China ancient cultural composition 150 to 195.

China's ancient civilization includes politics, economy, ethics, literature and art, philosophy, religion, customs and, of course, science and technology. Ancient scientific and technological civilization is the foundation of ancestors' production, life, survival and progress, the foundation of national strength and the symbol of national civilization. History has proved that it is one of the main key factors for the rise and fall of a nation.

China's ancient scientific and technological civilization used to be at the forefront of the world, but why did it fall behind so much in modern times? Why didn't ancient science and technology in China develop into modern science? Besides political and economic reasons, can't we also find some internal factors from the history of ancient scientific and technological development? Is there anything worth reflecting on as a reference for today? Why did China's ancient science and technology often create but make little progress, and make slow progress when there was an invention? Why only pay attention to the application and few people think about the truth? Is this reason no longer applicable today? Of course, answering these questions is not a matter of a day or a year, let alone the ability of one person or several people.

The study of ancient science and technology culture and history of science and technology in China has always been divided into two categories. On the one hand, it is the mutual influence between the development, progress and achievements of ancient science and technology in China and society, especially the mutual influence, mutual promotion or mutual restriction between political system, economic policy, various philosophical schools and their thoughts, education and examination system. And the development of science and technology, especially the influence of the former on the latter. This category is generally called "the external history" of the history of science and technology, or the study of science and technology and society. On the other hand, it is to explore, textual research and discuss the origin (discovery and invention) and its evolution and development process of various ancient technologies, judge their scientific connotation and achievements, and evaluate their value, influence and position in the world science and technology at that time. Then learn from the experience and learn from it. This is the "internal history" of ancient science and technology in China.

The contents of ancient scientific and technological research in China can be divided into six aspects: (1) scientific and technological knowledge and achievements in manufacturing utensils and building engineering. There are many kinds of techniques for making utensils, including ceramics, metallurgical casting, brewing, textile processing, paper making and printing, dyeing, making various tools, marine machinery and furniture, weapons, etc. Construction projects include houses, palaces, pavilions, towers, temples, roads and bridges, dams and reservoirs. There are many scientific connotations in these processes and construction projects. They have all become important research topics of ancient science and technology in China, and even become independent disciplines. (2) China ancient physics and ancient chemistry. According to the interpretation of modern science, in ancient times, China did not have these two disciplines, nor did the West. However, in ancient China, a wealth of simple knowledge about these two aspects has been accumulated, and many valuable viewpoints have been put forward. So now there are people who specialize in the ancient physical and chemical history of China. For example, ancient Chinese architectural skills and tool machinery manufacturing are full of knowledge about mechanics, and even master some laws of material mechanics; In the manufacture of musical instruments, from percussion instruments to orchestral music, the knowledge of acoustics has reached high attainments; China ancient alchemy consciously used chemical reactions to produce a large number of drugs with practical value and invented black powder. (3) Life science in ancient China. In this field, Chinese medicine has formed a complete and unique discipline system in the world. In addition, botany centered on agriculture has also made outstanding achievements in ancient life sciences. (4) Arithmetic in ancient China. Scientifically speaking, it can be said that it is the most active, systematic, profound, prosperous and advanced subject in ancient Chinese science. (5) China ancient astronomy and calendar. Because China began to study the rise and fall of the day, the profit and loss of the month and the seasons of the stars very early to arrange daily life and master the farming season, astronomical observation developed very early; Because ancient astrologers used strange astronomical phenomena to predict disasters, such as floods and droughts, earthquakes, military chaos and usurpation of power. All previous dynasties attached great importance to astronomical observation and recording, set up official posts to perform their duties, and also supported and attached importance to astronomical research by folk scholars. Therefore, in ancient China, astronomical observation records were detailed and systematic, and there were many world-leading inventions of precision observation instruments. Because the ancient calendar of China and the determination of the 24 solar terms are based on the cycle of the sun and the moon, they also belong to the category of ancient astronomy and become an important research topic for today's literary historians. In addition, with the attention and extensive research on astronomy, some simple cosmology and celestial structure hypotheses appeared in ancient China. (6) China's ancient view of nature. In ancient China, some theories tried to describe and explain the origin, movement, motivation and mutual transformation of the objective material world as a whole, so some people called it the ancient material view. Among them, the theory of yin and yang, the theory of five elements generating each other and winning each other, and the theory of vitality are relatively systematic and have great influence. It should be admitted that these theories are far inferior to the ancient Greek natural philosophy centered on Plato-Aristotle in terms of ideological depth, scientificity and logical reasoning.

China Ancient Culture-Astronomy and Geography

The ancients said that heaven is reason, and the ancients viewed the source of everything from heaven.

Astronomical records of solar eclipse, meteor nova and supernova comet, five-star renju sunspot stone carving records

Comparison between Chinese and Western solar terms in calendar: taichu calendar, Daming calendar, Dayan calendar and chronograph calendar.

Astronomical instrument, sundial, missing armillary sphere, geodetic instrument, simple instrument, solar instrument, water transport instrument platform.

Famous astronomer Gander Luoxia Zhang Hongheng Zu Chongzhi Zhang Sui (a monk and his party) Guo Shoujing Shen Kuo.

Astronomical works Shi Gan's Astrology and Lingxian.

Famous geographer Pei Daoyuan Xu Xiake Wei Yuan

Draw six-body wind observation, instrumental precipitation observation, instrumental humidity observation, instrumental cloud observation and other achievements, as well as Cloud Map: Notes on Water Classics, Travel Notes of Xu Xiake and Atlas of Sea and Country.

China Ancient Culture-Ancient Mathematics

The earliest use of decimal fractions and decimals in abacus calculation of achievement is the pioneer of the binary idea of calculating pi with negative numbers.

His works include Zhou Kuai Shu Jing, Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, Island Shu Jing and Grandson Shu Jing.

Mathematicians Liu Hui, Zhang Heng and Zu Chongzhi.

China ancient culture-ancient military.

Military Thought Sun Tzu's Art of War Six Towers Sima Binbing Fa Wei Liao Zi Wu Zi

Military Invention The invention and spread of the stirrup of the ancient chariot The invention and spread of the crossbow of the ancient rocket powder fire-breathing device in China.

People, soldiers, saints, Sun Wu, national heroes, Yue Fei, Zhuge Liang

China Ancient Culture-China Traditional Medicine

General situation of traditional Chinese medicine history basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine foundation of traditional Chinese medicine

Acupuncture, scraping, massage and cupping.

The meaning of diet therapy and health diet therapy; Four characteristics and five flavors of food; Traditional Chinese medicine health products: tea and medicinal liquor.

Featured invention Acupuncture Tongren traditional Chinese medicine needle tongue coating model internal classic map iron ball wuqinxi Tai Ji Chuan

Ancient famous doctor Ge Huangfu Shuhe Hua Boren Chunyu Dongyuan Dai Sigong Zhang Chao Zhongjing Yuanfang Sun Simiao Sun Yikui Hua Tuo Liu Wansu

China Ancient Culture-Ancient Agriculture

Ancient Water Conservancy China Ancient Water Conservancy Project Dujiangyan Zhengbai Canal Diversion Zhangshi No.2 Canal Tashan Yanshao Beiling Canal

Houtao Badaqu Hangou

Ancient agricultural tools China waterwheel bone shovel iron hoe iron plow

Ancient agricultural science and technology figures, Xu Guangqi and Song.

Achievements in Agricultural Technology: Hybrid Rice of Qigong Agriculture and Government Book

China Ancient Culture-Ancient Architecture

China's self-contained traditional architecture began its urban planning as early as the Zhou Dynasty. The development track of modern architecture in China, the historical stages of architecture in China and the characteristics of architecture in China.

China Ancient Culture-China Ancient Machinery

China's achievements in the spread of western learning to the east: an investigation of mechanical technology: a record of far-west exotic figures

Household utensils are covered with incense burners, and you can smell the tripod.

Belt drive of hydraulic spinning wheel for producing square plate chain pump

Paddle, rudder and boat: unicycle in the south guide car

China Ancient Culture-China Textile Printing and Dyeing

China Ancient Textile China Ancient Clothing China Silk Weaving Art China Embroidery Art China Ancient Printing and Dyeing Ancient Mineral Pigments Dyeing and Weaving Varieties Silk Dyeing and Finishing Technology in the Development of Ancient Silk China Four Famous Embroidered Natural Fabric Dyes

China Ancient Culture-China Navigation Technology

Review of Ancient Shipbuilding Three Kinds of Ancient Famous Ships in China Ancient Shipbuilding

Invention of stern rudder and keel structure of sailboat for shipbuilding

The invention of navigation, the application of navigation compass, star pulling, recorder, stitch and other navigation knowledge.

Maritime memorabilia Xu Fudong crossed the Maritime Silk Road in Han Dynasty in Japan, and Jian Zhen Eastern Airlines went to Zheng He's voyage to the West.

China Ancient Culture-China Paper Printing

Papermaking, the original writing materials, the invention process of paper, the development of papermaking, the improvement and spread of papermaking in Cai Lun.

Character Cai Lun is more than Sheng Wang Town Lake Yan Zheng.

The invention of printing, the invention of block printing, the invention of movable type printing and the spread of printing technology.

Featured inventions: rubbing, overprinting and color printing of rice paper pen and ink seals.

China Ancient Culture-China Ancient Philosophy

Philosophy school Taoist philosophy Confucian philosophy Legalist philosophy famous philosopher Mohist philosophy Yin and Yang philosophy

Thinker Laozi Confucius Han Feizi Mozi

Philosophical works Tao Te Ching, The Analects of Confucius and the Book of Changes.

Key words of philosophy: Tao, Yin and Yang, Eight Diagrams and Five Elements, Taiji, Harmony between Man and Nature.

China Ancient Culture-China Ancient Craft

China porcelain, China furniture, Chinese bronzes, China pottery, China sculpture, China lacquerware, China decoration, Four Treasures of the Study cloisonne, China wood carving, Chinese paper-cutting, Chinese bell ding, Chinese kite, Tang Sancai, Chinese lantern color, Chinese New Year painting, paper binding art, Yunnan paper horse, autumn art, Chinese fans, Chinese jade, Chinese stickers, metal crafts, silver crafts, stone carving art.