually a small piece of DNA, through which various proteins, such as enzymes exercising various functions, can be made, and through which various reactions can be carried out to accomplish life processes. After understanding this, we can easily understand various genetic phenomena, for example, why a son grows like his parents, because the son inherits the genes of his parents, and the proteins controlled by these genes will accomplish life phenomena similar to those of his father or his mother (but not identical, because in addition to the father's genes there are also the genes of the mother, so they all have some resemblance to each other, either in terms of looks, or character, or other). Different organisms have different numbers of genes, for example, humans are estimated to have more than 100,000 genes, while some microorganisms have less than 100 genes. Since genes are so important, people soon thought of utilizing them for the benefit of human beings, and thus "genetic engineering" was born. When it comes to "engineering", people can easily associate it with building a house or something like that. In fact, this association is very correct, except that what is being built here is not a house, but a new organism, and what is used is not bricks and mortar, but genes. Simply put, genetic engineering is the use of genetic manipulation to change the biological traits of organisms, in order to achieve the purpose of better service for human life. For example, in the past, the lysine content in wheat was low, and lysine is necessary for the human body, so people want to make bread with lysine, i.e., adding some amino acids when making bread. This is obviously not a long-term solution, but genetic engineering can provide a good solution for this. Scientists just need to find a gene that makes lysine-rich proteins, then they can transfer this gene to wheat, so that wheat will make a lot of lysine-rich proteins because of this foreign gene, and the bread made from this kind of flour won't lack lysine. The most important benefit of this manipulation of genes is that the resulting traits are heritable, meaning that the offspring will also carry the new biological traits. To give another example, the biggest enemy of cotton production is the bollworm, which causes a great loss of cotton production every year, and the spraying of pesticides not only has a very bad impact on the environment, but also the residual pesticides have an impact on the quality of cotton. What to do? Scientists after research, found a bacterium called Bacillus thuringiensis has a toxin protein, it can kill the cotton bollworm, but no damage to humans and other mammals. They went on to find the gene for the protein that makes the toxin in the bacterium, and then transferred the gene to cotton to make the toxin protein. As expected, the bollworms no longer dared to eat the genetically engineered cotton because they would be poisoned if they did, and cotton yields improved.

Said here you may have understood, genetic engineering is actually doing the work of improving varieties: in agriculture, the production of high-yield, high disease resistance, high antimagnetism, the quality of new crop products; in animal husbandry, the production of high-yield, high quality, fast weight gain of the new varieties of livestock; in the pharmaceutical industry is the use of bacteria, yeast and other microorganisms easy to proliferate quickly to produce a variety of protein drugs, reduce costs, reduce costs, and increase weight; in the pharmaceutical industry is the use of bacteria, yeast and other easy to rapidly proliferate microorganisms to produce a variety of human needs. In the pharmaceutical industry, bacteria, yeast and other microorganisms are utilized to produce various protein drugs needed by human beings, which reduces the cost and improves the results. It should be said that genetic engineering has drawn a beautiful picture for human life. Of course, everything has its advantages and disadvantages. Although the long-term consequences of genetically engineered varieties are still unclear, people have already paid attention to the possible dangers. Now, countries around the world have enacted a variety of laws and regulations to standardize the management of genetically engineered products

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