Illustrate the characteristics and management characteristics of ancient handicraft industry in China with examples.

Basic characteristics and management forms of handicraft production in ancient China

(1) China ancient handicraft industry has a long history, superb technology, exquisite craftsmanship and excellent texture, and has long been in the forefront of the world. (2) A variety of business models coexist for a long time. Before the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, handicrafts were managed by the government. After the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, government-run handicrafts, private handicrafts and household handicrafts coexisted for a long time. (3) The government-run handicraft industry has a wide range of production, a large scale and a fine division of labor, which represents the highest level of production skills and has always occupied the leading position of ancient handicraft industry before the early Ming Dynasty. 4) Private handicrafts rose in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Before the Tang dynasty, it was mainly carried out in the form of farmers' family sideline and small workshops in cities and towns. Since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the folk handicraft industry has developed significantly, and by the middle of the Ming Dynasty, it has surpassed the government-run handicraft industry and occupied a dominant position. In some departments, the capitalist budding employment relations of "machine users contribute, machine workers contribute" and "paid by the meter" began to appear.

The main characteristics of ancient commerce in China

First of all, the commercial development in different periods in ancient China showed different characteristics. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China's commercial development reached its first peak. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, domestic trade, border trade and foreign trade flourished in an all-round way. Paper money first appeared, and the development of ancient commerce entered a new peak. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, a large number of commercial towns rose, silver became a common currency, and regional merchant groups such as Huizhou merchants and Shanxi merchants formed, which made many new features appear in the commercial development of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Secondly, the development of ancient cities in China showed different characteristics with the development of commerce and trade. From the Qin and Han Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, there were many "cities" (fixed commodity trading places) set up and managed by the government in Kyoto, counties and big counties where the country was located, which were strictly separated from the "Li" and "Fang" where residents lived. After the Song Dynasty, the institutional boundary of Fang Shi was broken. Thirdly, the fate of China's ancient businesses and businessmen was always related to the government's commercial policies. Since the Warring States period, the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business was implemented, and the social and political status of ancient businessmen in China was low. The policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business in Ming and Qing Dynasties really seriously hindered the growth of new economic factors.