What is a traditional Chinese house? What are the characteristics?

Traditional Chinese residential building types and characteristics: Chinese architectural culture has a long history, with a rich and far-reaching cultural philosophy, such as the importance of love and etiquette, people-oriented, creative thinking advocating the spirit of "unity of man and nature", pay attention to the environment and the integration of buildings, advocating the beauty of nature and human nature and culture interpreted by the enlightenment of the aesthetic principles of the * * * and architectural form composition principles, etc., and the Chinese people's deep world view, the concept of nature and other national consciousness is often reflected through the traditional architectural space characteristics of the molding. The aesthetic principles of natural beauty and humanistic culture and the principles of composition of architectural forms, etc., and the deep-seated national consciousness of Chinese people such as the world view and the view of nature are often reflected through the molding of the spatial characteristics of traditional architecture.

China is a multi-ethnic country, the geographical conditions of each region, economic and technological and architectural culture has obvious regional differences, China's traditional culture is precisely by each region, each ethnic group has its own characteristics of the local architectural culture composed of. Because of this, Chinese traditional architecture is like a pearl occupying a dazzling place in the history of world architecture, and its influence is wide and far-reaching. The so-called "traditional houses" refer to those unofficial, folk, generation after generation, mainly residential type of "architecture without architects".

Influenced by the idea of "unity of heaven and man", the ancients looked up to astronomy, looked down to geography, close to their own bodies, far from all things, through practical thinking and perception to design their own homes, the construction of which are adapted to local conditions, the nearby materials, the various differences between the regions, creating a rich and colorful traditional houses, in the art, technology, environmental harmony have reached a very high level. In terms of art, technology, and environmental harmony, they have reached a high level. "Traditional houses" is an important part of China's architectural family and a unique form of architecture, its creation and development is a comprehensive reflection of the influence of natural, social, economic, cultural and other factors, with a strong Chinese traditional cultural characteristics, so it is one of the best of China's traditional architecture.

Since ancient times, the construction of buildings not only to meet the material needs of human beings to protect the wind and rain, living and living, but also to meet the spiritual needs of human beings on the psychological, ethical, aesthetic and other aspects. The "unity of heaven and man" is the theoretical core of China's "Zhouyi Aesthetics", and among all kinds of buildings, traditional houses most completely and profoundly embody this idea, embodied in the construction idea of harmonizing with nature, the moderate and moderate development goal, the experience-based inheritance mode, and in the pursuit of the "harmony with nature", "harmony with nature", and "harmony with nature". It is embodied in the idea of building in harmony with nature, the goal of moderate and moderate development, the experience-based mode of inheritance, and the pursuit of the harmony of "heaven - earth - people".

The mainstream of traditional residential houses in the Han Chinese region is the regular house, typified by the Beijing courtyard house, which adopts a symmetrical layout with a central axis. The Beijing courtyard is divided into two courtyards, the main house in the center of the courtyard is the most respected system, which is the place to hold family rituals and receive honorable guests, and each house faces the courtyard and is connected by a veranda. Although the Beijing courtyard is a concrete expression of the patriarchal concepts and family system of feudal China in residential architecture, it is a very ideal outdoor living space with a broad, well-scaled, quiet and friendly courtyard, and well-organized flowers and trees. Most of the residential buildings in northern and northeastern China have such spacious courtyards. The houses in southern China are more compact, with many buildings, and their typical houses are halls centered on small rectangular patios. This type of house is square as a seal and simple, and is widely distributed in the southern provinces.

The Hakka people in southern Fujian, northern Guangdong and northern Gui often live in large groups of houses with round and square planes, consisting of a single-story hall in the center and four- or five-story buildings around it, which are very defensive in nature, as represented by the Hakka Tulou buildings in Yongding County, Fujian. Among the traditional houses in China, the Hakka Tulou in Yongding is unique, with more than 8,000 square, round, octagonal and oval shaped Tulou***, large in scale, beautiful in shape, both scientific and practical, but also characteristic, constituting a wonderful world of dwellings. Ancient villages in Southern Anhui refers to the ancient villages located in the mountainous area south of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, represented by Xidi and Hongcun, which are historical traditional villages with the same regional cultural background, and have strong characteristics of Huizhou culture. The mountains of southern Anhui have a long history and deep cultural deposits, preserving a large number of traditional buildings and villages with similar forms and distinctive features. The ancient villages in southern Anhui not only combined with the topography, landscape and landscape, but also supported the hometown by the strong economic strength of Huizhou merchants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the culture and education became more and more prosperous and developed, and those Huizhou merchants returned to their hometowns to conceptualize and build residences with the mentality of elegance, literacy, innocence, and transcendence, which made the ancient villages' cultural environments richer and the landscape of villages more prominent.

The biggest difference between the ancient villages in southern Anhui and other villages is that the construction and development of the ancient villages in southern Anhui are to a considerable extent detached from the dependence on agriculture. The consciousness, lifestyle and interests of the residents of the ancient villages greatly exceeded the ideological consciousness of the peasants and the general public, and they pursued the life interests consistent with the literati and the official class, so they had a strong cultural flavor. On the basis of the basic stereotypes of the ancient villages in southern Anhui, different decorative techniques are used to build small courtyards, excavate pools, install leaky windows, cleverly set up bonsai, carved beams and paintings, inscriptions, orchid plaques, and create an elegant living environment, which all reflect the local residents' very high cultural quality and artistic cultivation.

Fujian Tulou uses local soil, gravel and wood to build single houses, which are then connected to form large houses, and then build up a heavy and closed "defensive" castle residence - Tulou. Earthen Buildings are strong, safe, closed and have a strong clan identity. Inside the building, there are wells and granaries, so that in case of war or banditry, the door will be closed and the building will be self-contained, and in case of siege, the building will be able to provide food and water for several months. In addition to the warmth in winter and coolness in summer, earthquake-proof and wind-resistant features, Tulou has become the residence of the Hakka people who have inherited it from generation to generation and prospered. Minority residential buildings

China's minority regions are also very diverse residential buildings, such as the northwest Xinjiang Uyghur homes are mostly flat roofs, earth walls, one to three floors, surrounded by courtyards outside; the typical Tibetan residence "Diaobang" with stone masonry walls, the interior of the wooden structure of the flat roof; the Mongols usually live in the mobile yurts; while the southwest minorities live in the yurts; and the southwestern minorities, the Tulou people have become the generations of the Hakka people. Mongolians usually live in movable yurts; and the minority ethnic groups in the southwest often build wooden dry-structure buildings with open space downstairs and people living upstairs, among which the bamboo buildings of the Dai ethnic group in Yunnan are the most characteristic. The bamboo buildings of the Dai in Yunnan Province are the most characteristic. The Miao and the Tujia are the most characteristic of the dwellings in the southwest of China. Hanging-foot buildings are usually built on slopes, no foundation, to support the building with pillars, the building is divided into two or three floors, the top floor is very short, only put food does not live, downstairs piling up debris or livestock.