What are past participles and present participles? Several examples show that there is at least 10.

The present participle consists of verb plus ing.

The present participle in non-predicate verbs mainly plays the role of adjectives and adverbs, and is used as attribute, predicate, complement or adverbial in sentences.

First of all, two basic characteristics of present participle.

1. Time indicates that the operation is in progress. For example, a developing country, boiling water, rising sun, rising sun in Ran Ran. (Compared with a developed country, boiling water, rising sun)

2. Active voice. Such as the ruling class and the exploiting class. Try to compare the ruled class with the exploited class. )

Master the basic functions of present participle.

1. The present participle is used as an attribute to indicate an ongoing or active action. It can also explain the nature and characteristics of the modified words and can be replaced by corresponding attributive clauses. For example:

With the sudden burst of light, there was a terrible noise.

He saw a bird and raised his bow.

I am satisfied with the exciting speech.

2. When the present participle is used as adverbial, it can be used as adverbial of time, adverbial of condition, adverbial of result, adverbial of reason and adverbial of accompaniment, indicating ongoing or active action. At this time, the logical subject of the participle is the subject of the main sentence, so we should pay attention to the consistency of person, tense and voice. For example:

The visiting minister expressed satisfaction with the talks and added that he had a good time here.

European football is played in more than 80 countries and is the most popular sport in the world.

Seen from the top of the mountain, we can find that the city looks more beautiful.

3. The present participle is used as a complement to indicate an ongoing or active action. For example:

Soon they can see steam coming out of wet clothes.

The missing boy was last seen playing by the river.

4. The absolute structure of the present participle is used as an adverbial. For example:

His lips are still trembling and he can't say a word.

2 "Mom!" He burst into tears and tears rolled down his cheers. "Mom!" He suddenly cried and cried, tears streaming down his face.

Weather permitting, we will go to the Great Wall. Weather permitting, we will go to the Great Wall.

Second, the past participle

I. Basic concepts

1. Definition of participle

The -ed participle of the verb is a past participle, which consists of the past participle of the verb and generally has only one form.

2. Grammatical functions of past participles:

On the one hand, the past participle has the nature of a verb, on the other hand, it is equivalent to an adjective or adverb, which can be used as a predicative, an attribute, an adverbial and a complement in a sentence.

1) The past participle is used as a predicative, which mainly expresses the psychological feeling or state of the subject. For example:

Don't touch the cup, because it is broken. Don't touch that cup, it's broken.

He is very satisfied with the design of this dress. She likes the style of this dress very much.

2) past participles as attributes:

A single past participle as an attribute is usually placed before a noun, which is equivalent to an attribute clause. For example:

Excited people rushed into the building. Excited people rushed into the building.

We need more qualified teachers. We need more qualified teachers.

In the past, a participle phrase as an attribute was usually placed after the modified word, which was equivalent to an attributive clause, such as:

Any plans for tomorrow? Are there any activities tomorrow?

The suggestions made by foreign experts were adopted by the manager.

Past participles can also be used as attributes without restrictions, separated by commas. For example:

These books were written by Lu Xun and were welcomed by many people in China. These books were written by Lu Xun and loved by many people in China.

The meeting attended by 1000 students was very successful. The meeting was very successful, with 1000 students attending.

3) past participles as adverbials:

The past participle, like the -ing participle as an adverbial, can also indicate time, reason, condition, concession, way or accompanying situation.

(1) time, an adverbial clause equivalent to time. Sometimes the conjunction when or while can be added before the past participle to emphasize the concept of time. For example:

Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks like a big garden. Seen from the top of the mountain, the city looks like a big garden.

After being accepted by the party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the party.

After joining the party, he decided to devote himself to the cause of the party.

(2) Expressing the cause is equivalent to an adverbial clause of the cause. For example:

Deeply moved by the story, the excited people stopped quarreling.

The excited people were deeply moved by the story and stopped quarreling.

Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to fight.

Encouraged by the speech, the young man decided to fight.

(3) expressing conditions is equivalent to a conditional adverbial clause, and sometimes words such as if can be used before past participles. For example:

Given another chance, he would do better. Give him another chance and he will do better.

Compared with your brother, you should study English harder.

Compared with your brother, you should study English harder.

If heated, water can become steam. If water is heated, it will become steam.

(4) concession, equivalent to a through/although leading adverbial clause. For example:

Exhausted by running, they continued to chase the robbers.

Exhausted by the running, they continued to chase the robbers.

Laughed at by many people, he continued his research. Although he was laughed at by many people, he continued his research.

(5) Forms or incidental information. For example:

The old man came into the room with the help of his wife. The old man came into the room with the help of his wife.

My father and I sat at the table, talking about my work. My father and I sat at the table to discuss my work.

4) past participle as complement:

Past participles can form compound objects with nouns or pronouns after seeing, hearing, noticing, watching, finding, getting, owning, feeling, making, leaving and keeping. , and acts as an object complement. For example:

When will you go to the hospital to have your teeth examined? When will you go to the hospital to have your teeth examined?

When you make a speech, you should speak louder so that others can hear you.

When you make a report, you should speak loudly so that others can hear you clearly.

When this kind of sentence becomes passive, use the past participle as the subject complement. For example:

I found a broken glass. Someone found that one of the cups was broken.

They should be informed of the situation there. They should be informed of the situation there.

Second, special reminder

1. When the past participle is used as an adverbial, its logical subject must generally be consistent with the subject of the sentence. For example:

When asked why he came here, the boy kept silent. The boy was silent when asked why he came here.

He was born and raised in the countryside, so he is interested in biology.

Growing up in the countryside, he is very interested in biology.

If the logical subject of the past participle is inconsistent with the sentence subject, the absolute structure of the past participle must be used.

2. Three object complements after the verb have:

When you do something, the infinitive as a complement must omit to, and the infinitive action is issued by the object, indicating a one-time action. For example:

I asked the workers to do the work for me. I asked the workers to help me finish the work.

Jim often asks his father to help him with his homework.

Have something/something doing something-ing participle is used as a complement, and the participle action is also issued by the object, emphasizing the continuous or ongoing action. For example:

They keep the tractor working. They left the tractor on all the time.

We don't allow the child to talk to his mother like that. We can't let that child talk to his mother like that.

Have someone/think done past participle as complement, there is a logical passive relationship between object and complement, usually there are two situations:

The subject asks others to do something, emphasizing the subject's will. For example:

He had his hair cut yesterday. He got a haircut yesterday.

Later, many new trees were planted in this center. Later, many trees were planted in this center.

(2) The subject has suffered some misfortune or fallen into a bad environment, indicating an unconscious passive behavior of the object. For example:

He broke his leg in the competition last month. He broke his leg in last week's game.

He lost an eye in the war. He lost an eye in the war.

3. Three forms of passive attributes of non-predicate verbs:

Bridges to be built (indicating future actions)

The bridge being built is the bridge being built.

A bridge built by a bridge (indicating a completed action)

4. The difference between past participle and -ing participle as predicative:

In the past, participle as predicative usually indicated the state or feeling of the subject, while -ing participle as predicative mostly indicated the characteristics of the subject, such as:

We were very surprised to hear the news. We were surprised to hear the news.

The news is very surprising. The news is very surprising.

They are afraid of hearing terrible voices. They were frightened when they heard the terrible sound.

Seeing this touching scene, all the people present were moved to tears.

Seeing such a touching scene, all the people present were moved to tears.

There are many such participles in English, such as: amusing, amusing; Encourage, be encouraged; Disappointed, disappointed; Excited, excited; Inexplicable, puzzled; Satisfy, satisfy; Worried, worried; Tired, tired; Pleasing, cheerful; Interesting, interested; Amazing, surprising, etc.

5. The difference between past participles and -ing participles as attributes:

There are some differences between the past participle as an attribute and the -ing participle as an attribute. Try to compare the following phrases:

Boiling water boiling water

Developing countries, developing countries, developing countries.

Deciduous defoliation

Changing circumstances changing circumstances changing circumstances changing circumstances changing circumstances.

It can be seen that the past participle as an attribute usually indicates completion or passive action; An ing participle as an attribute can indicate an ongoing active action.